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copyright 2007, by Victoria University of Wellington
All unambiguous end-of-line hyphens have been removed and the trailing part of a word has been joined to the preceding line, except in the case of those words that break over a page.
The Sir Joseph Banks Memorial
The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks in two Volumes
Volume II
Kangaroo from the painting by George Stubbs
Add. Ms 23920, f.39. Pencil drawing, 27.3 × 41.8 cm. Unsigned, but a copy (by Spöring?) of Parkinson's picture of the same subject.
Add. Ms 23920, f.46. Wash drawing, 30 × 48.2 cm. Unsigned. A single canoe with elaborately carved head and stern pieces. One of the men in the stern is wearing a chequered dog-skin cloak and holding a taiaha; of the standing figures, the left one seems to be
mere and a pakepake, or rough flax cloak; the centre one wears a woven cloak of flax and holds a whalebone hoeroa; that on the right wears a vertically striped dog-skin cloak and holds a tewhatewha. The bending figures all wear pakepake.
Add. Ms 23920, f.48. Wash drawing 26.5 × 41.5 cm. Unsigned. On the back of the drawing are the notes (1) in faint pencil, ‘The Inner [?] Island Canoe’ and (2) in Banks's hand, in ink, ‘Double War-Canoe. Novr 2d 1769. New-Zeeland.’ It was the first double canoe seen in New Zealand waters (Cook I, pp. 189–90), and the drawing shows it under sail, with a number of the occupants performing a haka. A chief stands in the stern brandishing a mere, and another amidships in a dog-skin cloak, holding a taiaha.
4a. The Head of a New Zealand Canoe
Add. Ms 23920, f.78a. Pencil drawing, 20 × 32.2 cm. (measurements of drawing). Unsigned, but probably by Spöring. On the back of the drawing are the notes, in ink, ‘About 3 feet high.’ and ‘New-Zeeland’.
4b. The Stern Ornament of a Canoe
Add. Ms 23920, f.78a. Pencil drawing, 27.3 × 7.9 cm. (measurements of drawing). Unsigned, but probably by Spöring. On the back of the drawing the notes, in ink, ‘About 12 feet high.’, and ‘New Zeeland.’
Add. Ms 23920, f.71a. Wash and water colour drawing, 28.8 × 22.8 cm. (size of sheet). Unsigned. The colours are red and cream. The drawing shows only the blades of the paddles, and the carved sections where the handles begin.
Add. Ms 23920, f.55. Wash drawing, 38.8 × 29.6 cm. Unsigned. The man is wearing a pakepake; hung from his neck is a heitiki, and from his ear a large pendant; his hair is dressed topknot fashion with three white feathers and an ornamental comb. The tattooing of the face is done in a very free vigorous style, and seems to be unfinished under the right ear.
Add. Ms 23920, f.54a. Wash drawing, 39.2 × 30 cm. Unsigned. The subject wears a woven flax cloak with bone toggle; hung from
reiputa or carved whale-tooth ornament, and from the ear a pendant and some other ornament (flowers?); hair topknot style with comb; face fully tattooed with an unusual design, which appears to be only ‘marked in’ on the forehead.
Add. Ms 23920, f.66a, b, c, d. Pen over pencil drawings, unsigned. To fit the page, a and c are on top, d (left) and b at the bottom.
a. 27.1 × 18.3 cm. On the back is a pencil sketch of tattooing.
b. 27 × 18.7 cm. On the back is a pencil sketch of tattooing.
c. 28.6 × 22.8 cm. Note at detail on left, ‘on the calf.
d. 14.9 × 12.1 cm.
Add. Ms 23920, f.73. Wash drawing, 20.5 × 16.6 cm. within rules. Signed ‘John Frederick Miller: del: 1771.’ The articles are identified in a note in ink on the page on which the drawing is mounted: ‘1. Carved Ornament 2. Musical Instrument 3. Childs Top 4. Bodkin of Bone 5. Musical Instrument’. 1 is an article of rather doubtful use, but seems to be a ceremonial perch for snaring birds; 2 is a whistle; 3 a top; 4 an au ika, a bodkin or needle for threading fish through the gills; 5 a koauau or flute.
New Zealand IV, 496. 45.2 × 28.2 cm. No title; signature (of Nodder?) on lower left, almost all trimmed off. No. 495 is an unfinished pencil drawing with some details coloured, and a later pencil note added, ‘Astelia’; the engraving has the note, ‘Astelia Solandri A.Cunn. (furfuracea Mss.)’.
New Zealand I, 139. 42.9 × 15 cm. Signed by Nodder, lower left, but most of the signature trimmed off. On the mount is the title ‘Philadelphus parvifolius & rigidus Mss’. This name is also on the back of Parkinson's unfinished drawing, No. 138, with the note in ink ‘Taonero[a]’—i.e. Te Oneroa (
New Zealand IV, 463. 38.1 × 24.2 cm. Untitled; signed ‘Fredk Polydore Nodder pinxt 1780’. The unfinished pencil drawing, No. 462, which accompanies this, has part of the fruit, leaves and stem coloured; on the back is a pencil note partly trimmed off, ‘83 Juniperoid taxifoli[um]’; and in ink, ‘Oouhoorage’—i.e. Hauraki, or Thames River. The drawing may therefore have been made from part of a branch of the tree cut down and measured on 20 November 1769 (Vol. I, p. 436).
New Zealand III, 426. 45.6 × 29.9 cm. Titled ‘Brabejum-sparsum’ and signed ‘Sydney Parkinson pinxt 1770.’ Over the title is written in pencil the name ‘Embothrium serratum Mss’.
New Zealand I, 29. 45 × 35 cm. Titled ‘Tachites-umbellulifera’ and signed ‘Sysdney Parkinson pinxt 1770.’ No. 28 is an unfinished pencil drawing, differently composed, of the same subject; it has a little colour, and a pencil note on the back, ‘The leaves a grass green vein'd wt lighter. the under side paler, the young leaves a yellow green. the stalks greyish, the petals pale green the calyx darker’.
New Zealand II, 205. 44.4 × 34 cm. No title, but on the back is written in pencil ‘Aralia crassifolia’. Signed ‘John Frederick Miller pinxt 1774’. No. 204 is an unfinished pencil drawing of the same subject, with some colour. The picture illustrates the foliage of the mature form of the Lancewood, remarkably different from that of the immature plant—so different that Solander put the two forms in different genera, calling the immature one Xerophylla longifolia, and the mature Aralia crassifolia.
