Ethnology of Tokelau Islands
Index
Index
Page | |
adoption | 38, 46 |
adultery | 42 |
adzes | 13, 85, 88, 114, 115, 152– 154, 172– 173 |
agriculture | 11 (see also land tenure) |
arrowroot | 149 |
avoidance | 38, 40 |
bananas | 149 |
Bowditch Island (Fakaofu) | 5 |
breadfruit | 149 |
brothers | 38, 42, 45, 57– 58 |
burial | 44, 52, 160 |
cannibalism | 86, 87, 88 |
canoes | 13, 45, 85– 86, 112– 123, 125, 169 (see also fishing) |
cautery | 71, 72– 73 |
ceremonies | 22, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 52, 59, 66– 69, 98, 111, 113– 114, 151– 152, 158, 160, 165– 166 |
chieftainship | 23, 46, 49– 52, 53, 64, 162, 178 |
clothing | 38, 39, 140– 142, 171 |
coconut (products, uses) | 11, 13, 16, 18, 23, 36, 37, 52, 53, 54, 58, 64, 66, 69, 70, 82, 83, 84, 85– 86, 88, 89, 95, 110, 115, 117, 123, 125, 127– 129, 130– 131, 135– 140, 143, 145– 149, 150, 151, 152, 156, 163 |
Cook Islands | 17, 79, 176, 177 (see also Manihiki, Rarotonga) |
council, family | 40, 162 |
council, village | 43, 48, 52, 53, 54, 58, 66, 82, 83, 162 |
cousins | 38, 40, 45, 46, 158 |
cursing | 23, 45, 50, 64– 65, 110 |
dances | 43, 44, 67, 73– 74, 76– 78, 151, 167 |
dogs | 13 |
drums | 75, 159, 167 |
Duke of York Island (Atafu) | 5, 28 |
Ellice Islands | 4, 14, 15, 20, 28, 34, 105, 109, 111, 118, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178 |
elopement | 40 |
eyeshades | 142 |
Fafie | 19, 24, 28, 60, 62, 163 |
family | 35, 38, 40, 44, 45, 50– 51 |
famine | 23, 28, 81, 149 |
father's sister | 38, 40, 45, 161 |
Fiji | 27, 79, 85– 86, 112, 157, 171 |
fire | 60, 145– 146, 151, 163 |
fish and fishing | 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 63, 66, 80, 84, 85, 89, 92– 112, 150, 151– 152, 169, 177 |
fishing boxes ( tuluma) | 15, 118, 157, 173, 176 |
fowl | 150 |
Futuna | 15, 27, 160, 168 |
games | 82, 83 |
genealogies | 41, 45, 47, 50– 51, 53 |
generations | 35, 45 |
Gilbert Islands | 4, 5, 28, 34, 157, 159, 160, 163, 164, 167, 170, 171, 176 |
god houses | 31, 60, 65– 66, 124– 125, 163– 164, 171 |
gods | 59– 70, 84, 85, 111, 113, 162– 163 (see also Tui Tokelau) |
Great Britain | 34 |
Hawaii | 26, 75, 166, 169, 171, 173, 175 |
Hibiscus ( fau) | 83, 138– 139 |
houses | 13, 122– 127 (see also god houses) |
incest | 41 |
inheritance | 40, 42– 43, 45, 47– 48, 53– 54, 57– 58 |
Jennings | 7, 31, 32 |
kanava (tree) | 58, 61, 75, 113, 114, 129, 141, 143, 147, 154 |
Kava (ancestor and title) | 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 50, 54 |
kava | 87, 151 |
kindred | 35, 41, 42, 43, 45– 48, 49, 53– 54, 57– 58, 177 |
land tenure | 13, 45, 47, 53– 58 |
Lu | 16, 17, 166– 167, 176 |
Mafuike | 17, 167 |
maggots (ancestral) | 17, 18, 166 |
malae (marae) | 57, 59, 65, 66, 84, 152, 157, 159, 163, 164– 165 |
Manihiki | 14, 15, 28, 125, 159, 160, 161, 167, 170, 173, 177 |
Marquesas | 164, 171, 172, 173, 174 |
matrilineal reckoning | 160, 161 |
matrilocal residence | 42, 46, 161 |
