Explorers of the Pacific
in Polynesia
By
Te Rangi Hiroa
Peter. H. Buck
Director of Bishop Museum, 1936-1951
Bernice P. Bishop Museum
Special Publication 43
Special Publication 43
Cover Design byJean Charlot
Honolulu, Hawaii
Published by the Museum
Printed by
Honolulu Star-Bulletin
Honolulu Star-Bulletin
Foreword
"Explorers of the Pacific" by the late Peter H. Buck (
"Explorers of the Pacific" is an important anthropological document, for it describes the early contacts of Polynesians with Europeans and Americans, hence provides a picture of the setting in which the culture change of modern times had its origin. However, the book has an appeal that carries far beyond a specialized field. It merits the careful attention of everyone with an interest in the Pacific.
The manuscript of "Explorers of the Pacific" had been completed at the time of Dr. Buck's death, but it was still not ready for the printer. To Mrs. Eloise Christian, Editor of the Bishop Museum publications, goes the credit for bringing the manuscript to its final form and for seeing it through the press. In addition, various members of the Museum staff assisted Dr. Buck in the preparation of the book.
A troublesome problem in historical work is the matter of variant spellings for proper and place names. Dr. Buck's death occurred before he was able to take up this problem, and in meeting it, Mrs. Christian has chosen a middle path. She modernized and simplified most of the names, but there seemed to be good reason for retaining the original spellings of others, particularly the Polynesian place names as given by their discoverers.
The illustrations are reproductions of old engravings published in the reports of the explorers. The Museum is indebted to Mr.
Alexander Spoehr
Director
Contents
Explorers of the Pacific
European and American Discoveries
in Polynesia
European and American Discoveries
in Polynesia
Te Rangi Hiroa
(
Peter H. Buck
Introduction
After the settlement of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia in prehistoric times, the exploration of the Pacific had to wait for untold centuries before ships and navigators reached a stage of development that would admit of venturing out of sight of land. The inhabitants of the Asiatic coast and the islands along the western boundary of the great ocean evinced no curiosity as to what lay beyond their eastern horizon. They were probably sufficiently occupied with their coastal and inter-island trade to be satisfied. The Indian tribes along the eastern boundary formed by the Pacific coast of the two Americas took no interest in the sea beyond inshore fishing, and they developed neither the vessels nor the maritime curiosity to venture beyond sight of land.
The East Indies
1486 to 1521
The later exploration of the Pacific was left to daring adventurers from the continent of Europe. However, east or west, the undiscovered Pacific was a long way from Europe and much preliminary discovery had to be made before even the shores were reached. In 1486
America
1492 to 1513
The eastern shores of the Pacific were also reached by a preliminary series of expeditions.
Various expeditions explored the neighboring mainland coast. Among the explorers was Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, who assisted in establishing a settlement at Darien in the Gulf of Uraba. Learning from a friendly cacique that there was a great sea on the other side of the range, he set out with an expedition on September 1, 1513. Within twenty-five or twenty-six days, they reached the top of the range, and Balboa "silent upon a peak in Darien" gazed on the great ocean. When, on September 29, the expedition reached the American shore of the Pacific, Balboa waded into it and claimed the "Great South Sea" in the name of the King of Spain.
1518 to 1521
Though Balboa discovered the Pacific for Spain, the men who spread Spain's conquest of the mainland were Cortez and Pizarro. In 1518
1522 to 1537
Ferdinand Magellan
1519 to 1522
The direct sea path to the East by a western course was blocked by the two Americas. South America was occupied on the west by the Spanish and on the east by the Portuguese, who had established ports along the coast of Brazil. The popular theory was that the land mass of South America extended to the south polar region. But one navigator held, as did Columbus, a different theory and wished to put it to the test. He was a Portuguese named
Magellan turned north along the Patagonian coast, then west, inclining northward in his westerly course. Thus he passed north of the Tuamotu Archipelago and south of the Marquesas. Meanwhile, his men suffered so greatly from scurvy and hunger that a half ducat was paid for a fresh rat. Two small uninhabited islands were sighted, but they provided no relief. After three months and a week of incredible suffering, his ships arrived on March 6, 1521, at a group of islands which he first named the Islands of the Lateen Sails, after the sails used by the natives. Later he changed the name to the Islands of Thieves (Ladrones) because of the stealing propensity of the native inhabitants. The island at which he landed was probably Guam in the Marianas.
Magellan sailed on to Samar in the Philippines, then to Cebu, where he foolishly undertook the cause of a local rajah against the rebellious small island of Moctan off the east coast of Cebu. He and eight of his men were killed. The small Vitoria, a ship of 85 tons under the command of Juan Sebastian del Cano,
Magellan not only discovered a western passage to the Pacific through the Strait of Magellan but, by crossing the Pacific, proved that Columbus was right in his theory that the world was round. His death deprived him of the honor of being the first to circumnavigate the world, but the way in which del Cano conducted the return voyage of the Vitoria made him worthy of that honor.
Loyasa and Saavedra
1525 to 1529
The second Pacific voyage was also made from Europe by the Spanish, shortly after Magellan's trip. A fleet of seven ships under the command of Pataca, which was separated from the other ships in a storm, managed to reach the shores of New Spain. Loyasa';s other ships followed Magellan's course across the Pacific and thus encountered no Polynesian islands.
Cortez, the conqueror of Mexico, was informed from Spain of Loyasa's voyage, and he received news of the expedition's entry into the Pacific through the Pataca. He thereupon fitted out an expedition of three ships under the command of Alvaro de Saavedra to reinforce his countrymen. Saavedra sailed on October 31, 1527, from Zacatula, Mexico, on the first expedition organized from the American coast. Two of his ships were lost during a storm, but Saavedra and his flagship, the Florida, reached Mindanao and then the Moluccas. On a southwest wind, he sailed from Tidore in June 1528 to return to New Spain, but the wind failed and he returned to the Moluccas. When he left Tidore for the second time, in May 1529, he followed the coast of Papua to four or five degrees south latitude, then turned northeast and north to 27° N. latitude, where he died. His successors followed Saavedra's command to sail to 31° N. latitude but encountered contrary winds and turned back, arriving at the Moluccas in October 1529. Thus, the first attempt to return to New Spain across the Pacific failed.
It was also in 1529 that Charles V sold Spain's claim to the Moluccas to Portugal for 350,000 ducats, to the great disgust of the Spaniards who had established a footing on those islands by out fighting the Portuguese. Spain, however, retained her claims to the Ladrones and the Philippines, basing her right to them on their prior discovery by Magellan.
Villalobos and Gaetano
1529 to 1542
A voyage of some importance was made by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in 1542, with
Legaspi and Urdaneta
1559 to 1564
The project for settling the Philippines languished somewhat until 1559, when King Philip of Spain sent orders to the Viceroy of Mexico to prepare an armament for their conquest. Fray Andres de Urdaneta, who had taken holy orders, after accompanying a previous expedition, was commanded by the king to aid the expedition with his abilities and advice. Considerable delay was caused by various factors, including the death of the viceroy, but an expedition of four ships, with San Lucas, commanded by Arellano, deserted. Legaspi made the Ladrones and sailed on to the Philippines. Having sampled Leyte and Bohol Islands, he settled in Cebu and, after some fighting, made a formal treaty of peace with the inhabitants.
1565
In accordance with his Orders, Legaspi sent one of his ships back to New Spain with a report. The sole navigator was Urdaneta, whose ship left Cebu on June 1, 1565, and made the Ladrones with southwest winds. Then easterly winds set in and Urdaneta sailed north to latitude 36° N., where a cape on Japan was sighted. The northerly course in search of north-west winds was continued to 40° N., at one time 43° N. Finally, the American coast was reached, but finding Navidad abandoned because of its unhealthful condition, the ship sailed on to Acapulco. It arrived on October 3, 1565, after a voyage of four months.
Arellano and the San Lucas had reached Mindanao, avoiding Legaspi's other ships, and had returned to New Spain three months before Urdaneta arrived. Reporting that the other ships had been lost, he hastily embarked for Spain to claim a reward for his work. However, the appearance later of Urdaneta at the Spanish Court led to his exposure and punishment. Though Arellano was the first navigator to make the return voyage from the Philippines to New Spain, he provided no record of his course. Urdaneta, on the other hand, kept a journal of the voyage and made scientific observations which were followed for a long time on the subsequent voyages from the Philippines to New Spain.
Alvaro De Mendana
1567 to 1569
After the voyages of Magellan and Loyasa through the Strait of Magel lan, the Spanish voyages across the Pacific to the Philippines were organized from the ports of Navidad or Acapulco on the Pacific coast of Mexico. As these ports were north of the equator, both the outward and return voyages were made in the Northern Hemisphere. Hence, except for the Hawaiian Archipelago, there was no prospect of encountering any Polynesian islands. The conquest of Peru, however, provided the ports of Payta and Callao from which any expedition would of necessity pass for a distance at least, through the Southern Hemisphere.
The first Spanish navigator to evince a desire to explore the south Pacific was Alvaro de Mendana. His object was to discover rich islands to the west and convert the infidels inhabiting them. He sailed from Callao with two ships on November 19, 1567. The first part of his course evidently retraced part of the route of Magellan, for he passed between the Tokelau chain and the Marquesas without sighting either. However, he continued west instead of turning north. He sighted an island which may have been one of the Ellice group and another which is held to have been Ontong Java. He finally reached the Solomon Islands in the heart of Melanesia, having accomplished the remarkable feat of crossing the south Pacific without encountering any island in Polynesia proper.
After various adventures, he sailed north for his return voyage, passing along the Marshall Islands to a latitude north of Hawaii, across to the California coast, and down the coast to Acapulco. Lack of funds for repairs, and other delays, cost Mendaña another nine months before he reached Callao on September 11, 1569.
Sir Francis Drake
1577 to 1580
Toward the end of the century, a new element entered the Pacific by way of the Strait of Magellan. This was made up of British and Dutch navigators, bent, not upon the exploration of the Pacific, but upon harrying the South American coast and capturing Spanish galleons laden with treasure. The first Englishman was Francis Drake, who, having been nearly captured with Pelican was his flagship. He took seventeen days in the Strait of Magellan, before he entered the Pacific on September 6, 1578. After being driven to the south by storms, he worked his way along the Pacific coast alone and the treasure he collected from ships and towns justified the subsequent change of the name of his ship from the Pelican, to the Golden Hind. Spanish war ships sent out to capture him failed to overtake him, and they sailed south to
Thomas Cavendish and Others
1586 to 1594
The war which broke out officially between England and Spain in 1586, led to a number of British expeditions which attempted to emulate Drake's success on the Pacific coast. Most of them failed to get through the Strait of Magellan, but one commanded by Santa Ana, Cavendish sailed west from California between the latitudes 12° and 13° N. until he reached Guam. He went on to the Philippines, then sailed for home via the Cape of Good Hope. He anchored at Plymouth on September 9, 1588, after a voyage of two years and 50 days. In his trans-Pacific voyage he was too far south to encounter Hawaii.