16a. Crepis novae-zelandiae Hook.f.
New Zealand II, 296. 17 × 17 cm. Unfinished pencil drawing with some colour by Parkinson, unsigned and undated, but on the back are the notes (1) in pencil, ‘Hieraceum Fragile/123 Leontodon elegans’ and (2) in ink, ‘Totarra nue or Queen Charlotte's Sound’. The finished drawing, No, 297, is by Nodder and dated 1779.
16b. Celmisia gracilenta Hook.f.
New Zealand II, 250. 31.8 × 15.8 cm. Signed on lower left ‘Fredk Polydore Nodder Pinxt 1779’. The unfinished drawing has the notes (1) in pencil, ‘The under side of the leaves are shaded with grey & not wt Green / 130 Aster gracilentus’; and (2) in ink, ‘Admiralty Bay’.
New Zealand III, 375. 28.6 × 23.1 cm. Signed ‘Sydney Parkinson pinxt 1770’. Titled ‘Veronica floribunda’. There is a note in ink on the back ‘Totarra nue’ (Totaranui, i.e. Queen Charlotte Sound), on a piece of paper apparently trimmed off and then stuck on.
New Zealand II, 221. 43.5 × 28 cm. The drawing appears to have been signed by Nodder at the lower left, though most of the signature has been trimmed off. There are the following pencil notes at appropriate places: ‘Obs The Leaves are broader before the Middle’ and ‘The flowers divided into 4 or 5 usu[ally?]’. The unfinished drawing, No. 220, has on its back the note, ‘The male flowers pale green & the stamina very pale the females pale green Stiles pale yellow green the fruit a pea green the upper side of the leaves dark green faintly vein'd—the under side pale blue green vein'd with dark green the stalks grey green / Pelaphia lata / 22 Trophis tinctoria’. The last two words have a faint pencil line drawn through them. The engraving from No. 221 has the name ‘Pelaphia lata’ pencilled on it.
Australia IV, 193. 34 × 18 cm. Signed by Nodder, 1780. The pencil notes on the drawing, ‘Orange’, ‘Lemon’, ‘flat’, and ‘Hairs very short’, appear to be in Banks's hand. On the back of the unfinished drawing are notes, ‘Xeranthemoides fulgida’ and ‘Bustard Bay’.
Australia VII, 310. 31.5 × 27.6 cm. Unsigned and undated. Pencil title, ‘Isopogon anemonifolius’. The unfinished drawing has the pencil notes, ‘The leaves grass green. the flowers the same colour as the other species but yellower the cones Coffee colour cover'd wt a white flowry[?] substance, the stalk dark redish brown / Leucad apiifolium / 93’; / and in ink, ‘
Australia III, 122. 30.5 × 23 cm. Signed by Nodder, 1779. The unfinished drawing has the pencil notes, ‘The flower white but when older it becomes red & shuts up the anthera blk. the leaves fresh green stalk sordid brown / Kalmioides fasciculata / N. 8’; and in ink, ‘
Australia III, 139. 36.8 × 29.2 cm. Untitled, signed by Nodder, 1778. The unfinished drawing has the pencil notes on the back, ‘The stamina white receptacle pale green the stalks the same. The leaves a pale blue green wt a yellowish nerve in the middle / 139. Metrosid salicifolia’ [the last word altered to ‘obliqua’]; and in ink, ‘Thirsty Sound’.
Australia VI, 287. 43.5 × 30.3 cm. Untitled, signed by Nodder, 1778. The unfinished drawing has the pencil notes on the back, ‘The flowers white—anthera brown stile ting'd wt green / Volkameria insectorum / 173’; and in ink, ‘Palm Island’.
Crotalaria calycina Schrank. Rattlepods
Australia II, 63. 40 × 24.4 cm. Untitled, signed by Nodder, 1777. The unfinished drawing has the pencil notes on the back, ‘The flower white. the base of the vexillum ting'd wt yellow. / Genistoides [altered to Crotolaria] calyculata / 389’; and in ink, ‘Endeavours River’.
24b. Centranthera cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.
Australia VI, 264. 35.4 × 16.3 cm. Untitled, signed by Nodder, 1778. A pencil note on the back of the unfinished drawing reads, ‘Digitalis hispidiuscula’; and one in ink, ‘Endeavours River’.
Australia III, 146. 41.6 × 30.8 cm. Title in pencil, ‘Eugenia crenata’; signed by Nodder, 1777. Pencil notes on the back of the unfinished drawing read, ‘The petala & stile pale whitish green—stamina white turning into a fine blush colour about the middle & [?] to the bottom anthera cream colour / Eugenia crenata / R 177’; and ‘Cape Grafton’.
Australia I, 1. 45.6 × 30.7 cm. Untitled; signed by Nodder, 1778. The unfinished drawing has the pencil notes on the back, ‘The old stalks sordid brown / Dillenia alata’; and in ink, ‘Endeavours River’.
Australia IV, 174. 41.9 × 35.5 cm. Originally untitled; signed ‘John Frederick Miller pinxt 1773.’ On the back are the pencil notes, ‘Epidendroides 4 andria’, and ‘Endeavours River’; on the unfinished drawing the pencil note, ‘too large’.
Australia VII, 320. 46.5 × 32.8 cm. Signed by J.F. Miller, 1773. The pencilled title on the drawing, ‘Grevillia gibbosa’, is a later addition. On the back is the pencil note, ‘Leucadendroides glauca’; and on the back of the unfinished drawing the notes ‘Petala white wt a cast of green, germen pale green petiole gray green the ripe fruit dark chacolate colour much chopp'd. / Leucaddes glauca / A.R.’; and in ink, ‘Endeavours River’.
Australia II, 101. 39 × 29.4 cm. Signed by Nodder, 1781. The unfinished drawing has the pencil notes on the back, ‘The flowers before & after they are open delicate yellow the younger capsula [?] has more or less a cast of green according to their age / L.T. / Mimosa anceps[?]’; and in ink, ‘Endeavours River’.
Australia V, 230. 39.7 × 25.4 cm. Unsigned and undated. There is a title added later in pencil, ‘Ægiceras majus Gaertn’. On the back is the pencil note, ‘Endeavours River’; and on the back of the unfinished drawing the pencil notes, ‘The flowers white, calyx pale green, anthera pale brown. / Rhizophera umbellata / 49’; and in ink, ‘Endeavours River’.