mats | 13, 37, 39, 40, 41– 43, 44, 52, 61, 65, 67, 69, 74, 82, 113, 114, 124, 130– 136, 159, 162 |
Maui | 16, 79, 166– 167, 175, 176 |
men's houses | 39, 48– 49, 125, 162 |
Micronesia | 4, 161, 162, 164, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178 (see also Gilbert Islands) |
midwife | 36 |
mother's brother | 41 |
New Zealand | 14, 15, 26, 60, 79, 159, 164, 166, 171, 172, 173 |
Ontong Java (Leuaniua) | 22, 78, 160, 166 |
origin myths | 16– 18, 166 |
pandanus | 36, 39, 58, 66, 119, 123, 124, 127– 128, 129– 130, 131– 135, 136, 141, 147, 149, 150, 156 |
patrilineal reckoning | 35, 45, 160 |
patrilocal residence | 43 |
pearl-shell ornaments | 13, 52, 81, 83, 142, 143, 171 |
Phoenix Islands | 5 |
pigs | 150 |
pillows | 124, 171, 177 |
polygyny | 41 |
possession (divine) | 63– 64 |
pregnancy | 35, 42, 82, 87 |
priests | 29, 47, 51, 53, 60, 61, 63– 65, 69– 70, 163 |
property | 13, 45, 47, 48, 51– 52 (see also land tenure and inheritance) |
Pukapuka | 14, 28, 159, 162, 176 |
Quiros' Island (Olosenga) | 5 |
rank | (see chieftainship and seniority) |
Rarotonga | 14, 18, 28, 33 |
Rotuma | 79, 160, 161, 165, 168 |
Samoa | 4, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22, 27, 32, 33, 34, 45, 48, 50, 53, 59, 66, 79, 89, 90, 94, 99, 109, 112, 113, 119, 121, 135, 137, 151, 152, 157, 159– 177 |
seniority | 45, 46, 48, 49– 50, 53, 57, 162 |
sexual license | 42 |
Sikaiana | 22, 164, 173 |
Sina | 79, 80– 85, 167, 177 |
Singano | 18 |
sisters | 38, 44, 45, 46, 57– 58 |
songs | 17, 27, 29, 41, 43, 61, 76– 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 93 |
souls | 37, 62, 69 |
spirits | 35, 36, 37, 61– 63, 69, 84, 113, 162 |
South American raiders | 33, 34 |
stars | 26, 85, 89– 90 |
stones (sacred) | 23, 59, 60, 65, 67, 162, 175 |
Swain's Island (Olosenga) | 5 |
Tahiti | 26, 164, 165, 166, 172, 174 |
Talanga | 16, 17, 18, 166– 167 |
Tangaloa | 59, 66, 77, 81, 85, 162– 163, 165, 172, 177 |
tapu | 35, 39, 40, 44, 51– 52, 61, 63, 67, 69, 110, 113– 114, 165– 166, 175 |
taro | 10, 13, 23, 149, 177 |
tattooing | 143– 145 |
tides | 36, 93, 97, 98 |
Tikitiki | 16, 24, 166, 175 |
Tikopia | 22, 171 |
Tinilau | 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84 |
Tonga | 15, 16, 27, 79, 83, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 170, 171 |
Tongareva | 28, 60, 168 |
Tui Tokelau | 22, 23, 31, 50, 51, 59– 60, 63, 64, 66– 69, 152, 163, 164 |
twins | 37– 38 |
umbilical cord | 36– 37 |
Union Islands (Tokelau) | 5 |
Uvea | 27, 28, 32, 77, 112, 168, 173 |
villages | 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 48, 53, 54, 55– 57 |
virginity | 41 |
wailing | 43, 52 |
walls | 5, 48, 56, 162 |
war | 13, 19– 23, 29, 48– 49, 113, 157– 158, 159 |
winds | 10, 89, 90 |
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Fish Trap and Nets: A, Fish Trap of Bent Twigs and Light Branches; B, Rectangular Scoop Net with One End Closed to Form Pocket; C, Large Scoop Net for Catching O Fish, Made of Sennit Cord in Form of a Broad Bag.