Cavendish attempted another expedition with five ships in 1591. He gave up the attempt to pass through the Strait of Magellan, where he encountered bad weather; but Desire, accompanied by the Black, a pinnace, and each time he was forced by violent westerly storms to return to the Strait for shelter. The Black was lost on the third attempt, and Davis had to abandon any further attempt, owing to the condition of his own ship.
The last British expedition of the sixteenth century was made by Dainty. He passed into the Pacific through the Strait of Magellan on March 29, 1594, but after moderate success along the Pacific, had to surrender to superior Spanish forces off the coast of California on June 22, 1594. This British interlude, while interesting, did not add anything to knowledge concerning Polynesia.
Mendaña and quiros
1595 to 1596
After his first voyage in 1567, Mendaña kept petitioning the Spanish authorities to equip another expedition to exploit his discoveries in the Solomon Islands. At last, he was supplied with four ships and sailed from Callao on April 9, 1595, worked up the coast, and finally sailed from Payta on June 16. His chief pilot was
Continuing his passage west along the same parallel of latitude, Mendaña passed north of other important islands in Polynesia. He saw four low, palm-studded, uninhabited islands which he named San Bernardo and, eight days later, an island which he called Solitaria. On September 7 he reached Santa Cruz in Melanesia. There his hopes of establishing a settlement met with great difficulty. Probably malaria was prevalent, for forty-seven of his men died within one month. And finally Mendaña himself died, without having reached his original discovery, the Solomons. Quiros took charge of the remnants, though Mendaña's widow was in nominal command as successor to her husband. They abandoned Santa Cruz and sailed to the Ladrones, thence to Manila, which was reached on February 10, 1596. Here, ten of his men died and four entered monastic orders to ensure a future less troubled than their past. After considerable time in the Philippines, Quiros took the long way home, by Urdaneta's northern route. He arrived at Acapulco on December 11, 1596.
Pedro Fernandez De Quiros
1605 to 1606
Quiros, like Mendaña, importuned the authorities to equip a second expedition, and the Viceroy of Peru was ordered to provide him with two ships. On December 21, 1605, Quiros sailed from Callao with two ships and a zabra (launch), with Luis Vaez de Torres second in command. The expedition sailed west, and this time Quiros, farther south than on his voyage with Mendaña, sighted a number of uninhabited low islands in the Tuamotus which he numbered and named.
On February 10, 1606, he encountered an inhabited island to which he gave the name of Conversion de San Pablo. This island was named La Sagittaria by Quiros, according to Burney (A chronological history of the voyages or discoveries in the … Pacific Ocean, vol. 2, p. 281), but according to Markham, who translated the record of Quiros' voyages, Conversion de San Pablo was the name given to the island of Anaa by Quiros (Hakluyt Soc, Ser. II, vol. 14, p. 197, ft. note). Markham states that Burney confused a small atoll (Sagittaria) seen after leaving Conversion de San Pablo with that island.
Quiros continued west and, after passing five more small islands, came to an inhabited island on March 1. This he named Gente Hermosa from the handsome appearance of the inhabitants, of whom he gives an interesting record. The island has been identified as Olosenga, or Swains Island, the most southerly of the Tokelaus. Quiros then sailed on into Melanesia, too far to the south to make Santa Cruz. He arrived at the group now known as the New Hebrides, and one of these islands, discovered on May 3, 1606, he named Australia del Espiritu Santo, believing that it formed part of the long sought "southern continent." It retains the name of Espiritu Santo. After some time in this area, Quiros sailed north to search for Santa Cruz; but as contrary winds drove him to the east, he gave up his quest and steered for Navidad, where he arrived in October 1606. De Torres, however, continued his exploration in the other ship, sailed through the strait between Australia and New Guinea, which was named after him, explored the south coast of New Guinea, and then sailed on to the Moluccas and Manila.
Early Dutch Voyages
1598 to 1601
The principal voyagers in the Pacific so far had been the Spanish and Portuguese, with a little activity on the part of the British. The Dutch, however, had been running ships for years in the East India trade, carrying goods from the Portuguese trading posts in the Spice Islands to the port of Lisbon. But the Dutch were not allowed to share in active trading, and when Portugal united with Spain in 1588, even the carrying trade was refused them. As the Dutch could not afford to allow their many ships to remain idle, they tried during 1594 to 1596 to discover a northeast passage above Europe and Asia and a northwest passage above North America. This attempt to enter the Pacific from the north in order to establish trade with China failed, however. Thus, though the routes round the Cape of Good Hope or through the Strait of Magellan across the "South Sea" involved fighting with the Portuguese and the Spanish, the Dutch traders prepared to vie for a share of eastern prosperity.
The first Dutch expedition was organized in 1598 to go by way of the Strait of Magellan. Five ships were fitted out by the Company of Pieter Verhagen. The names of the ships are interesting, for to the three virtues, Faith, Hope, and Charity, a fourth, Fidelity, was added. Wishful thinking evidently inspired the name Good News for the fifth vessel. They sailed under Admiral Jacob Mahu on the Hope from Goree, Holland, on June 27, 1598. The fleet started through the Strait of Magellan on April 6, 1599, and after exploring various bays and being delayed by contrary winds, the five ships entered the Pacific on September 3, accompanied by a 16-ton shallop, the Postillion, which had been set up while the expedition was in the Strait. During their five months in the Strait, more than 120 men had been buried out of a full complement of 491 for the five ships. Of the five ships, the Good News was the first to become bad news, for it was captured by the Spanish off Valparaiso. Then the Fidelity was captured by the Portuguese at the Moluccas. Hope and Charity sailed for Japan to sell their stock of woolen goods; one was lost at sea, the other plundered by the Japanese. Faith alone survived, and under the command of Sebald de Weert, she arrived at Goree, Holland on July 13, 1600, after a voyage of two years and 16 days. Thirty-six of her original crew of 109 had survived.
Olivier van Noort
Another Dutch expedition of this period, consisting of four ships under the command of Olivier van Noort, sailed from Goree, Holland, on September 13, 1598. Van Noort entered the Strait of Magellan on November 22, 1599, and cleared into the Pacific on February 29, 1600. He had committed various atrocities in the Strait, needlessly killing numbers of the local Indians. After little success along the Pacific coast, he sailed west for the Philippines on May 20
The Dutch East India Company
1602 to 1609
The first two Dutch expeditions to cross the Pacific were bent on pecuniary gain and made no geographical discoveries, even by accident. But they helped to convince the Dutch that active measures must be taken against the Spanish and Portuguese to protect the trade they hoped to develop. Dutch ships which had reached the East Indies by way of the Cape of Good Hope had established a trading post at Ternate in the Moluccas in 1599. However, the various merchant enterprises had warred among themselves, both in regard to prices and in actual fighting. The States General, seeing the trouble caused by divided efforts, invited the formation of one general company. Thus the Dutch East India Company was founded in 1602. It was given a charter which gave it the exclusive right, for a twenty-one year period, to trade with the East and to organize a fleet and an army to protect its rights. Dutch organizations outside the company were forbidden to send ships to the East, either by way of the Cape of Good Hope or through the Strait of Magellan. Thus, with the footing the Dutch had obtained in the Moluccas in spite of Portuguese and Spanish opposition, the company was able practically to monopolize the spice trade. In 1609 Spain agreed to a twelve-years' truce with the Low Countries, but fighting continued in the outer seas beyond Europe.
Joris Spilbergen
1614 to 1616
In 1614 the Dutch East India Company equipped a fleet of six vessels, under the command of Admiral Joris Spilbergen, to sail to the Moluccas by way of the Strait of Magellan. The fleet left Texel on August 8, 1614. On April 3, 1615, Spilbergen entered the Strait, some of his ships having preceded him to the rendezvous at the Bay de Cordes within the Strait. On May 6 the fleet, reduced to five ships, entered the south sea. It worked up the Pacific coast, provisioning here and capturing there, until on July 16, beyond Arequipa, they sighted the Spanish fleet which had been sent out from Callao to intercept them. The Spanish fleet, commanded by Don Rodrigo de Mendoça,
The Dutch fleet called in at Callao but found it too strongly defended to offer any opportunities, so Spilbergen sailed on to Payta, which he sacked. Sailing north to Acapulco and Navidad, he exchanged accumulated Spanish prisoners for provisions. He then sailed across the Pacific to the Ladrones, without encountering the Hawaiian Islands. He spent some time off Manila, picking off trading ships making for that port, much like a man-of-war hawk waiting off shore to intercept other seabirds flying home with their day's catch of fish. However, when he learned that a large Spanish fleet was being organized to attack him, he sailed to the Moluccas to assist his countrymen, still fighting the Portuguese posts in that area. He arrived at Ternate on March 26, 1616. Spilbergen's expedition made no discoveries, but he was shortly to meet voyagers who had.
Le Maire and Schouten
1615 to 1616
In the same year that Admiral Spilbergen set out from Holland, another expedition was being planned by a group of merchants headed by Eendracht and the 110-ton galiot, Hoorn. Jacob Le Eendracht, and the Hoorn was commanded by
The expedition sailed from Hoorn accidentally burned while careened for repairs. The crew, goods, and guns were transferred to the Eendracht. On January 20, 1616, the Eendracht, being out of sight of land, passed the latitude of the entrance of the Strait of Magellan. Three days later, the land of Tierra del Fuego was picked up and followed in an east-southeast direction. On the 24th they saw another high mountainous country to the east which they named Staten Land in honor of the States of Holland. They sailed south down the passage between Staten Land and Tierra del Fuego until Staten Land turned toward the east, when the coast of Tierra del Fuego was followed in a west-southwest direction. On the 29th they passed north of some small rocky islets, which they named the Isles de Barnevelt, and the high, hilly land of Tierra del Fuego was observed to end to the southward in a sharp point, which they named Cape Hoorn in honor of the town of Hoorn in West Friesland. They sailed between the Barnevelt Islands and
The Eendracht sailed west and encountered some of the northern islands of the
Continuing west and a little south, the Eendracht encountered on May 8 a double canoe with lateen sails; an illustration of which identifies it as a Tongan double sailing canoe. Some of the occupants of the canoe were recklessly killed and the Dutch, conscious of their brutality, tried to make amends by giving presents to the people before allowing the canoe to continue on its way. Two days later, an inhabited island was discovered and named Cocos Island. Another nearby island, was named Verraders (Traitors) Island, because of an attack made against the ship. These two islands are Tafahi, called Boscawen
Having discovered some of the Tuamotu islands, the northern Tongan islands, and the Horne Islands, the Eendracht passed along the northern fringe of Melanesia and the northern coast of New Guinea, where the Schouten Islands were named after
From the Moluccas, Le Maire and Schouten proceeded to Eendracht's crew took service with the East India Company.