Australia III, 145. 46.2 × 28.5 cm. Untitled; signed by Nodder, 1777. On the back of the unfinished drawing are the pencil notes, ‘The petala & stamina white the anthera yellow the buds ting'd wt green calyx gray green turning pale toward the edge the main stalk of the flowers deep green the woody stalk sordid brown / Eugenia ramiflora / L.I.’; and the ink, ‘Lizzard Isle’.
Australia II, 75. 26.8 × 25.5 cm. Untitled; signed by Nodder, 1778. The unfinished drawing has the pencil notes on the back, ‘The vexillum & alÆ bright yellow carina turng very pale at the bottom ting'd wt green buds pale yellow / Æschynomene diffusa’; and in ink, ‘
Zool. I, 10. Pencil drawing, 45.6 × 33.3 cm. Unsigned. On the back is the note by Parkinson, ‘The whole bird black spots on the head and on the shoulders dirty white the breast feathers wav'd wt pale brown, the outer feathers of the tail scarlet & yellow wt narrow facia of black the iris dark brown the pupil black the beak dirty white with the point of the upper mandible dark grey’. In Banks's hand is the name ‘Black Cocatoa’.
34a. Kangaroo
Zool. I, 4. 32.6 × 27 cm. Pencil drawing by Parkinson, unsigned. The following pencil notes are on the back: (1) by Parkinson, ‘the whole body pale ash colour the ears excepting the base fine specled gray iris of the eye Chestnut’; (2) by Banks, ‘Kanguru’; and by Banks in ink, ‘Endeavours River’.
34b. Kangaroo
Zool. I, 3. 24.2 × 41 cm. Pencil drawing by Parkinson, unsigned. The name ‘Kanguru’ is written in pencil on the back by Banks.
35a. Portunus pelagicus (Linn.)
Zool. III, 7. 30.5 (to bottom of detached claw) × 36.2 cm. Pencil drawing by Spöring, unsigned.
35b. Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst)
Zool. III, 6. 26.7 (to bottom of detached claw) × 28 cm. Pencil drawing by Spöring, unsigned.
36a. Urolophus testaceus (Müller & Henle). Common Stingaree
Zool. I, 46. 39.5 × 30.2 cm. Pencil drawing, unsigned, by H.D. Spöring, with title ‘Raja testacea’. On the front is a pencil note in Spöring's hand, ‘NB The 200d pounder wanted the upper fin on the extremity of the tail, & the small fin near the Stings [remainder of note illegible or trimmed off]’; and on the back a second, later note, ‘Trygonoptera testacea Müller and Henle’.
36b. Trygonorhina fasciata Müller & Henle. Fiddler Ray or Banjo Shark
Zool. I, 47. 35.5 × 14.7 cm. Pencil drawing, unsigned, by H.D. Spöring, with title ‘Raja fasciata’. On the recto is the pencil note by him, ‘Long 2 ped: 1.1/2 uncias’.
Add. Ms 23920, f.31. Wash drawing, 29.9 × 48.4 cm. Unsigned. On the mount is the above title, and the pencil note, ‘Drawn by
Java, 67. 40.2 × 29 cm. Untitled (title added later on mount); signed by J.F. Miller, 1774.
Java, 46. 47.7 × 29.8 cm. Untitled (title added later on mount); signed by Nodder, but most of the signature, and the date, trimmed off. Pencil notes on the back of the unfinished drawing read, ‘The stalk when old brown’; and ‘Eugenia aquea’. The drawing was not engraved.
40a. Malay Boats
Add. Ms 23920, f.30. Pencil sketch, 29.8 × 48.1 cm. Unsigned. On the back is the pencil note, ‘Anatacan’; on the mount is ‘Savu’.
40b. Java Proe
Add. Ms 9345, f.65 verso. Pencil sketch, 18.5 × 23.3 cm. Unsigned. Note by Banks (?) top right, ‘Java Proe’.
As we intend to leave this place tomorrow morn, I shall spend a few sheets in drawing together what I have observd of this countrey and its inhabitants; premising in the mean time that in this, and all others of the same kind which may occur in this Journal, I shall give myself liberty of conjecturing and drawing conclusions from what I have observd, in which I may doubtless often be mistaken; in the daily Journal however the Observations may be seen, and any one who referrs to that may draw his own conclusions from them, attending as little as he pleases to any of mine.
This countrey was first discoverd by Tasman did not call the country New Zealand but Staten Land, on the supposition that it was part of the coast of the southern continent and a westward extension of the Staten Land off Tierra del Fucgo discovered by Schouten and le Maire in 1616. When this was proved to be an island by Brouwer in 1643 the second part of the supposition fell down; but who it was conferred the name New Zealand, within the next few years, we do not know. The reason for it may have been analogy with New Holland. Cf. They killed four of the men in his cockboat as it rowed between his two ships.th of December 1642 and calld by him New Zealand;Tasman and New Zealand (Wellington 1959), p. 11.
Tasman certainly was an able navigator: he saild into the mouth of Cooks streights, and finding himself surrounded in all appearance with land observd the tide of flood to come from the This may be unjust to Tasman: we do not know that he did think the wind changed in his favour, but after riding at anchor for four days in stormy weather under It is difficult to fill this second gap in the text, as there are no strictly comparable figures, if by the phrase ‘when he made this land’ Banks refers to Tasman's first New Zealand landfall. Note by Banks: ‘Tho Tasmans Long of Cape Maria Van Diemen comes so near the truth our seamen affirm and seem to make it appear that he errd no less than 4°…49′ in running from the first land he made to Cape Maria van Diemen; if so his exactness must be attributed more to chance than skill’. The truth about Tasman's longitudes is rather complicated. They have been analysed by Miss Helen M. Wallis in an unpublished thesis, ‘The Exploration of the South Sea, 1519 to 1644’, ff. 397–401. His initial error for Batavia was 3. 35. too far east. Because of the trade wind current, he underestimated the distance he sailed to Mauritius, ‘the first land he made’, and made it 5° 07′ too far east. ‘The error for Mauritius in its turn’, writes Miss Wallis, ‘almost cancelled out Tasman's underestimate of the distance that he sailed eastward with the westerlies. At Drie Coningen Island the net result was an error of 1° 50′E… . Tasman did not give an observation for Cape Maria van Diemen, but when west-south-west of it he estimated his longitude to be 191° 09′. This calculation is 3° 15′ too far west, or slightly less than that, allowing for their position west of the Cape… . Banks was not far wrong, therefore, in alleging that where Tasman's resultant error was negligible, the cause was chance, not Tasman's absolute accuracy in observation. At the same time Banks's first judgment was historically more sound. Errors varying mainly between 2° and 3′ are very small for this period’. Cook's error for the longitude of Cape Maria van Diemen was 4′ E. Dirk Rembrantszoon van Nierop, Se; from thence he conjecturd that there was in that place a passage through the land, which conjecture we provd to be true and he himself had certainly done, had not the Wind changd as he though[t] in his favour, giving him an opportunity of returning the way he came in, which he preferrd to standing into a bay with an on shore wind.Ne, from whence he concluded it to be the northermost part of the Land, which we realy found it to be: Lastly, to his eternal credit be it spoken, tho he had been four months absent from Batavia when he made this land, and had saild both Westward and Eastward, his longitude (allowing for an Error of in that of Batavia as he himself has stated it) differs no more than from ours,r Green, a mathematician of well known abilities, who was sent out in this ship by the Eenige Oefeningen (1674); a still more abbreviated version, translated from this, appeared in the English Account of several late Voyages and Discoveries (1694 and 1711), which book Banks appears to have had with him—and the 1694 edition, to judge from his reference, p. 116 below.