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Fish Nets: A, Long-Handled Dip Net for Catching Flying Fish, with Forked Arms Lashed Together at Ends to Form Oval or Leaf-Shaped Frame; B, O Dip Net of Sennit with Netting Knot; C, Long Seine of Twisted Fau Cord with Wood Floats along Upper Edge and Shell Sinkers along Lower Edge, Used in Big Fish Drives.
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Canoes: A, Model Double Canoe with Reversed Hulls Connected by 2 Center and 2 End Booms, Shown in near Hull; Upper Hull Decked with 2 Planks; Hatch Cover with Lifting Ropes; End and Side Weather Boards Surrounding Deck; Center Deck between Hulls with End Weather Boards, and Cross Plank on Edge in Middle for Stepping Mast; Mast Braced by Fore and Aft Stays Running to End Weather Boards of Center Deck, and Shrouds Running to Ends of Center Booms; Rope Loop at Lashing of Shrouds to Mast for Hoisting Sail; Lashing Cleat at Foot; Ornamental Shells (In Actual Canoes, Cypraea Ovula) Surmounting Mast; Outer Weather Boards, Bow and Stern; Connecting Bar of Pyramidal Projections on Bow and Stern Covers. B, Model Fishing Canoe Built of 3 Sections with Sides Raised by Plank Strakes, Bow Cover with Wave Guard, Pyramidal Projections, and Connecting Bar; Stern Cover with Block Rest for Fishing Pole and Ornamented Pyramidal Projections; 6 Outrigger Booms, the Bow and Stern Booms Attached to the Float by 4 Diagonal, Uncrossed Connectives and a Suspensory Lashing, the Middle and Shorter Booms by Single Connectives; Longitudinal Stringers across Outer Ends of Booms; Plank Platform Lashed under Two after Booms; Stern Lifting Grip Lashed to Stern Boom and Port Gunwale; Bow Lifting Bar Lashed across Gunwales behind Bow Cover; 5 Seats before Booms, and Stern Seat before Stern Cover.
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House THATCHING: A, Modern House with FALA PANDANUS-LEAF and COCONUT-LEAF Wall SHEETS; End Showing Trimmed FALA-LEAF Sheets Stretched under Supporting Rod and across Middle and Plaited COCONUT-LEAF Screens Strung on Cords over Windows and DOORWAYS; Raised COCONUT-LEAF Screens under Eaves of Side of HOUSE. B, Commencement of FALA Pandanus Thatching SHEET; Butt End of Leaf over Rod of Split COCONUT-LEAF MIDRIB, Punctured with Bone AWL, and Pinned with COCONUT-LEAFLET Midrib Held in WORKER'S Right HAND. C, Pinning Leaves of Thatching SHEET; Man at Left Has Pinned Commencement Edge of First LEAF; Man at Right Has Laid 4 Leaves on ROD, the LEFT-HAND Border Overlapping the Right of the Preceding Leaf.
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House CONSTRUCTION: A, Typical Rectangular Dwelling Home with Modern High Eaves and Open WALLS, Protected by Dropping Wall SCREENS; on Coral Platform Retained by Slabs of Coral Set on Edge and Coconut LOGS; Coral Floor Retained by Smaller Logs Running between House POSTS. B, Interior of Modern Dwelling House Showing Kingpost Supporting RIDGEPOLE. C, Meeting House ( FALA LOA) at Atafu of Type with Low Eaves Used Formerly for MEN'S HOUSES; Light Wall Poles Prevent Wall Screens from Blowing.