Some accounts state that old
The Nassau Fleet
1623 to 1624
In 1621, when the Dutch truce with Spain ended, the Dutch decided to follow up Admiral Spilbergen's success with another attack against the Spanish possessions in South America. A fleet of eleven ships under Admiral Jacob l'Heremite sailed from Goree on April 29, 1623. The fleet decided against entering any port on the eastern coast of South America and arrived off the entrance of the Strait of Le Maire after a nine-months' voyage. It sailed through the strait and attacked various parts of the coast of Peru. The admiral in command died of a serious malady, and the command passed to Vice-admiral Schapenham, who proved to be a poor organizer of punitive attempts against the Spanish towns.
The fleet sailed from the coast of New Spain for
Terra Australia Incognita
1606 to 1629
While Dutch explorations had been taking place from the American side, the island continent of Australia, though still incognita, had been receiving attention along its north and west coasts. Eendracht, while sailing from the Cape of Good Hope to Java, went too far south and encountered a part of the coast of West Australia, which he named Eendrachtsland. He marked his discovery with a pewter plate bearing the date October 25, 1616, which he nailed to a post. Eighty years later the plate was removed by another Dutch voyager, and it is now, or was before World War II, in the Amsterdam Museum.
In 1619, Captain Leeuwin, encountered the coast still farther south in 1622, and the southwest cape was named Cape Leeuwin. At about this time (1622 to 1623)
The need for accurate charting of the coast was stressed by the disastrous wreck of the Batavia under Captain Pelsaert in 1629 on Houtmans Island. Furthermore, the accounts of the land and its scattered black inhabitants gave the Dutch no encouragement to seek for treasure and commerce in their new discoveries.
Abel Tasman
1642 to 1643
In 1636 Heemskirk and Zeehaan were equipped for the expedition, and
Tasman sailed from Batavia on August 14, 1642, with his two ships. After calling at Mauritius, he sailed southeast and then south-southeast to clear the southern extremity of Southland; then, east by north. On November 24 he encountered the land now known as Tasmania, which he named Anthony van Diemens Land. He explored the southern part and, without discovering that it was an island, continued his course toward the east on December 5. On December 13, a large high land was sighted, and on the 18th the ships anchored within a bay. The inhabitants came out in double canoes, and a favorable opportunity occurring when a boat passed between the two ships, the natives killed three and wounded one member of one of the boat's crew. Tasman referred to the attackers as "murderers" but the attack was no worse than the slaying of unarmed Tongans by the Dutch on the expedition of Le Maire and Schouten. Tasman named the bay Murderers Bay, but the name was later changed to the more appropriate Golden Bay. The land was called Staten Land, later changed to New Zealand. Tasman weighed anchor and sailed up the west coast of the North Island without knowing that he had been in the western entrance to a strait which separated two islands. He named a northern cape, Cape Maria van Diemen and called the islands to the north the
Tasman was off the Three Kings on January 5, 1643. On the 19th he picked up the most southerly of the Tongan islands which he named Pylstaart. Two days later he reached Eua, which he named Middelburgh, and
Tasman was the first navigator to enter the south Pacific from the west. He discovered New Zealand and the southern and middle groups of the Tongan islands, and he was the first to circumnavigate Australia.
Buccaneers and Privateers
1643 to 1721
After Tasman's voyage, no discoveries were made in the south Pacific until the voyage of another Dutchman, Jacob Roggeveen, about eighty years later. In the interval, however, there was a great deal of activity in the West Indies in the form of attacks on Spanish ships and ports by English and French buccaneers. The buccaneers worked round to the Pacific coast but, fortunately, never passed west of those uninhabited islands off the American coast which they used as bases for attacking the Peruvian and Mexican coasts and shipping. In 1686 an English buccaneer named Cygnet. Dampier made voyages in the East Indies and to the northwest coast of Australia.
After returning to England, Dampier wrote a work entitled "A new voyage round the world." It was so well received that the British Admiralty gave Dampier a commission as captain in the Royal Navy and command of the Roebuck to conduct further surveys of Australia, or New Holland as it was then known. Thus the exploration of northwest Australia and part of the New Guinea coast was conducted in 1689 to 1700.
In 1703, when war broke out against France and Spain, some English merchants fitted out two ships, the Saint George and Cinque Ports Galley, as privateers to cruise against the Spaniards in the south seas. The command of the two ships was given to Dampier, and they sailed from Kinsale on September 11, 1703. Dampier was unfortunate in his officers, who quarrelled with him and with one another. In February 1704 the ships were at Cinque Ports Galley, commanded by Captain Stradling after the death of
SaintGeorge in February 1705, for she had become unseaworthy. He also reached the East Indies, on a prize brigantine which was seized by the Dutch. Thus the voyage did not produce any financial advantage to the English merchants and no addition was made to our knowledge of the south seas.
Nothing daunted, the merchants of Bristol fitted out two ships for a cruise to the south seas against the Spaniards. The Duke, 320 tons with thirty guns and 183 men, was commanded by Duchess, 260 tons with 26 guns and 151 men, was commanded by
Woodes Rogers had better fortune than Dampier, for after a successful expedition along the Pacific coast which included the capture of a Manila ship, he sailed from California for the East Indies on January 10, 1710. He reached Guam on March 10, called at the Moluccas and at Batavia without interference from the Dutch, and finally reached Texel on July 23, 1711. Again, no addition was made to man's knowledge of the Pacific.
Jacob Roggeveen
1721 to 1722
Eagle, Thienhoven, and African Galley. With the rank of Admiral, Roggeveen sailed with his three ships from Texel on August 21, 1721. After passing through the Strait of Le Maire, he sailed south as far as latitude 60 degrees; but encountering ice and rough weather, gave up the idea of a useful southern continent. He sailed north to
Continuing westward, Roggeveen encountered some of the northern Tuamotu islands, which he named Carlshof, or Court of Charles; Schaadelyk, or Pernicious; Daageraad, or Aurora; Abendroth, or Vespree; Irrigen, or The African Galley was wrecked on Pernicious Island, which was probably Takapoto, but the crew were safely transferred to the other two ships. Recreation Island was said to be high land, and though the suggestion has been made that it was Ulietea (Raiatea), it was probably the raised coral island of Makatea. Sailing west again for thirteen days, he encountered two high islands on June 14 and a third on the following day. He named them the Bauman Islands after the captain of the Thienhoven. There seems little doubt that these were the Manua Islands in taupou chiefess with a bleached-hair headdress. The statement that the people were not painted or marked like the Easter Islanders may be explained by the further statement that they were clothed from the waist down. Thus the characteristic Samoan tattooing from waist to knees was covered by the skirt of tapa or fine matting. The further information that the people wore large hats and carried bows and arrows is characteristic of the inaccurate additions to the Roggeveen account.
After leaving the Bauman Islands, Roggeveen sighted two islands that he supposed were the Cocos and Verraders Islands seen by Le Maire and Schouten, but they must have been the
Apart from the islands in the Tuamotus, Roggeveen discovered Easter Island and a part of Samoa. Thus, the expeditions of Le Maire and Schouten, Tasman and Roggeveen established a good record of Polynesian discoveries for the Dutch, and the Dutch seem to have rested content with them.
British Explorers, 1740 to 1780
George Anson
1740 to 1744
A period of forty years elapsed after Roggeveen's voyage before any exploring expedition to the south Pacific took place, but in the interval a voyage was made by
Friction between England and Spain led to war in 1739. The British Government equipped a fleet of six ships with two victualers (pinks) to cruise off the Pacific coast of Peru and New Spain for the purpose of cutting off the Spanish supphes of wealth from South America. The fleet was placed under Centurion, with sixty guns and 400 men. The total force numbered about 1,510 men. Anson sailed from St. Helens Road on September 18, 1740, and passed through the Strait of Le Maire in March 1741.
The Spanish, who had learned of the British expedition, equipped a large fleet of war vessels and sent it out under Admiral Pizarro to oppose the British. The Spanish fleet, however, ran into storms, the provisions gave out, and many of the ships were wrecked. Thus the Spanish attempt ended in failure. The Viceroy of Peru also sent out some ships to intercept Anson, but they failed to make contact.
Anson continued taking prizes along the Pacific coast during 1741 and part of 1742. He lost some of his ships but replaced them with prizes manned by crews from his own ships. On May 6, 1742, he sailed from the Mexican coast and reached Tinian in the Marianas, whence he sailed to Macao. Here he refitted before sailing to a position near the Philippines to await a galleon. In June 1743 he sighted a galleon and, by means of superior skill and seamanship, captured her treasure valued at about 400,000 pounds sterling. After repairing at Macao, Anson sailed in the Centurion for England via the Cape of Good Hope and anchored at Spithead on June 15, 1744, after a voyage of three years and nine months.
John Byron
1764 to 1766
The British government, having awakened to the fact that Pacific exploration would add to England's prestige as a maritime power, began a series of voyages in 1764. The first expedition consisted of a copper-sheathed ship, the Dolphin, under Commodore the Tamar, under Captain Mouat. Byron was to explore the south Atlantic for land between the latitudes 33° and 53° S., identify Pepys Island, and go on to the Pacific. The ships sailed from the Downs on June 21, 1764 and reached Port Desire in Patagonia in November. Byron examined the
After refreshing at Masafuero, the ships sailed northwest to get the trades, and on June 7 Byron encountered two islands of the northern
On his return voyage, he rounded the Cape of Good Hope in December and anchored in the Downs on May 9, 1766. The results of Byron's voyage were meager.
Wallis and Carteret
1766 to 1769 Byron's voyage was followed immediately by another, which was entrusted to Dolphin. With him sailed the sloop Swallow, commanded by Tamar in Byron's expedition, and a store ship, the Prince Frederick. Wallis was to search for the southern continent but, in the event that he failed to find it, he was to search for land in the Pacific on latitude 20° S. The ships sailed from Plymouth Sound on August 22, 1766, refreshed at Port Famine in the Strait of Magellan on December 17, and entered the Pacific on April 11, 1767. The Swallow disappeared in a storm and was thought lost.
Wallis sailed northwest, then west along latitude 20° S. As a result, he passed through the Tuamotu Archipelago farther south than the course followed by
At Matavai Bay Wallis met with a hostile reception from hundreds of canoes, but friendly relations were finally established in which the high chief-tainess Oberea (Purea) played an active part. The use of this anchorage by Dolphin stayed over a month, affording time for the sick to recover; the ship to be amply provisioned with hogs, fowls, vegetables, and fruit; and some exploration of the island to be made. Wallis set sail on July 27 and proceeded along the shore of Moorea, which he named Duke of York Island, but he did not go ashore. Continuing in a westerly direction he encountered three more of the Society islands, which he named Sir Charles Saunders Island (Tapuaemanu), Lord How's (Howe) Island (Mopiha), and the Scilly Islands (Fenua Ura). On August 13 he saw the Cocos and Traitors Islands discovered by Le Maire and Schouten earlier and renamed them Boscawen and Keppel. Three days later, he discovered Uvea, and Wallis modestly states that his men named it Wallis Island in honor of their captain.