The face of the countrey is in general Mountanous, especialy inland, where probably runs a chain of very high hills parts of which we saw at several times; they were generaly coverd with snow and certainly very high — some of our officers, men of experience,
Mount Egmont.
The sea coast (should it ever be examind) will probably be found to abound in good harbours: we saw several, of which the Banks extended the name of this island to the whole bay. Totaranui.Motuaro,Totarra nue,
The soil is in general light, and consequently admirably adapted to the uses for which the natives cultivate it, whose crops consist intirely of roots. On the Southern and western sides it is the most barren, the Sea being there generaly bounded with either steep hills or vast tracts of Sand, which probably is the reason why the people in these parts were so much less numerous, and livd almost intirely upon fish. The Northern and Eastern sides make however some amends for the Barrenness of the others: in them we often saw very large tracts of Ground which either actualy were or very lately had been cultivated, and an immense quantity of Woodland, which was yet uncleard, but promisd great returns to the people who would take the trouble of Clearing it — of the latter especialy in Taoneroa or Poverty bay, and Tolaga — besides Swamps, which might doubtless Easily be draind, and sufficiently evincd the richness of their soil by the great size of all the plants that grew upon them, and more particularly of the timber trees which were the streightest, cleanest, and I may say the largest I have ever seen — at least speaking of them in the Gross; I may have seen several times single trees larger than any I Observd among them, but it was not one but all these trees which were enormous, and doubtless had we had time and opportunity to Search, we might have found much larger ones than any we saw, as we were never but once ashore among them, and that but for a short time on the banks of the River Thames; where we rowd for many miles between
He is obviously in the foregoing lines referring again, and exclusively, to the white pine or Kahikatea; but he must have seen many other great trees of various and distinctive kinds, and it is odd that as a botanist he makes no mention of them in the journal. Kahikatea (Podocarpus dacrydioides), Matai (P. spicatus), and Rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum), however, are all three represented both in the Herbarium and in the Pocket Book, p. 121.
The South part, which is much more hilly and barren than the North, I firmly beleive to Abound with minerals in a very high degree. This however is only conjecture; I had not, to my great regret, an opportunity of landing in any place where the signs of them were promising except the last; nor indeed in any one, where from the ship the Countrey appeard likely to produce them, which it did to the Southward in a very high degree, as I have mentiond in my Daily Journal.
I[n] all the times that we have landed in this Countrey, we have seen I had almost said no Quadrupeds realy original natives of it. Dogs and rats indeed there are; the former as in other countries companions of the men, and the latter probably brought hither by the men, especialy as they are so scarce that I myself have not had an opportunity of seeing even one. The dog, called Kuri by the Maori, is now extinct; it was like the dog of Tahiti, whence, very likely, it came; it was a low-set animal, its head somewhat fox-like, and it did not bark. The ‘Kiore maori’, The seal was probably the Fur Seal, This was so.Mus exulans, also came to New Zealand, it seems, with the great migration of the fourteenth century—‘probably stowaways’, thought Sir Arctocephalus forsteri (Lesson), very common on the New Zealand coast till the ruthless depredations of the sealers, which almost exterminated the animal in the early nineteenth century. It is now legally protected. The New Zealand Sea-lion is Phocarctos hookeri (Gray).
Of Birds there are not many species, This was a rash statement, which Banks would not have made had he been more in the forest; for birds were much more obvious than the rat. The Gray Duck, There were several species of shags: cf. I, p. 430, n. 2 above. There are two resident New Zealand hawks, the Australasian Harrier, There were two New Zealand owls at the time of Cook's voyages, the Morepork or Ruru, The New Zealand Quail, There is no particular significance in Narborough's use of the name. It goes back well before his time; O.E.D. dates its first English appearance as 1588 and it appears in Hakluyt. Sir He overdoes the resemblance of the penguin's feathers to the fish's scales, but in so overdoing it, his reference to the French use of Anas superciliosa Gm. is rather like a dark female mallard, and the New Zealand Shoveler, Spatula rhynchotis (Latham) belongs to the same genus as the European Shoveler.Circus approximans, Peale, and the New Zealand Falcon, Falco novaeseelandiae Gmelin.Ninox novaeseelandiae (Gm.) and the Laughing Owl, Sceloglaux albifacies, Gray; the latter is now almost extinct.Coturnix novae-zealandiae Quoy and Gaimard, has been extinct since 1870.r Jno Narbourough Penguins,An Account of several late Voyages and Discoveries (1694), p. 25, and other references.Nuance,nuance, as ‘gradation’, is clear, and his conception of the penguin as something between a bird and a fish. Buffon had made a point of the alliance, through a series of grades, of the whole animal kingdom—‘La nature marche toujours et agit en tout par degrés imperceptibles et par nuances’.—Histoire générale des animaux (Vol. II of Histoire naturelle, 1749, chap. XI). Banks was certainly acquainted with the doctrine of the great zoological systematizer of the century.