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Ancient Houses and God HOUSE: A, Stone Piers in Lagoon and Native Houses at ATAFU, 1841. Illustrated by Wilkes (34); Top of Stone Pier in FOREGROUND, with COCONUT-SHELL Water Bottles Suspended from Forked STICK, and Natives Wearing MALO and EYESHADES; Stone Pier in Center Made of Wall of Covered Coral Slabs Filed with Coral RUBBLE; Toilet at End Partly Supported by PILES; Ancient Types of Native Houses with Pitched ENDS, Top under Ridge Ends of ROOF, and Eaves 1 or 2 Feet from GROUND. B, Ancient God House on MALAE at FAKAOFU, Illustrated by Wilkes (34); Coral Slabs of Tui Tokelau and Te Moana Wrapped in MATS; FOUR-LEGGED Wooden Seat OPPOSITE; Roof Supported by 3 Center Posts and Wall POSTS; Railing around Floor Appears to the Built on a Platform in Rear Part of HOUSE; Thatch at Eaves and into Tassels
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Kilt and MATS: A, MAN'S Kilt of KIE Pandanus LEAF, Worn Double with Fringes of Both Edges Hanging DOWN; Black Band Border Made of Dyed Coconut LEAF. B, FALA Pandanus Sleeping Mats Showing Patterns Obtained by Plaiting Bleached and Unbleached STRIPS; Black Borders Parallel to Edges Made of Dyed Coconut LEAF; Left MAT, FETI PATTERN; Center MAT, TUPONO PATTERN; Right MAT, TULIMA Pattern.
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Coconut-LEAF PLAITING: A, Coconut Leaf Basket Made in 5-TWILL TECHNIQUE; Plaiting Board and STICK; and Coconut Water Bottle Covered with Sennit Cord Mesh Made by Single HALF-TURN KNOTTING, Seized Cord Handle and Attached Wooden STOPPER. B, FANS: Two Upper Fans Decorated with DYED, Overlaid COCONUT-LEAF STRIPS, Fan at Left with White Sea Bird FEATHERS; Lower ROW: LEFT, Decorated with Sea Bird Feathers and Double Band of Dyed Coconut Leaf Wrapped around WEFTS; MIDDLE, Decorated with Chicken Feathers and Having Open Work in PLAITING, a Modern TECHNIQUE; RIGHT, Simple Ancient Type Fan with Triple POINT, Decorated Border of Dyed LEAF, and Handle Covered with DARK- and LIGHT-COLORED Plaiting.
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Wooden Bowls and Fishing BOX: A, TOP, Large KANAVA Bowl ( KUMSTE TULA) with Rounded BOTTOM, Elliptical RIM, and Angular Lug HANDLES; LEFT, Shallow Bowl ( KUMETE Tau LOLO), Broadly Rounded BOTTOM, Elliptical Ring with Rounded Lug HANDLES; RIGHT, FLAT-BOTTOMED Bowl ( KUMETE Pala IKA) OF PUAPUA Wood with Knobbed HANDLES. B, Fishing Bucket ( TULUMA); LEFT, under Side of Cover Showing UNDERCUTTING, Leaving Flange to Fit around Rim Flange to Make Bucket WATER-TIGHT; RIGHT. Cover Fitted ON, Showing Top LUG, Perforated for Lashing and Carrying CORD; Patch Set into Lower Right Side of Bucket.
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Ancient Stone WORK: A, Grave Edged with Coral Slabs Set on EDGE, Head and Foot Stone Set on END; in BACKGROUND, Adjacent Graves of Modern CEMETERY. B, Stone Circle for Soaking Coconut HUSKS, Built of Coral Slabs in Courses by Early People of ATAFU; Interior Originally DEEPER. C, Stone Pier at FAKAOFU; Modern Pier on Sea Side of Islet Built to Present Height over Several GENERATIONS; Dwelling Houses on TOP, Toilet on Piles at RIGHT; End of Pier Used as Landing for Small Boats.