From Wallis Island, the Dolphin sailed out of Polynesia and, after touching at Tinian and Batavia, returned via the Cape of Good Hope to anchor in the Downs on May 20, 1768.
The Swallow had not gone down in the storm which separated her from the Dolphin, but had been saved by the consummate seamanship of Dolphin was at Tahiti, the Swallow was off a rocky island which was named
Though Carteret added little to Polynesian discovery, his voyage was one of the pluckiest in history. Not only should the Swallow have been relegated to the scrap heap instead of being sent out on an expedition, the Admiralty had refused to supply Carteret with an anvil and other equipment for repairs. The story of how he circumnavigated the world in a leaking tub and kept her afloat for two years and seven months will ever remain a record for endurance, courage, and skill.
Louis de Bougainville overtook the Swallow on February 26 and sent a boat to exchange courtesies. He remarked on the condition of Carteret's ship as follows: "His ship was very small, went very ill, and when we took leave of him, he remained as if it were at anchor. How much he must have suffered in so bad a vessel, may well be conceived."
James Cook's First Voyage
1768 to 1771
The transit of Venus, expected on June 3, 1769, aroused a great deal of interest in scientific circles, and as the newly discovered island of Tahiti in the south Pacific was held to be a favorable place for making scientific observations of the impending phenomenon, an expedition was planned under the joint auspices of the Admiralty and the Royal Society. Cook was chosen to lead the expedition, raised in rank from master to lieutenant in the Royal Navy, and given command of H. M. Bark Endeavour, 368 tons. The complement of 94 included
Cook sailed from Plymouth on August 26, 1768, and after two stops, rounded Cape Horn on January 27, 1769. Sailing west, he chose a course between that of Byron and Wallis; but in the early part of the voyage through the
Cook had decided to take a native named According to Hawkesworth, Parkinson, and Endeavour sailed north from Tahiti on July 13 and sighted an island on the first day. Parkinson's account says that Tupaea called this island "Tetiroah"; and as Tetiaroa is about twenty-six miles north of Tahiti, it is evident that Parkinson is correct. The first of the leeward group was sighted on July 14. As Tupaea knew the native names of the islands, the only difficulty in naming them was the recording of the native sounds. The
The course was next directed southwest toward the Staten Land discovered by Tasman over a century before. On October 7 a promontory was sighted by
Cook sailed west from New Zealand on March 31, 1770, and explored the east coast of Australia in the masterly manner that characterized all his work. He went on to Batavia and returned via the Cape of Good Hope to England, where he anchored in the Downs on July 13, 1771, after a voyage of two years ten and one-half months.
Cook's Second Voyage
1772 to 1775
Cook's first voyage had been of such scientific value and brought so much honor to England that the Admiralty decided to send him on a second expedition. The Resolution (462 tons) and the Adventure (336 tons) were equipped for the expedition and Cook, raised to the rank of Commander in the Navy, was given command. Banks was to have accompanied him, but his demands for space on the Resolution for himself and his 12 assistants would have required too many extra accommodations to be built on the ship and Cook decided against them. Banks thereupon relinquished his project and went with his already selected company on a botanical Adventure was commanded by Dolphin.
Cook sailed from Plymouth on July 13, 1772, for the Cape of Good Hope to search for the "South Continent" between the meridians of the Cape and New Zealand. In January 1773 he crossed the Antarctic Circle and reached latitude 67° S. On March 16 he turned northeast for New Zealand, and on the 26th put in at Dusky Bay in the South Island. He worked up the coast to Queen Charlotte Sound, where he found the Adventure at their rendezvous. He left New Zealand on June 7 to make further search to the east along latitude 40° S. as far as longitude 133° W. Finding no land, he turned north and worked back through the Tuamotu Archipelago to make Tahiti. On August 11 he sighted two islands, which he named Resolution (Tauere) and Doubtful (Tekokoto). On the next day he named another Furneaux (North Marutea), and on the following day he named still another Adventure (Motutunga). On this day also, he picked up an island which he recognized as Chain Island (Anaa). Two days more brought him to Osnaburgh (Meetia), and during the next day he reached Otaheite (Tahiti).
From Tahiti, Cook visited Huahine where a native named Adventure. After stopping at Raiatea, the course was set for
O M A I.
Cook sailed north to Easter Island, which he reached on March 11, 1774. From there, he sailed northwest to locate the Marquesas, which Mendaña had discovered in 1595. On April 7 he picked up Mendafia's southern group, but the first small island, Fatuhuku, was a new discovery which he named Hoods Island, after the young man who first sighted it. The three other islands that he saw were Dominica (Hivaoa), San Pedro (Motane), and Santa Christina (Tahuata), where he landed to obtain refreshments. The island of Magdalena (Fatuhiva) to the south was not seen.
From the Marquesas, Cook sailed for Tahiti and encountered some of the Tuamotuan atolls. On April 17 he picked up Tiookea (Takaroa), where a landing was made and five dogs and some coconuts were brought aboard, and the next day passed Takapoto. These two islands he identified as the King George Islands of Byron. On the 19th, he saw the four islands of Apataki, Toau, Kaukura, and Arutua, which he grouped together under the name of the Palliser Islands. On April 22 he reached Tahiti and anchored in Matavai Bay. Cook recorded that a fleet of 300 to 400 double canoes with about 8,000 warriors was preparing to make an attack on Eimoa (Moorea), and
Cook continued west to the New Hebrides where he visited various islands. On his way back to New Zealand, he discovered New Caledonia on September 4, 1774, and Norfolk Island on October 10. He remarked that a plant identical with the New Zealand flax [Phormium tenax] grew on Norfolk Island. He sighted the peak of Mount Egmont on October 17 and anchored in Queen Charlotte Sound the next day.
Cook left New Zealand on November 10 on the last stage of his voyage, reaching Cape Horn on December 28. In January 1775 he surveyed the coasts of Tierra del Fuego and Staten Land, then continued exploring the south Atlantic between the parallels of 50° and 60° S. and discovered South Georgia Island and the south Sandwich Islands. On reaching the part south of the Cape of Good Hope where he had commenced his search, he came to the conclusion that there was no large "South Continent" though there might be land in the vicinity of the South Pole. He sailed for the Cape of Good Hope, and from ships he met he learned that the Adventure had reached England. He anchored in Table Bay on March 22 and met Crozet, who had been with Marion de Fresne's voyage to New Zealand.
The Resolution finally anchored off Spithead on July 30, 1775, after a voyage of three years and eighteen days which covered 60,000 to 70,000 miles.
Cook's Third Voyage
1776 to 1780
For his work on his second voyage, Cook was promoted to the rank of Post Captain in the Royal Navy and given an appointment at Greenwich Hospital. His geographical work and his contribution to science in the prevention of scurvy were recognized in his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society and the award of the Copley Medal. However, when a third expedition to the south seas was planned, Cook, too active to remain in a shore position, volunteered and was accepted as commander of the expedition, the object of which was to return
The Resolution was refitted and John Gore, who had sailed with Wallis in the Dolphin and with Cook in the Endeavour, was appointed First Lieutenant. James King was Second Lieutenant, and Bounty notoriety, was appointed Master. The second ship was the Discovery under the command of Endeavour. His First Lieutenant was Adventure on Cook's second voyage. Burney afterwards wrote the "Chronological history of discoveries and voyages in the South Seas." Discovery as a midshipman. John Webber was appointed artist to the expedition.
The Resolution sailed from Plymouth on July 12, 1776, but the Discovery was delayed until August 1. The two ships joined at Table Bay and sailed south to check on Kerguelens Land. They called at Van Diemens Land, and proceeded to Queen Charlotte Sound in New Zealand which they reached on February 12, 1777. After a brief stay, they set a course northeast which led to new discoveries. The first island was sighted on March 29 and proved to be Resolution, who contributed useful ethnological notes to Cook's Journal. Mangaia and Atiu are two of the high islands in the Cook group. A small island off Atiu was visited to obtain green fodder for the cattle on
From Atiu, Cook sailed west to the Tongan islands. On the way, he passed close enough to Herveys Island (Manuae) for canoes to come out to the ships. The ships remained in the Haapai and Tongatabu islands until the middle of July, and considerable intercourse with the people took place. On July 17 Cook sailed from Eooa (Eua) and stood south and later east-southeast. On August 8, 1777, a high island was sighted. On the next day, two canoes came out but the people would not come on board. However, they were close enough to give the name of the island as Toobouai (Tubuai), and excellent notes were taken as to their canoes, clothing, and other details, though no landing was made. Tubuai was the second island in the Australs to be discovered by Cook, Rurutu having been discovered on his first voyage.
The ships sailed for Tahiti, and Maitea (Meetia) was sighted on August 12, Tahiti soon after. A great trade was established in Tahiti, with red feathers obtained in Tonga as a medium. Cook visited Taiarapu and saw the wooden house left by the Spaniards, whose visits were still fresh in the memory of the people, and the cross marking Boenechea's grave. Visits were made to Moorea, Huahine,
Cook sailed north from Borabora on December 7, 1777. On December 24, he sighted an uninhabited atoll, where he obtained a supply of turtles and remained to observe an eclipse of the sun on December 30. As Christmas Day was spent there, he named the island Christmas Island. He continued his northern course on January 2, 1778, and sighted an island on January 18. As he drew near, he saw another island to the north. (His latitude at the time was 21° 12′ N.) The next day, the first island seen bore east and, as it was directly to windward, he stood for the other. As he approached, he saw a third island to the west-northwest. Canoes came out and traded with the ships as they moved along, and Cook was surprised to find that the language of the people was similar to that of the Tahitians. The ships finally anchored off the second island near the village of Wymea (Waimea), and the name of the island was found to be Atooi (Tauai, later Kauai). At the time of Cook's visit and long after, the people of Kauai used the t sound in their speech instead of k, and Cook heard the r sound instead of l. The k and l were substituted when American missionaries compiled the Hawaiian alphabet.
When on January 23 after leaving Kauai, a breeze sprang up, Cook weighed anchor. As the wind and current prevented a return to Kauai, he made for the third island, Oneeheow (Niihau), off which he anchored. Two
Having taken sufficient food supplies and water on board, the ships left the islands on February 2 for the California coast. During Cook's stay, a wealth of information concerning the native inhabitants and their culture had been obtained and recorded. The five islands discovered on this visit were Oahu, Kauai, Niihau, and the islets of Lehua and Kaula. This group Cook named the Sandwich Islands in honor of the Earl of Sandwich. Cook fully recognized the value of his discovery as a port of call for refreshment and water. That they were not so used by the Spaniards on their annual voyages across the north Pacific from Acapulco to Manila, emphasizes the fact that they did not know of their existence.