Neither are insects in greater plenty than birds: a few Butterflys and Beetles, flesh flies very like those in Europe, Musquetos, and sandflies maybe exactly the same as those of North America, make up the whole list. There were originally only nine species of butterflies in New Zealand, but a rich beetle fauna is found there. Flesh flies comprise the family If he had got ashore at Sarcophagidae; the larvac for the most part live in decaying flesh. Culicine mosquitoes are endemic, but not anophelines; Culex pervigilans was the commonest. The sandflies are Austrosimulium spp. Resolution was there on Cook's second voyage, her company found the sandflies a most irritating pest.
For this scarcity of animals on the land the Sea however makes abundant recompense. Every creek and corner produces abundance of fish not only wholesome but at least as well tasted as our fish in Europe: the ship seldom anchord in or indeed passd over (in light winds) any place whose bottom was such as fish resort to in general but as many were caught with hook and line as the people could eat, especialy to the Southward, where when we lay at an anchor the boats by fishing with hook and line very near the rocks could take any quantity of fish; besides that the Seine seldom faild of success, insomuch that both the times that we anchord to the Southward of Cooks streights every Mess in the ship that had prudence enough salted as much fish as lasted them many weeks after they went to sea.
For the Sorts, there are Macarel of several kinds, one precisely the same as our English ones The Southern Mackerel, Perhaps Probably Rock Cod, Snapper, These were Blue Cod, This surmise was correct. The fish was The Elephant Fish, Several species of these fishes exist in New Zealand waters; an unsigned pencil sketch, pl. 44 in Parkinson I, is of Probably the Spotted or Spiny Dogfish, There are thirteen species of flatfishes in New Zealand; it seems probable that they took several of these, including the Sand Flounder, The Conger Eel, Pneumatophorus colias (Gm.).Trachurus novae-zelandicae Richardson, which seems to be Scomber clupeoides of Solander (Pisc. Aust., 37) from Motuaro.Lotella rachinus (Forster), to which Solander's Gadus rubriginosus (Pisc. Aust., p. 42) appears to refer.Pagrosomus auratus and Tarakihi, Dactylopagrus macropterus; cf. I, 438, n. 3 and 453, n. 3 above.Parapercis colias. See I, p. 453, n. 3 above.Jasus lalandi. Walter, in his account of Anson's voyage, pp. 125–6, writes, ‘we found here one delicacy in greater perfection, both as to size, flavour, and quantity, than is, perhaps, to be met with in any part of the world: this was a sea-cra-fish; they generally weighed eight or nine pounds a-piece, were of a most excellent taste, and lay in such abundance near the water's edge, that the boat-hooks often struck into them, in putting the boats to and from the shore’.Callorhincus callorhynchus (Linn.); it has a curious proboscis like a short trunk, which gives it its name. Relation du voyage de la mer du Sud aux côtes du Chilì et du Pérou, fait pendant les années 1712, 1713 et 1714 (Paris 1716), the fruit of travels at the behest of the French government, to spy out the land in the Spanish colonies of South America. He was a military engineer of high reputation, who became, finally, director of fortifications in Brittany. He wrote also on fireworks, and on architecture and building. An English translation of his Relation (A Voyage to the South-Sea, And along the Coasts of Chili and Peru… . By Monsieur Frezier, Engineer in Ordinary to the French King) appeared in 1717. It is this edition, I think, that Banks refers to, here and elsewhere in his journal. Frézier writes (p. 121), ‘The great Fishery is carry'd on at Concon, a Hamlet two Leagues N. and by E. from Valparaiso by sea… . There they take Corbinos, a Sort of Fish known in Spain, Tollos and Pezegallos, which they dry to send to Santiago, which is also serv'd with fresh Fish from thence. The last of them takes its Name from its Shape, because it has a Sort of Comb, or rather a Trunk, which has given Occasion to the Creolians to call it Pezegallo, that is, Cock-fish. The French call it Demoiselle or Elephant, because of its Trunk, which is here to be seen, as I drew it by the Life’. But the names given on pl. XVII, opposite this passage, are ‘Pejegallo ou Poisson Coq’.Raja nasuta (Müller and Henle), from ‘Totarra nue’ (Totaranui); another most interesting capture from that same locality was of Arhyn-chobatis asperrimus Waite 1909, which Solander clearly described (p. 133) as Raia arsata; tho only other specimen known to science was described by Waite. Solander, p. 137, also described the Eagle Ray Aetobatus caudatus (Hector).Squalus fernandinus Molina; Phillipps suggests that the New Zealand fish common in S. kirki. See Parkinson I, pl. 52. The Carpet Shark, Cephaloscyllium isabella (Bonnaterre) was described by Solander (p. 167) as Squalus lima, and painted by Parkinson, I, pl. 53. Banks may have had that in mind also.Rhombosolea plebia (Richardson) apparently a species identical with Solander's Pleuronectes plebius (Pisc. Aust., p. 12).Conger verrauxi, is the commonest of the New Zealand marine eels. New Zealand cels and congers belong to the same genera as European species.
Tho the countrey is generaly coverd with an abundant verdure of grass and trees yet I cannot say that it is productive of so great a variety as many countries I have seen. The intire novelty however of the greatest part of what we found recompens'd us as natural historians for the want of variety. Sow thistle, Of the grasses that Banks collected only Today the interpretation would be that the spp., e.g. of the genus Sonchus oleraceus, called by the Maori Puwha and eaten by him.Solanum nigrum, which botanists have thought possibly introduced; but this mention seems conclusive that it was a native.Deschampsia caespitosa is now considered to be the same species in New Zealand as in England; Trisetum subspicatum was formerly so considered.Pratia, are closely related rather than identical. Apium prostratum and Cardamine glacialis are common to Tierra del Fuego and New Zealand. Jour. Arnold Arbor. 26:51-58, 1945) discusses bicentric-paleoantarctic distributions in general with special reference to Wintcraceae. Cockayne (New Zealand Plants and their Story, 2–7, 1910) briefly considers the topic, citing other examples.
Eatable Vegetables there are very few. We indeed as people who had been long at sea found great benefit in the article of health by eating plentifully of wild Celery, Probably what Cook called scurvy-grass, The New Zealand variety of this herb is The ‘Cabbage tree’ of New Zealand (Kouka of the Maori, who ate its leaf-heads) is Probably the Kiekie, Apium prostratum and A. filifolium.Lepidium oleraceum; other candidates would be a wild cress called Poniu, Nasturtium palestre, and Cardamine glacialis.Chenopodium triandrum. It may be added, as a philological curiosity, that Banks's words, taken over into Hawkesworth, become in O.E.D. the first literary mention of ‘lambs’ quarters’, though ‘fat-hen’ is there ignored in favour of a 1795 appearance.Cordyline australis (Forst. f.) Hook.f. But Hooker, who was certainly familiar with the plant—for he gave the species its present botanical name—identified the source of Banks's ‘one delicious meal’ as the Nikau palm, Areca sapida, characterized by its feather-duster coma, now known as Rhopalostylis sapida. Cf. L. H. Bailey in Gentes Herbarum 3: 429–35, 1935. This identification is strengthened by the reference in De Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis (1786). Cf. Cook II, p. 567, n. 5.Pandanus)Freycinetia banksii A. Cunn., related to the pandanus.
Nor does their cultivated grounds produce many speceis of Esculent plants, three only I have seen — Yams, sweet potatoes, and Coccos, all three well known in both East and West Indies and much esteemd of these, especialy the two former. They cultivate often peices of many acres, and I beleive any ship that was to be to the Northward in the Autumn about the time of digging them up might purchase any quantity. Besides these they cultivate gourds, Hue, Lagenaria siceraria.
Fruits they have none, except I should reckon a few kind of insipid berries which had neither sweetness nor flavour to recommend them and which none but the boys took the pains to gather. The woods however abound with excellent timber trees fit for any kind of building in size, grain, and apparent durability. One which bears a very conspicuous scarlet flower made up [of?] many threads, and is a large tree as big as an oak in England, has a very heavy hard wood which seems well adapted for the Cogs of Mill wheels
The Pohutukawa, There are indeed two species of the plant, Metrosideros tomentosa Soland. ex Gaertn. (M. tomentosa A. Rich.), the ‘iron-hearted myrtle’ of the poet Domett; its timber is extremely hard and durable. It is represented in the Pocket Book, p. 111, its source not recorded more precisely than New Zealand, but there can be no doubt that the specimen is associated with Banks's notation, Cheeseman's scepticism notwithstanding (Manual of the New Zealand Flora, ed. 2 [Wellington 1925], p. 594). Hooker made the identification Metrosideros robusta, Rata, but he was pretty clearly wrong; and no coll. of that species was preserved, if gathered.Podocarpus spicatus; see I, p. 436, n. 2 above, and Pl. 12 in the present volume.Phormium tenax Forst.; the Maori name is Harakeke.Phormium tenax and P. colensoi, the latter smaller and growing on dry hill sides. But this is apparently not what Banks means. There are many varieties of P. tenax. but the colour of the flowers is not the determinant. Some light is thrown on the passage, probably, by a sentence or two from the journal of Adventure on Cook's second voyage. Bayly is writing of Queen Charlotte Sound: ‘The Flax of which they have two sorts, grows here in great plenty; the finer sort resembles the European flax but it is vastly superior both for Beauty and Strength… . The coarser sort grow like a Flag, either on the ground or runs up the side of a Tree and spreading into great tufts at different heights… the fine sort grow on the ground & is a flag of a finer texture & of quite a difft Nature from the coarse sort’. ATL, Bayly's Journal, pp. 62–3. The ‘coarser sort’ here referred to is obviously the plant called Kiekie, Freycinctia banksii.
When first we came ashore we imagind the countrey to be much better peopled than we afterwards found it, concluding from the Smoaks that we saw that there were inhabitants very far inland, which indeed in Poverty bay and the Bay of Plenty, which are much the best peopled parts of the countrey that we have seen, may yet be the case. In all the other parts we have been in we have however found the sea coast only inhabited and that but sparingly, insomuch that the number of inhabitants seem to bear no kind of proportion to the size of the countrey which they possess, and this probably is owing to their frequent wars. Besides this the whole Coast from Cape Maria Van Diemen to Mount Egmont and seven eights of the Southern Island seems totaly without people. It is almost impossible to make an instructed guess at the Maori population at this time, and these remarks of Banks do not help us in the least. He seems to have gone purely on the presence or absence of smoke. He could hardly have found any part of the country beyond the sea-coast inhabited, because he had never been beyond the sea-coast. In the North Island there were considerable centres of population inland; and for all Banks knew, there might have been in the South Island too, though in fact, because of the climate, there were not. It is true, however, that according to European ideas the number of inhabitants bore ‘no kind of proportion to the size of the country which they’ possessed—as European settlers were later loud in proclaiming; but the Maori knew the whole habitable part of the country intimately, and each part of it played a clearly understood part in his economy.
The men are of the size of the larger Europæans, Stout, Clean Limnd and active, fleshy but never fat as the lazy inhabitants of the South Sea Isles are, vigorous, nimble and at the same time Clever in all their excersizes. I have seen 15 paddles of a side in one of their Canoes move with immensely quick strokes and at the same time as much Justness as if the movers were animated by one Soul: not the fraction of a second could be observd between the dipping and raising any two of them, the Canoe all the While moving with incredible swiftness; and to see them dance their War dance was an amusement which never faild to please every spectator, so much strengh, firmness and agility in their motions and at the same time such excellent time kept that I have often heard above 100 paddles &c.struck against the sides of their boats, as directed by their singing, without a mistake being ever made. Either this sentence is unduly compacted, or Banks witnessed something in the nature of a posture-dance carried on in canoes. Word omitted in Nevertheless the Maori woman did plenty of hard work. There seem to have been a number of motives—revenge or exultation at the end of a battle or siege; acquisition of This was wrong. Prisoners became slaves. The Ms; him supplied from S and P.mana or prestige; ritual; the lack of flesh foods; simple hunger.peruperu or tutu waewae, the war dance, was not needed to work up an artificial courage, for the Maori had enough of the real thing; but there is no doubt it heightened excitement. It seems probable that Banks and his fellows took every haka or posture dance they saw for a war-dance: the haka might be loud and vigorous enough without any intention to intimidate, and the peruperu simply took the haka a stage further, with weapons and an extra zest.
Both sexes were much more modest in their carriage and decent in their Conversation than the Islanders, which such of our people who had a mind to form any connexions with the Women soon found, but they were not impregnable: if the consent of their relations was askd and the Question accompanied with a proper present it was seldom refusd, but then the strictest decency must be kept up towards the young lady or she might baulk the lover after all. Upon one of our gentlemen making his adresses to a family of the better sort the following answer was made him by the mistress of the family: ‘Any of these young ladies will think themselves honourd by your adresses but you must first make me a proper present and must come and sleep with us ashore, for daylight should by no means be a witness of such proceedings’.