On March 7 Cook's ships sighted the coast of North America in latitude 44° 33′ in the part which Drake had named New Albion, north of the present city of San Francisco. Cook worked along the coast, surveying and mapping various inlets and islands. He passed through Bering Strait and reached latitude 70° 44′ N., but the edge of the ice made him turn back and defer further investigation. He next surveyed part of the Asiatic coast and met Russian traders on the island of Oonalashka (Unalaska) in the Aleutian Islands, then sailed south until he was in latitude 20° 55′ N. on November 25, 1778, when he steered west. On the next day, November 26, land was sighted. Realizing that the islands he had previously seen lay to the leeward of his present position, Cook was satisfied that the Sandwich islands had been only partially discovered.
The land sighted turned out to be the island of Mowee (Maui), and trade was conducted with the canoes which came out. On November 30 the island of Owhyhee (
Cook went ashore on February 14 to interview the king and persuaded him to come out to the ship. However, on the way to the boat, the huge crowd which had gathered suddenly attacked and Cook and four marines were killed. The marines on the boat opened fire, and the boat returned to the ship. The people as a whole remained hostile after this disaster, but some of the chiefs, principally "Eappo," acted as mediators to prevent a massed attack. Cook's
Captain Clerke took command of the expedition, transferring to the Resolution, and Lieutenant Gore was made Captain of the Discovery. The repair and watering of the ships being completed, they weighed anchor and stood to the northward on February 22. On February 24 the small island of Tahoorowa (Kahoolawe) was picked up, and later the other new islands, Ranai (Lanai) and Morotoi (Molokai). The island of Oahu, seen previously, was approached, but as watering at the Waimea River on that island proved too difficult, the ships sailed for Kauai. They dropped anchor on March 1 at their previous anchorage off Waimea, where watering was completed on March 8. The ships then sailed for Niihau, where they remained for six days. Information having been obtained that there was an island named "Modoopapapa," or "Tammatapappa," west-southwest of Kaula, the ships proceeded in that direction on March 15. It was not found, and the course was set for the north.
After preliminary investigations, the expedition again sailed through Bering Strait. They reached ice, which confirmed the opinion previously formed that there was no possible northeast or northwest passage, and the ships turned south to Kamchatka. Captain Clerke, who was consumptive, died on August 22 and was buried on shore at the port of St. Peter and St. Paul in Awatska (Awatscha) Bay. Captain Gore became leader of the expedition, and Lieutenant King was promoted to Captain of the Discovery.
The ships were repaired, and the Russians gave every assistance in provisioning them. They sailed from the port on October 9, reached Macao on December 2, and Table Bay on April 13, 1780. They anchored at The Nore on October 4, 1780, after a voyage of four years, two months, and twenty-two days. The Resolution had lost five men through sickness, three of whom were in bad health on leaving England. The Discovery had not lost a man, a singular success attributable to the health regulations established by Captain Cook.
The official account of the voyage was compiled from Cook's journal up to shortly before his death, the remainder from the journal of Captain King. The expedition resulted in the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands, which Cook had regarded as the most important island discovery he made in the Pacific. It also dispelled the theory of a northern passage into the Atlantic.
British Navigators, 1780 to 1800
At the end of Cook's third voyage in 1780, the only important Polynesian islands remaining to be discovered were the Mangarevan (Gambier) Islands, the northern islands of the Marquesas, and a few individual islands in the
Portlock and Dixon
1785 to 1788
On Cook's last voyage, a number of furs were obtained on the north-west American coast and sold for good prices in China when the Resolution and Discovery called at Macao on their way back to England. The crews almost mutinied in their desire to return to the north-west coast for more furs. The reports spread in England in 1780 opened up the possibility of a new source of wealth, and in the spring of 1785 the South Sea Company was formed and obtained a charter to trade for furs on the northwest coast of America and dispose of them in China. Two vessels were bought by the company, the King George and the Queen Charlotte, and were placed under the commands of
John Watts
1787 to 1788
Lieutenant John Watts, R.N., was a lieutenant on the Lady Penrhyn (340 tons) under Captain Sever. According to Watts, the ship was "a clumsy vessel and a heavy sailor." She was one of a fleet of eleven ships which sailed from the Isle of Wight on May 13, 1787, under the command of Lady Penrhyn sailed on May 5 for the further prosecution of the voyage. Though Captain Sever was in command of the ship, the three islands discovered are usually credited to Lieutenant Watts.
On May 31, 1788, were observed three of the four islands later known as the Kermadecs. Captain Sever went ashore on one of them which he named Macauleys Island after
Tahiti was reached on July 9 and refreshments were obtained for the ship. On July 23 she sailed for Macao. On August 8 the atoll of Lady Penrhyn sailed out of Polynesia and arrived at Macao on October 19, 1788.
William Bligh
1787 to 1789
The accounts of Dampier, Anson, and Cook concerning the food value of the breadfruit led, in 1787, to a request from the merchants of the West Indies to Bounty was fitted for the task. Resolution, was raised to the rank of lieutenant and placed in command of the ship and its complement of 44 men and officers. Two specially selected men were appointed to look after the plants.
The Bounty sailed from Spithead on December 23, 1787, to reach Tahiti via Cape Horn, but encountering contrary winds off the Strait of Le Maire, she altered her course and sailed east via the Cape of Good Hope and south of New Holland and New Zealand. She reached Tahiti on October 26, 1788, and remained for nearly six months. With her supply of breadfruit plants, she sailed away on April 4, 1789. After calling at Huahine, Bligh discovered the most northerly of the high islands of the Cook group on April 11, 1789
On April 27 the ship sailed between the Tongan islands of Tofoa (Tofua) and Kotoo (Kotu). It was the next day that Bligh was seized in his cabin by Fletcher Christian and some of the other mutineers. Bligh and eighteen others were placed in the ship's launch and set adrift with a scanty supply of provisions, and Bounty back to Tahiti. The story of their ultimate fate is well known. Bligh made the historic boat voyage through the Fijian islands and along the coast of New Holland, and reached Timor in June 1789. He reached England on a Dutch packet on March 14, 1790. His boat trip evidently impressed his superiors, for he was raised to the rank of Commander and soon after to that of Post Captain.
1791 to 1793
King George had not lost interest in the breadfruit mission, and he directed that Captain Bligh be given command of two ships to complete his original mission, the procuring of breadfruit plants from Tahiti for the West Indies. His two ships, the Providence and Assistant, sailed from Spithead on August 3, 1791. They called at Table Bay and Van Diemens Land and steered south of New Zealand until they reached the meridian of Tahiti. On the way north, on April 5, 1792, Bligh discovered another atoll in the Tuamotus. It was Tematangi, which he called Lagoon Island. The ships made a short call at Meetia and anchored in Matavai Bay, Tahiti, on April 9. Having collected the breadfruit plants, Bligh sailed from Tahiti on July 20. After passing Moorea, Huahine, and Raiatea, he sailed for Aitutaki to make closer acquaintance with the discovery of his first voyage on the Bounty. He reached the island on July 25 and recorded useful information concerning the inhabitants, who proved very friendly. Lieutenant Tobin drew a picture of one of their canoes, and Lieutenant Portlock, commander of the Assistant, recorded valuable information in his journal. Bligh sailed past Savage Island and called at the Tongan group of Vavau. He sailed on through Fiji, Melanesia, the Torres Strait, and the East Indies.
The ships rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and on December 17 called at St. Helena, where Bligh left some breadfruit plants. He arrived at St. Vincent in the West Indies on January 23, 1793, and anchored at Port Royal, Jamaica on February 5. The plants were duly delivered in Jamaica, but subsequent information revealed that the West Indians disliked the flavor of breadfruit and preferred their own bananas. The two ships anchored at Deptford on August 7, 1793. Thus, Bligh's two voyages resulted in failure as far as the breadfruit project was concerned. However, apart from the mutiny on the Bounty providing much literary material, they did result in the discovery of
John Meares
1786 to 1787
Nootka, 200 tons, and the Sea Otter, 100 tons. The ships were ready on February 20, 1786, and sailed from Calcutta on March 2. Meares, on the Nootka, sailed first to Madras to deliver a Government official and his suite, then to the northwest coast of America. The Sea Otter, commanded by William Tipping, sailed direct to Malacca with a cargo of opium and went on to the northwest coast. The two ships never met, and the Sea Otter was eventually listed as missing. On the northwest coast of America, Meares met Dixon and Portlock who, according to Meares, failed to respond to his requests for aid. Finally, Meares sailed south to Hawaii, where he remained during August of 1787. He sailed from the Sandwich Islands on September 2 and arrived at Typa Harbor, near Macao, on October 20, 1787. He took with him a Kauai chief named Tianna (Kaiana), aged 32 and 6 feet 5 inches in height.
1788 to 1789
Two ships were bought for his second voyage, the 230-ton Felice and the 200-ton Iphigenia. Meares commanded the Felice, and the Iphigenia was commanded by Captain Douglas. In addition to collecting furs on the northwest coast, Meares proposed to return Kaiana and three other Hawaiians stranded in Canton to their homes. The ships sailed from Typa Harbor on January 22, 1788, and went first to the northwest coast. After collecting furs, Meares sailed south and arrived at the Sandwich Islands on October 17. He sailed from Niihau in the following month and duly arrived at Macao.
The Iphigenia, which had remained longer on the northwest coast, arrived off Maui on December 6, 1788. The ship sailed on to Hawaii, where King Tome-homy-haw (Kamehameha) gave Kaiana a large tract of land. Captain Douglas, who got on well with the king and his subjects, stayed in the islands until March 18, 1789, when he sailed from Niihau for the northwest coast. He returned to the Sandwich Islands in July and saw the King and Kaiana in Hawaii. He then anchored off "Waitetee" Bay (Waikiki), whence he sailed on August 10. He arrived at Macao on October 5, 1789.
George Mortimer
1789
The Mercury, a fine copper-bottomed vessel, was built at Deptford to engage in the fur trade on the northwest American coast. It was owned and commanded by Captain John Henry Cox, but its story was told by Mercury entered the south Pacific, and on August 9 passed the island of Toobouai (Tubuai) in the Australs. The ship anchored in Matavai Bay, Tahiti, on August 12. After friendly intercourse with the people on Tahiti and Eimeo (Moorea), Cox sailed north on September 2, stopping at Tetteroa (Tetiaroa) on the way. He sighted Hawaii on September 20 and anchored in Kealakekua Bay two days later. King Kamehameha and Kaiana visited the ship and the king presented Captain Cox with a helmet and two beautiful cloaks "richly interwoven with scarlet and yellow feathers." Cox had seen Kaiana earlier at Canton, where, because of his physique, the Chinese called him Great Stranger.
Cox sailed for the north on September 25, passing Maui, and seeing Molokai and Oahu in the distance. October and part of November were spent along the northwest coast. Then the ship sailed south, reaching Saypan (Saipan) Island, Tinian, and Aguigan on December 12 and finally arrived at Canton on January 1, 1790. The references to the people of Tahiti and Hawaii are brief but useful.
Edward Edwards
1790 to 1791
The return of Bounty caused the Admiralty to send the frigate Pandora with 24 guns and 160 men under the command of Pandora, published an account of "A voyage round the world" which supplies some additional details.