Neither sex are quite so cleanly in their persons as the Islanders, not having the advantage of so warm a climate they do not wash so often. But the most disgustfull thing about them is the Oil with which they daub their hair: this is melted from the fat either of fish or Birds: the better sort indeed have it fresh and then it is intirely void of smell, but the inferior often use that that is rancid and consequently smell something like Greenland dock when they are trying Whale Blubber.
Both sexes stain themselves with the colour of black in the same manner and som[e]thing in the same method as the South Sea Islanders, introducing it under the skin by a sharp instrument furnish'd with many teeth, but the men carry this custom to much greater lenghs and the women not so far, they are generaly content with having their lips black'd but sometimes have patches of black on different parts of their bodies. The men on the contrary seem to add to their quantity every Year of their lives so that some of the Elder were almost coverd with it. There faces are the most remarkable, on them they by some art unknown to me dig furrows in their faces a line deep at least and as broad, the edges of which are often again indented and most perfectly black. This may be done to make them look frightfull in war; indeed it has the Effect of making them most enormously ugly, the old ones at least whose faces are intirely coverd with it. The young again often have a small patch on one cheek or over an eye and those under a certain age (may be 25 or 26) have no more than their lips black. Yet ugly as this certainly looks it is impossible to avoid admiring the immence Elegance and Justness of the figures in which it is form'd, S adds in a note, ‘(well as the Resolution of these poor People in bearing pain.)’ Off Cape Brett, on 26 November 1769: I, p. 439 above.Amoco as they call it was placd, but in the spirals upon their faces they generaly agreed, and I have generaly observd that the more populous a countrey was the greater quantity of this Amoco they had; possibly in populous countreys the emulation of Bearing pain with fortitude may be carried to greater lenghs than where there are fewer people and consequently fewer examples to encourage. The Buttocks which in the Islands was the principal seat of this ornament in general here escapes untouchd: in one place only we saw the contrary:
Besides this dying in grain as it may be calld they are very fond of painting themselves with Red Ocre which they do in two ways, either rubbing it Dry upon their skins, which some few do, or daubing their faces with large patches of it mixd with oil which consequently never drys: this latter is generaly practisd by the women and was most universaly condemnd by us, for if any of us had unthinkingly ravishd a kiss from one of these fair Savages our transgressions were wrote in most legible Characters on our noses, which our companions could not fail to see on our first interview.
The common dress of these people is certainly to a stranger at first one of the most uncouth and extrordinary sights that can be imagind. It is made of the leaves of the Flag describd before which are split into 3 or 4 Slips each, and these as soon as they are dry are wove into a kind of Stuff between netting and cloth, out of the upper side of which all the ends, of 8 or 9 inches long each, are sufferd to hang in the same manner as thrums out of a thrum mat. Of these peices of cloth 2 serve for a compleat dress one of which is tied over the shoulders and reaches about their knees, the other about the waist which reaches near the ground; but they seldom wear more than one of these and when they have it on resemble not a little a thachd house. These dresses however, ugly as they are, are well adapted for their convenience who are often obligd to
Woven of scutched flax fibre. The best description of technique, including the The parrot was the Kaka, taniko borders which Banks goes on to mention, is in Buck, pp. 158 ff.Nestor meridionalis (Gm.).
The men always wore short beards and tied their hair in a small knot on the top of their heads, sticking into it a kind of comb A man combed his hair when dressing it carefully, but the main purpose of these combs, whalebone or hardwood, was decorative. They were called They were not invariably white. The black and white tail feathers of the Huia were greatly valued, among others; white plumes were obtained from such birds as the albatross, white heron, tropic bird, gannet, and so on.heru. Women only very rarely wore them. See Pls. 6 and 7.Cf. I, p. 400, n. 2 above. Oudt en Nieuw Oost-Indien (Dordrecht 1724–6), which was translated into more than one language. Not very well arranged, the book was nevertheless a mine of information on the Dutch East Indies, though most detailed on Amboina, and collected together accounts of travel and discovery as far east as China and Japan, and as far south as New Zealand (curiously enough, in Vol. V, thrust into a description of Banda).
The Women contrary to the custom of the Sex in general seemd to affect dress rather less than the men. Their hair which they wore short was seldom tied, and if it was it was behind their heads and never ornamented with feathers. Their cloaths were of the same stuff and in the same form as those of the men but in decently covering themselves they far exceeded them; their lower garments were at all times bound fast round them and they never exposd to view any thing even in the neighbourhood of those parts which nature co[n]ceals, except when they gatherd lobsters and shell fish in which occupation they were frequently obligd to dive, but then they never meant to be seen by men and when once or twice accidentaly met by us shewd most evident signs of Confusion, veiling as well as they could their naked beauties with sea weed the only covering their situation afforded. Round their waists instead of a belt they constantly wore a girdle of many platted strings made of the leaves of a very fragrant Grass; into this were tuckd the leaves of some sweet scented plant fresh gatherd which like the fig leaf of our first mother servd as the ultimate guard of their modesty.
Both sexes bord their ears and wore in them a great variety of ornaments; the holes by stretching were generaly large enough to admit a finger at least. These generaly (as if to keep them upon the
Men as well as women wore this ornament. Greenstone ear pendants or This was the The kuru were straight, curved, circular or some other shape as the stone or the fancy of the artist dictated.tiki or hei tiki, a neck pendant, one of the most characteristic of Maori art forms. It was also fashioned from whalebone. See Pl. 6.rei paraoa or reiputa (rei, a large tooth or whale ivory; paraoa, the sperm whale; puta, a hole) was a valuable ornament; the aristocratic person portrayed in Hawkesworth's pl. 13 is wearing one, as well as a fine kurukuru, or straight greenstone ear pendant and a handsome comb. See Pl. 7.
Their houses are certainly the most inartificialy made of any thing among them, scarce equal to a European dog kennel and resembling one in the door at least, which is barely high and wide enough to admit a man crawling upon all fours. They are seldom more than 16 or 18 feet long, 8 or 10 broad and five or 6 high from the ridge pole to the Ground and built with a sloping roof like our European houses. The materials of both walls and roof is dry grass or hay and very tightly it is put together, so that nescessarily they must be very warm. Some are lind with bark of trees on the inside, and many have either over the door or fixd somewhere in the house a peice of Plank coverd with their carving, which they seem to value much as we do a picture, placing it always as conspicuously as possible.