The Pandora sailed from Jack-in-the-Basket on November 7, 1790, bound for the south seas via Cape Horn. It passed Easter Island on March 4, 1791, and a new atoll was discovered on March 16 which Edwards named Ducie Island after Lord Ducie. However, there is some suspicion that it is the Encarnacion of Quiros. Had Edwards continued west on this parallel of latitude, he should have found the most mutinous of the mutineers on Pitcairn Island only 300 miles away, but he turned northward. He thus missed discovering the Mangarevan Islands, but on March 16 he discovered an atoll to the north which he named Lord Hoods Island (Marutea). Two days later he discovered Tureia, which he named Carysfort Island. No other islands seem to have been encountered until they reached Meetia and anchored in Matavai Bay, Tahiti on March 23.
Of the sixteen mutineers who had been left on Tahiti, two had been killed, four gave themselves up, and ten were captured without resistance. A great deal of grief was caused because the prisoners had wives and children from whom they were to be parted forever. A round house was built on the quarter deck of the ship to confine the fourteen chained and handcuffed prisoners. It was eleven feet in diameter, with an access opening in the roof, and was alluded to as "Pandora's Box."
The mutineers had built a fast schooner in Tahiti in which they hoped to escape in time of need. This, Edwards took over and equipped for use as a tender in his search. He put on a prize crew, consisting of midshipman Renouard, petty officer Oliver, and seven men.
The Pandora and her tender sailed from Tahiti on May 8 and, after passing Huahine, Raiatea, Tahaa, Borabora, and Maurua, sailed to Aitutaki to search for the mutineers who had taken the Bounty. The Pandora sailed on to Palmerston Island and then to Duke of York Island (Atafu) in the Tokelaus which had been discovered by Byron in 1765. A few days later, on June 12, they discovered a new island which Edwards named Duke of Clarence Island (Nukunono). Edwards then sailed south and, on June 18, came to Savaii which he named Chatham Island, stating that the native name was Otewhy. He passed on to Upolu and gave the native name as "Oattooah." If the prefix O is left out, attooah is a good phonetic rendering of Atua, the eastern district of Upolu. The search was continued south to the Haapai group of the Tongan islands which Edwards termed the Happy Islands. The ship anchored at Annamooka (Nomuka) where a rendezvous had been arranged with the tender. Unfortunately, the tender, which had been attacked off the island of Upolu and was desirous of avoiding further attacks, had sailed on to the west. The Tongan high chiefs Fattahfahe (Fatafehi) and Toobou (Tubou) went as passengers on a visit to Tofua, but the inhabitants did not reveal the visit of the tender.
The wind was against a visit to Tongatabu, so Edwards turned north for another call at Upolu. He saw the Vavau group but did not call in. On July 14 he sighted the three Manua Islands of Eastern Samoa. The next day he came to a larger island, which he learned from the people in canoes was "Otootooillah." With the prefix O discarded, this is a perfect rendering of Tutuila. He ran along the south side of Upolu, and sailed for Vavau. Not knowing that Maurelle had discovered the group in 1780, he named it Howes Islands, and also gave names to a number of smaller islands in the vicinity. Edwards went south again, and this time he reached Eua and Tongatabu, on July 26. He left for Nomuka to find trace of the tender and, after getting a supply of wood and water, sailed north. He sighted the island of Niuafou and, ignorant that it was the Good Hope Island of Schouten, named it Probys Island. He passed on to Wallis Island (Uvea) and traded with the natives.
Edwards sighted New Guinea on August 23 but, in trying to find a passage through numerous reefs at night, he was wrecked on the Great Barrier Reef on August 28. Through the humanity of a member of the crew, ten of the prisoners were freed of their shackles and saved. Four were drowned in their chains. Of the crew, eighty-nine were saved and thirty-one drowned.
The survivors of the crew and the ten mutineers were distributed among four boats which were launched on August 31. They set out for Timor, which they sighted on September 13, and landed at Coupang two days later. Edwards and his company were given transport by a Dutch ship, which later called in at Samarang. Here they found the tender had arrived and been detained because Oliver could produce no commission or papers. However, the tender and crew were handed over to Edwards. The tender was sold and the money used to buy clothes for the men. Edwards reached Batavia on November 7, where the crew and mutineers were sent back to Europe on three Dutch ships. Edwards transferred his own party to H.M.S. Gorgon at the Cape and arrived at Spithead on June 18, 1792. The ten mutineers were transferred to H.M.S. Hector two days later.
The court martial assembled on September 12 and four were acquitted after a five-day trial. Of the remaining six, three were later pardoned and the others were hanged on board the ship Brunswick in Portsmouth Harbor on October 29, 1792. Among those pardoned was the midshipman Heywood, the hero of the popular book "Mutiny on the Bounty" by Nordhoff and Hall. Heywood reentered the Navy, and when he retired in 1816, he was nearly at the head of the list of Captains.
Edwards gave a list of his discoveries including those which had been discovered previously. His actual discoveries in Polynesia consisted of Ducie, Lord Hood (Marutea), and Carysfort (Tureia) in the Tuamotus, and Duke of Clarence (Nukunono) in the Tokelaus. Outside of Polynesia, he discovered Rotuma and Cherry (Anuda) Islands, where the people have Polynesian affinities.
George Vancouver
1791 to 1795
The British Admiralty decided to continue the survey of the northwest American coast, and Discovery (340 tons) with a crew of 100 men and the armed tender
Chatham (135 tons) with a crew of forty-five under the command of Daedalus under command of
The Discovery and Chatham sailed from Falmouth on April 1, 1791, via the Cape of Good Hope and sighted the southwest coast of New Holland on September 26. After some survey work, the ships sailed for Dusky Sound, New Zealand, sighting Van Diemens Land on the way. They reached Dusky Sound on November 2, and after some days, sailed round the south end of the South Island on the way to Tahiti. During the voyage, the ships were separated by a storm. On November 24 the Discovery sighted some rocky islets which Vancouver called the Snares; and on December 22 the island of Rapa was discovered. Canoes came out and Vancouver named the island Oparo based on what he could gather from the natives, who spoke the language of the "Great South Sea nation." The Duke of Gloucesters Islands discovered by Carteret and Osnaburgh (Meetia) were passed, and the ship anchored in Matavai Bay, Tahiti, on December 29. At Tahiti, where Vancouver met "Pomurrey" (Pomare) and other chiefs, he recorded useful information regarding the people.
The Chatham was already at anchor when the Discovery arrived. Broughton had also found a new island (oh November. 29, 1791), east of the South Island of New Zealand. He named it
On January 24, 1792, both ships sailed for
After surveying various sounds and coastlines, the two ships made for Monterey, where Vancouver found the Daedalus, his store ship, had. already arrived. The Daedalus was in command of the Master, Thomas New, because
Lieutenant Broughton was sent from Monterey to carry reports to England, and Chatham. The ships sailed south and arrived at Hawaii on February 12, 1793, and a survey of the islands was carried out. On March 20 the ships anchored in Waikiki Bay, Oahu. Through the assistance of the chiefs, three men suspected of the slaying of Lieutenant Hergest, Gooch, and the seaman were apprehended and given a careful and fair trial on the Discovery. They were declared guilty with the full concurrence of the chiefs, and their execution by shooting was conducted by their own chief "Tennavee," who afterwards confessed that the executed men were innocent of the murder, though guilty of tabu violations. After a visit to Kauai, the ships set sail on March 29 for Nootka Sound.
After further surveys were conducted along the northwest coast by both the Discovery and the Chatham, they returned to the Sandwich Islands and saw Mowna-kah (Mauna Kea) showing its snow-capped head above the clouds on January 9, 1794. A stop was made at Kealakekua Bay, and Vancouver landed livestock on Hawaii. On February 25 King Kamehameha formally ceded the island of Hawaii to Great Britain.
The store ship Daedalus, under the command of Lieutenant Hanson, was sent to Port Jackson with copies of the survey and some breadfruit plants for Norfolk Island. The survey of the islands having been completed, the Discovery and Chatham sailed on March, 15. They looked up Bird Island (Modoo Mannoo, or Nihoa) and sailed north to continue the surveys on the northwest coast.
The northern surveys continued until September 1794, when they sailed south from Nootka Sound. The ships called in at Monterey, Cocos Island, the Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, and finally, in April 1795, at Valparaiso for stores and repairs. In May, the ships sailed south of Cape Horn, reaching St. Helena on July 2. Here they found that war had been declared between England and Holland. When a Dutch East Indiaman, the Macassar, came into the harbor, Vancouver promptly took it as a prize. The Chatham was sent to San Salvador, Brazil, with dispatches. The Macassar was left under Lieutenant Johnstone with a crew of seventeen to follow in the next convoy, while Vancouver set sail to overtake a convoy which was leaving for England when the Discovery came in. When Vancouver caught up with the convoy, commanded by Captain Essington on H.M.S. Sceptre, he found progress was slow because some of the Dutch prizes were in bad repair. Vancouver mentions that he had to help two Hoogly, upon which Lieutenant Rossel was conveying the papers and collections of the illfated D'Entrecasteaux Expedition. The convoy reached the west coast of Ireland and entered the Shannon to await more ships of war for protection.
Vancouver, after farewelling his crew, went on to London to report to the Admiralty with his papers. The Chatham arrived in England on October 17, 1795, the Discovery on October 20, and the Macassar on November 22. The voyage had lasted a little over four and one-half years, during which time the casualty list out of a total of 145 consisted of five killed by accident and one dead of fever contracted from another ship in Brazil.
William Robert Broughton
1795 to 1798
The British sloop Providence, after her return from the West Indies where she had delivered the breadfruit plants collected on Bligh's second voyage, was refitted and placed under the command of Providence sailed from Plymouth Sound on February 15 with a convoy. She reached Trinidad on April 22 and Rio de Janeiro on May 5. From Rio de Janeiro she sailed for Goughs Island in latitude 40° 19′ S. and longitude 9° 21′ W. and, passing along the south of Australia, reached Van Diemens Land on August 2. She sailed up the east coast of Australia, called at Port Jackson, and set her course for the north of New Zealand intending to call at Tahiti en route. On the way north, she passed "Ohetorea" (Rurutu) in the Australs on November 25. She anchored in Matavai Bay on November 29 and sailed from Tahiti on December 11, after friendly intercourse with the people. An island was sighted on December 16 on latitude 9° 57′ S. which Broughton named Carolina Island, after the daughter of one of the Lords of the Admiralty. The ship arrived off the Sandwich Islands on January 1, 1796, and anchored in Kealakekua Bay on January 8. After a fortnight, she went on to Maui and anchored off Lahaina. She then sailed by Molokai for Oahu and anchored in Waikiki Bay. Providence later entered the harbor of Fair Haven (Honolulu) which had been discovered by William Brown, commanded of the British merchant ship Butterworth, in 1794. After a visit to Kauai and Niihau, the ship sailed for Nootka Sound on February 22.
From the northwest coast of America, the Providence returned in July to Hawaii and anchored at Kealakekua Bay, where the watches were checked and the ship watered. The Hawaiians carried water in calabashes from hills four
The rest of Broughton's voyage is of no interest insofar as Polynesia is concerned. However, he surveyed islands north and south of Japan; made friendly intercourse with the Ainu people (whose women had their upper lips tattooed); and providentially, bought a schooner in Macao to serve as a tender. The Providence was wrecked on a coral reef near "Typinsan" Island on May 17, 1797, but the crew was safely transferred to the schooner which stood by. The schooner sailed to Macao, where seventy-three men were allocated to various ships to return to England. Thirty-five officers and men were retained to man the schooner, which continued to survey islands off the China coast and finally sailed to England via the Strait of Malacca, Madras, and the Cape of Good Hope. Broughton arrived in February 1799.
James Wilson
1796 to 1798
The last important British voyage to the Pacific during the eighteenth century was for an entirely new purpose, the conversion of native peoples to the Christian religion. This objective was to bring about great changes in the native culture of the Polynesians. The Spaniards had used religion as an accessory to conquest for gold in the New World. Both
The ship Duff was purchased and placed under the command of
The Duff sailed from the Thames on August 10, 1796. She reached
A short visit was paid to Moorea, after which the ship sailed for Tonga on March 25, passing within sight of Tetiaroa and south of Huahine, Raiatea, Tahaa, and Borabora. Palmerston Island was reached on April 1, and boats went ashore to gather coconuts. Duff. A high hill on the main island was named Mount Duff after the ship. No landing was made. On May 26 Lord Hoods Island (Marutea) was sighted, and on May 28 a new atoll was discovered and named Serle Island (Pukarua) after a friend of Wilson in the Transport office in England.
The Marquesas were reached on June 4, and the ship anchored next day off La Dominica (Hivaoa). The arrangements for housing the two missionaries were satisfactorily arranged, but the one who had been ordained in Tahiti complained that he could not eat the fermented breadfruit (mahi) which was the staple food of the island. He underwent a still greater trial when some of the women made a physical examination of his person to see whether his inhibitions were due to natural deformity. Horrified at the prospects before him, he quit the field and left his fellow worker to face the future alone. The Duff sailed on June 27, made observations at Huapu (Uapou) and Nukuhiva,
Langi), Drawn by William Wilson, Who Accompanied James Wilson on the Duff
On August 4 the Duff sailed for Tongatabu. The boats landed at Palmerston Island where thirty-four breadfruit trees, eighteen plantains, and several vi apple trees were planted, and they collected 600 coconuts for the ship. Anchor was cast in Tongatabu on August 18, and the missionaries were found to have established themselves with various chiefs. The Duff started her homeward voyage on September 7. She sighted Rotuma, and discovered various islands in Melanesia, including the Duff group. The course led through the Carolines and Palaus to Macao. Finally the ship anchored in the Thames on July 11, 1798.
French Explorers of the Eighteenth Century
France had established a colony at the
Louis De Bougainville
1766 to 1769
De Bougainville was given command of the frigate Boudeuse, in which he sailed from Nantes in November 1766 for the Falkland Islands, where he was to pick up the storeship Étoile to accompany the expedition across the Pacific. After some delay at South American ports, Étoile did not arrive, and Bougainville sailed back to Rio De Janeiro, where he found her awaiting him.
The Boudeuse and the Étoile finally passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific on January 26, 1768. Contrary winds prevented them from calling at
On April 2 he perceived a peak standing up out of the sea and named it the Boudoir, or Pic de la Boudeuse. Farther on, he perceived a high island. The peak was Meetia and the high island was Tahiti, which he later named La Nouvelle Cythere, being unaware that it had already been discovered by Wallis. The customary hospitality was extended to Bougainville by chief Ereti and his people. Bougainville sailed from Tahiti on April 16 and, on the same day, sighted the island of Tapuae-manu (Tubuai Manu), for which a Tahitian whom they had on board gave the alternative native name of "Oumaitia" (Maiaiti). This was the island which Wallis had named Sir Charles Saunders Island. To Tahiti and neighboring islands Bougainville gave the name of the Bourbon Archipelago.
Sailing west, Bougainville encountered on May 3 a group of three high islands, the most easterly of which was the largest. Without doubt, the group was the Manua Archipelago—comprising Tau, Olosenga, arid Ofu—which Roggeveen had discovered and named the Bauman Islands. The next day, Tutuila was sighted, and they sailed on along the south coast of another large island which must have been Upolu. The sea was too rough to attempt a landing on any of the islands, but the people came out in their canoes and a limited trade was possible. Because of the way the canoes were able to sail round his ships, Bougainville named the group the Navigator Archipelago. On May 11 an island with two elevated parts and low land between was sighted, a description which could apply to Rotuma. It was given the name of the Enfant Perdu.
Bougainville sailed on through Melanesia, saw the Great Barrier Reef, passed through the Solomons, New Britain, and Batavia, and reached the Cape of Good Hope on January 9, 1769, three days after Carteret had sailed in the Swallow. Bougainville concluded his voyage by anchoring at St. Malo on March 16, 1776. This first French expedition was also the most important, as far as French discoveries in Polynesia are concerned.
De Surville
1769 to 1770
Details of the circumstances leading to M. de Surville's voyage are not available. One source states that he was sent out from France on a secret mission which was supposed to produce extraordinary results. Another says that he was given permission to make a trading voyage to Peru, on condition that he attempt to make new discoveries. Whatever the circumstances, he sailed in 1791 from Pondicherry, India, in the St. Jean Baptiste to procure a cargo in the East Indies. He left the Philippines, passed south by New Britain, west of New Caledonia, and reached the northern part of New Zealand in December 1769. He was in Lauriston Bay, which he named, when Cook bore down on the two points which marked the bay; but the two failed to sight each other. Cook, without entering the bay, named it Doubtless Bay.
From the incomplete story which is available, it appears that the sick were sent ashore and that in a violent storm the boat with the sick members of the crew and the ship's surgeon were succored by a Maori chief named "Naginoui." The chief gave up his house to the sick, provided food, and did everything he could for them. Surville went ashore on December 17 and met a chief, who asked for his musket. Surville gave him his sword instead, and friendly relations were established. However, on December 31 one of the ship's boats was washed ashore and was towed away by the Maoris and hidden before Surville could recover it. Surville determined to punish the people. He beckoned to a group standing near their canoes; and when one of them came toward him, he arrested the Maori and sent him as a prisoner to the ship. The rest of the natives fled, and Surville, after burning their canoes and houses, sailed off with his prisoner. Though the surgeon recognized the prisoner as the chief "Naginoui" who had succored the wounded, this did not seem to affect Surville's conduct. Surville sailed east between the latitudes of 35° and 41′ S. without seeing any Polynesian islands, which was just as well. On March 12, 1770, when the ship was within sight of Juan Fernandez, "Naginoui" died as the direct or indirect result of confinement. Surville's conduct was not an elevating example of the higher tenets of civilization, and his death by drowning while attempting to land at Callao seems strangely appropriate.
Marion de Fresne and Crozet
1771 to 1773
The voyage of Nicholas Thomas Marion de Fresne was really initiated by an episode arising out of Bougainville's voyage. Bougainville had brought back to France in 1769 a Tahitian named "Aoutourou" as "a human curiosity." The Tahitian, who assumed the shorter name of
Mascarin and the Marquis de Castries, were equipped for the expedition. Mascarin with Marquis de Castries was given to
The ships sailed from the Ile de France on October 18, 1771. Although when Mayoa developed small pox and died off Madagascar, the primary object of the voyage was gone, Marion de Fresne decided to go on. The ships sailed south to latitudes 45° and 46° S., then east. They saw land; and in making soundings, the two ships collided with the result that the Marquis de Castries lost its bowsprit and foresails and the Mascarin, its mizzenmast. After repairs, they continued along latitude 46° S. and on January 24, 1772, discovered two islands, now known as Marquis de Castries' longboat went ashore for wood and water, all were killed except one who escaped by swimming. The sick and the working party were brought back on board, and several natives were killed by musket fire during the removal. A punitive expedition fired Tacouri's village and the neighboring village of the chief "Piquiore." In an attack on another village, fifty natives were killed and the village burned. Having thus avenged the death of Marion de Fresne and the others, the ships hurriedly completed their supply of wood and water and sailed from the bay on July 14. Captain Duclesmeur assumed command of the expedition. Crozet, however, took command of the Mascarin and, as the narrative was obtained in the first person from his journal, he seems to have played the more prominent part in the expedition after the death of Marion de Fresne.
The ships sailed northeast intending to seek refreshments at Rotterdam and Amsterdam in the Tongan islands, which they missed. They saw a chain of coral islands, which were not identified and later, on August 12, they saw an island in latitude 16° S. which they named Ile du Point du Jour (Daybreak Island). They crossed the equator on August 23, turned west, and anchored Marquis de Castries sailed for the Ile de France on February 15, 1773, with deserters replaced by twenty Indian sailors; and the Mascarin sailed on March 8, with their deserters replaced by thirty Indians.
From the French point of view, the attack at the Bay of Islands was unprovoked and treacherous. The Maori version can only be surmised, as no first hand evidence was available from Tacouri and his contemporaries.
La Pérouse
1785 to 1788
Bonssole and the Astrolabe, which was commanded by M. de Langle. The object was to check previous discoveries.
The ships sailed from Brest on August 1, 1785, and after calls on the way, made the Strait of Le Maire on January 25, 1786. Easter Island was reached on April 8, and a good description of the people was recorded. After two days, La Pérouse sailed for the Sandwich Islands, where he saw the snow-capped mountains of the island of Hawaii on May 28. On June 1 he sailed for California, where he spent about four months surveying the coast, including Monterey Bay. In October he sailed for Macao and, on the way (on November 4), discovered a rocky island which he named Isle Necker. Necker, uninhabited but with interesting archaeological remains, lies northwest of the Hawaiian Islands. The next day the two frigates almost ran onto an uncharted shoal at 1:30 A.M. La Pérouse named it Basse des Frégates Françaises (French Frigate Shoal). The ships called at the Marianas and the "Bashee" Islands before reaching Macao on January 3, 1787.
La Pérouse sailed for Cavite in the Philippines on January 25, arriving after twenty-three days. He spent some time at Cavite, repairing the ships and getting supplies. On April 10 he sailed north to explore Formosa, the coast of Japan, Tartary, Sakhalin, and the Aleutian Islands. In September he sighted the coast of Kamchatka and on September 6, sailed into Awatscka (Awatscha) Bay to the port of St. Peter and St. Paul, where he entrusted his papers to an interpreter to convey to France.
From the north, La Pérouse sailed to the Navigator Islands (Samoa) and traded with the people of the island of Maouna (Tutuila) on December 9, While a watering party was getting a supply of fresh water on shore, the Samoans attacked it and de Langle, commander of the Astrolabe, and twelve men were killed and many others wounded. La Pérouse then steered for two other islands of the Samoan group which bore west by northwest. He recorded them as Oyolava and Pola [Savaii and Upolu ?].