Mean and low as these houses are they most perfectly resist all inclemencies of the weather and answer consequently the purposes of mere shelter as well as larger would do. The people I beleive spend little of the day in them (except may be in winter): the porch seems to be the place for work, and those who have not room there must set upon a stone or the ground in its neighbourhood. Banks has been describing the commonest sleeping hut or whare puni, the least impressive of Maori architectural forms. By ’dry grass or hay’ he seems to mean the various sedges or rushes which were used for walls and thatching—e.g. toetoe or pampas grass (Arundo conspicua). Whare puni, it is to be noted, might on the other hand be very carefully and skilfully constructed timber buildings. He unfortunately does not seem to have seen any of the great whare whakairo, the ’superior houses’ decorated with carving and woven designs, which were the glory of Maori architecture, apart from the imperfect example mentioned in the next paragraph.
Some few of the better sort have kind of Court Yards, the walls of which are made of poles and hay 10 or 12 feet high, which as their families are large incloses 3 or 4 houses. But I must not forget the ruins or rather frame of a house (for it had never been finishd) which I saw at Tolaga, as it was so much superior in size to any thing of the kind we have met with in any other part of the land. It was 30 feet in lengh, in breadth and high; the sides of it were ornamented with many broad carvd planks of a workmanship superior to any we saw upon the land; but for what purpose this was built or why deserted we could not find out. It might have been designed as a whare hui, an assembly house for the tribe and its guests, or a whare runanga, where tribal discussions would take place. A possible reason for desertion (if Banks was right about desertion—and he probably was, for it was important to push right on with the construction of a house once it was started) was some infringement of tapu. Cf. The Maori, II, p. 561: ’The tapu of a new house … is, or was, even more stringent than that of an occupied house. For a house in course of construction is placed under the care and control of the gods, and great care has to be taken that no act is committed that will give offence to those gods, or trouble will visit the house, its builders or inmates—this because the gods have withdrawn their protection. No woman was allowed in or near a superior house in course of construction. Such an untoward occurrence would be followed by lack of energy, listlessness on the part of the workmen, and probably the house would never be finished’.
Tho these people when at home defend themselves so well from the inclemencies of the Weather, yet when abroad upon their excursions which they often make in search of fern roots fish &c. they seem totaly indifferent of shelter: sometimes they make a small shade to wind ward of them but oftener omit that precaution. During our stay at Purangi, the Maori name of the ‘Oyster River’ at Mercury Bay, transferred by those in the OpoorageEndeavour to the whole bay.
Their food, in the use of which the[y] seem to be moderate, consists of Dogs, Birds, especialy sea fowl as penguins albatrosses Kumara (cf. Tahitian Umara), Uhi or Uwhi (Tahitian Uhi), Taro (Tahitian Taro), Puwha, Kouka, the inner leaf-shoots of the Aruhe, the rhizomes of the bracken fern, pakeha has also acquired it) to the ‘mutton bird’, the Sooty Shearwater, Puffinus griseus. Banks ignores, and can have had no means of learning, the much greater importance of forest birds for Maori diet.Ipomoea batatas.Dioscorea sp.Colocasia antiquorum.Sonchus oleraceus.Cordyline australis.Pteridium aquilinum. (Cf. I, p. 416 above.) It ranges from Australia to Tahiti, as the regional variant of the world-wide monotypic Pteridium.
Among fish and insects indeed there are many instances which prove that those who live by prey regard little whither what they take is of their own or any other species; but any one who considers the admirable chain of nature in which Man, alone endowd with reason, justly claims the highest rank and next to him are placd the half reasoning Elephant, the sagacious dog, the architect Beaver, &c. in Whoom instinct so nearly resembles reason as to have been mistaken for it by men of no mean capacitys, from these descending through the less informd Quadrupeds and birds to the fish and insects, which seem besides the instinct of Fear which is given them for self preservation to be movd only by the stings of hunger to eat and those of lust to propagate their species, which when born are left intirely to their own care, and at last by the medium of the Oyster, &c. &c. which not being able to move but as tost about by the waves must in themselves be furnishd with both sexes that the species may be continued, shading itself away into the vegetable kingdom for the preservation of whoom neither sensation nor instinct is wanting — whoever considers this I say will easily see that no Conclusion in favour of such a practise can be drawn from the actions of a race of beings placd so infinitely below us in the order of Nature. Nothing more than this paragraph could place Banks so exactly in his period. The ‘order of nature’ or the ‘chain of nature’ was one of the overruling ideas of the eighteenth century, and perhaps the nearest to a philosophical or general scientific notion that Banks ever had. With a long ancestry in the western world, in his time it was as commonly accepted as the idea of evolution is in ours. All created things, it was held, are linked together in a regular progression, from the non-sentient to the sentient, rocks to man (however many ‘missing links’ there might be to discover), with a further infinite progression beyond man to the Creator; and each had its settled place, as ordained by the Creator, in the whole related scheme. Nature does not proceed by leaps, to quote one of the classic formulations. Banks has already made one allusion to the idea in his remark on penguins (p. 5 above), ‘which are truly what the French call Nuance, between birds and fishes’; and will make others on corals (p. 108 below): ‘we were so intirely taken up with the more conspicuous links of the chain of creation’; and on Hottentots (p. 256 below), ‘that some have been inclined to suppose them more nearly related to Baboons than Men’. The unfortunate Hottentots were always being picked on to illustrate. The Great Chain of Being (Cambridge, Mass. 1942), is devoted to the subject, Chapters VI (‘The Chain of Being in eighteenth century thought’) and VIII (‘The Chain of Being and some aspects of eighteenth century biology’) being particularly apposite in the present context.
But to return to my subject. Simple as their food is their Cookery as far as I saw is as simple: a few stones heated hot and laid in a hole, their meat laid upon them and coverd with Hay seems to be the most dificult part of it. He refers to the umu or hangi (Tahitian umu) the traditional Polynesian ‘earth-oven’, described in detail, I, p. 344 above.
To the Southward where little or nothing is planted Fern roots and fish must serve them all the Year. Here therefore we saw that they had made vast piles of Both, especialy the latter which were dryd in the sun very well, I suppose meant for winter stock when possibly Fish is not so plentifull or the trouble of catching it greater than in Winter.
Water is their universal drink nor did I see any signs of any other liquor being at all known to them, or any method of Intoxication. If they realy have not happy they must be allowd to be above all other nations that I at least have heard of. Among happy nations Banks has forgotten the Tierra del Fuegians, whose ignorance of strong liquors was much admired by British seafarers such as