La Pèrouse sailed south from Samoa on December 23, and four days later arrived at Vavao (Vavau), the north Tongan group which had been discovered by Maurelle. No canoes came out, as the weather was bad. He saw Late, and in a squall, he bore up to the islands of Kao and Toofoa (Tofua) which had been described by Cook. He continued to the uninhabited Haapai group which he termed Hoonga-tonga and Hoonga-hapaee (Honga Tonga and Honga Hapai). On December 31 he reached Tongatabu, where canoes came out, and he managed a description of them and the people and bought several weapons. On January 1, 1788, he bore west-southwest for Botany Bay in Australia, but the wind forced him south and he saw Pylstaart and Norfolk Islands. La Pèrouse mentioned that the wind had blown steadily from the west since December 17 and did not change to the east until January 6. On January 26, 1788, the ships anchored in Botany Bay, where an English fleet under Commodore Phillip was weighing anchor to proceed to Port Jackson.
This ends La Pèrouse's Journal, which was evidently sent back from Botany Bay or Port Jackson. This portion of it, with the papers sent back from the port of St. Peter and St. Paul, enabled the National Assembly of France to order the printing of the account of the voyage up to La Pèrouse's arrival at Botany Bay. Among the material published is an excellent "Dissertation on the inhabitants of Easter Island and Mowee [Maui]" by M. Rollin, M.D., surgeon to the Boussole. La Pérouse, in a letter to a friend, wrote that if his journal should be published before his return, he did not want it done by a man of letters as he wished to avoid "sacrificing sense for sound." La Pèrouse and his ships never returned to France. His fate remained a mystery until 1827, when the wrecked ships were found on a reef at Vanikoro in the Santa Cruz Islands by
Etienne Marchand
1790 to 1792
Marchand's voyage was a commercial venture financed by a business firm. King George at St. Helena and learned from him of the profits to be made in the fur trade with the northwest coast of America. On his arrival at Marseilles, he communicated his information to the business house of Baux. The firm fitted out a copper-sheathed ship, the Solide; found all material and trade merchandise; and placed it under the command of Marchand. The ship was ready in June 1790, but trouble between England and Spain over Nootka Sound delayed the voyage until December. Marchand had with him two other captains, Pierre Masse and Prosper Chanal; the surgeon, Roblet; and fifty other persons.
The Solide sailed from Marseilles on December 14, 1790. She sighted Staten Land on April 1, 1791, rounded Cape Horn to the south, and steered Solide's owners. Some small islands to the west were named Les Deux Frères (Motuiti). Sailing north-northwest, Marchand discovered two more islands and named them after his two captains, Masses Island (Eiao) and Chanal Island (Hatutu).
Marchand sailed on to the northwest coast of America, where he obtained furs, and then sailed south to the Sandwich Islands, sighting Hawaii on October 4. He left the Sandwich Islands on October 7 and reached Tinian in the Marianas on November 4, Macao on November 27. He sailed for the Ile de France on December 6, and anchored there on January 30, 1792. He left there on April 18 and anchored at Toulon on August 14, 1792.
Bruni D'Entrecasteaux
1791 to 1793
An expedition sent to the Pacific to search for La Pérouse was commanded by Rear Admiral Bruni D'Entrecasteaux, who was given two ships of war, the Recherche and the Espérance. The Espèrance was under the command of Captain Huon Kermadec; the first and second lieutenants of the Recherche were
The ships went into the roads at Brest on September 25, 1791, sailed by way of the Cape of Good Hope, and cast anchor in Table Bay on January 17, 1792. In April the ships arrived at Tasmania. They sailed on May 16 and were at
On February 28, 1793, a course was shaped for Tonga via New Zealand. The Lady Penrhyn. The next day, the largest island in the group was sighted by M. Raoul, after whom it was named. The whole group was named the Espérance.
Tongatabu was reached on March 24. Considerable intercourse with the Tongans took place, and King "Toubou" (Tubou) and the high chief "Feenou" gave presents and entertainment. Much useful information concerning the people was obtained by Labillardière. The ships, which sailed from Tongatabu on April 10, next visited Tanna and New Caledonia. On May 8 Dauribeau was appointed to command the Espérance, owing to the death of Captain Kermadec.
The ships were at the Santa Cruz Islands in May and the Louisiades off New Guinea in June. It was while they were off the north coast of New Guinea that Hoogly, a Dutch East Indiaman bound from Batavia to Amsterdam. On June 9, 1795, the Hoogly and seven other Dutch ships accompanying her were captured by H.M.S. Sceptre, commanded by Captain Essington. The Hoogly sprang a leak, so all the material, including the natural history specimens, of the D'Entrecasteaux expedition were transferred to another ship. On
Labillardière was freed from the Ile de France by the republican government of France, and he arrived in Paris on March 12, 1796. Learning that the collection of specimens was in the possession of the British Government, he urged the French Government to claim them. The application was warmly approved by Sir Joseph Banks, and the Admiralty Board ordered a lieutenant of the British Navy to deliver the twenty-one cases containing the collection to Havre, under a flag of truce. Thus, they were delivered up with the most scrupulous exactness "and in a manner that reflects the highest honour on the persons immediately concerned."
Though the expedition failed to gather any authentic information concerning the fate of La Pérouse, it was highly successful scientifically, and Labillardière's account of the Tongans is among the best contributions to the ethnology of that people.
Summary
After Bougainville, the only new discoveries made by French voyages were the two islands of l'Espérance and Raoul in the Kermadec Islands, discovered by the D'Entrecasteaux Expedition. However, both Bougainville and La Pérouse did add more definite knowledge to the information about the Samoan group. Bougainville passed along to the south of Upolu and, being driven off by the rough weather, saw only one island, which he did not name individually but included under the group name of the Navigator Islands. La Pérouse, on the other hand, saw two islands and gave his version of the native names as Oyolava and Pola. The name Pola seems an attempt to write Upolu, but it appears to have been applied to Savaii and the unconvincing name of Oyolava applied to Upolu. Hence if the credit of discovering Upolu be assigned to Bougainville, the discovery of Savaii should be credited to La Pérouse. Bougainville reached Tahiti nine and one-half months after Wallis, and Marchand arrived at the northwestern islands of the Marquesas two months after their discovery by the American,
Spanish Voyages of the Eighteenth Century
Though Spanish voyages in the north Pacific between America and the Philippines continued regularly, there was a long period between the voyage of Quiros in 1605-1606 and the time when a Spanish voyage was made west into the south Pacific. The few that were made were the result of Spain's fear
Felipe Gonzalez
1770 to 1771
San Lorenzo and the frigate Santa Rosalia to report on its suitability for settlement and thus prevent the British from occupying a position too close to the South American coast. The Spanish persisted in regarding Easter Island as Davis Island, in spite of Roggeveen's discovery and naming of it. The island was found unattractive, and after annexing it to Spain, nothing further was done in the way of establishing settlement.
Domingo Boenechea
1772 to 1773
Aguila to establish a colony on Tahiti, which the Spaniards named Amat after Don Manuel de Amat, the Viceroy of Chile and Peru. On sailing through the Tuamotu Archipelago, he discovered an island on October 28 which he named San Simon y Judas (Tauere), and on October 31, another which he named San Quintin (Haraiki). On November 1 he encountered Anaa, which he named Todos Santos; and on November 6 he sighted Meetia, which received the name of San Cristobal. On November 8 he arrived at Tahiti, which he named Amat. After making a survey, he shaped his course for Moorea, to which he gave the extra name of Santo Domingo. On his return, he sighted the coast of Chile on January 21, 1773; but his report was dated March 8, 1773, in the port of Valparaiso.
Boenechea and Gayangos
1774 to 1775
The report on Amat being favorable, Boenechea sailed on his second voyage with the Aguila, accompanied by the storeship Jupiter. His senior lieutenant was
After installing the priests, Boenechea sailed. northwest for Orayatea (Raiatea). He passed Tetiaroa, which he renamed Los Tres Ermanos (Hermanos); sighted Huahine, which he named La Hermosa; and saw
Cayetano De Langara
1775 to 1776
The Aguila was sent out on a third voyage, under the command of
Francisco Antonio Maurelle
1780 to 1781
The last Spanish voyage into the south Pacific was made by
Maurelle set out on a voyage in the frigate La Princessa from Manila to St. Blaise on the North American coast. He sailed from Cavite in the Philippines on August 24, 1780, and owing to adverse winds, found himself in the south Pacific among the islands of Melanesia. On February 27, 1781, he reached the island of Latte (Late), which is in the Vavau group of the Tongan islands. After trading with natives who came off in canoes, he discovered Vavau on March 4 and named it Island of Majorca. He met a high chief named Tubou, was entertained with dances and kava, and recorded a number of observations about the inhabitants. He seems to have gone on to the Apia group, for on March 21, he counted ten islands to starboard and named them Don Joseph de Galvez. From this area, he worked back to Guam, which he reached on May 31. On June 20, he sailed from Guam and anchored in the roadstead of St. Blaise on September 27, 1781.
Summary
The new discoveries made during the three Spanish voyages to Tahiti, consisted of four atolls in the Tuamotu Archipelago and one of the high islands of the Australs. On his first voyage, Boenechea discovered Tauere (SanSimon) and Haraiki (San Quintin) on October 28, 1772, and October 31, 1772, respectively. On his second voyage, Boenechea reached the latitude of Tauere farther east and discovered Tatakoto (San Narciso) on October 29, 1774, He picked up Tauere and, in making for Haraiki, sailed between two islands on November 1 which he had missed on his previous voyage, probably by passing at night. The island to the north was Tekokoto which he named Los Martires, but this island had been discovered by Cook on August 11, 1773, and named Doubtful Island by him. The island to the south, which was Hikueru, was a new discovery, which Boenechea named San Juan. Credit for the discovery of Raivavae in the Australs must be given to Gayangos, who discovered it on February 6, 1775, when he commanded the Aguila after Boenechea's death.
The discovery of the Vavau group by Maurelle has been generally accepted, and his account of the natives of Late and Vavau provide unquestionable proof of his remarkable discovery.
American Voyages of the Eighteenth Century
The United States had not developed sufficiently in the eighteenth century to engage in Pacific expeditions in the cause of pure science. However, their interest in commercial enterprise and the development of the fur trade on the northwest American coast led to trade with Canton and, hence, to some interesting crossings of the Pacific.
The first American ships to enter the trade were evidently the Columbia Rediviva and the Lady Washington owned in Boston and sent out in 1788. Boston practically monopolized American trade, but many of the fur traders went out from Stonington, Connecticut. The New England merchants obtained furs, as exchange material to purchase Chinese goods in Canton for sale in New England.
The three most interesting voyages of the early American traders, as regards Polynesia, were the following:
Joseph Ingraham
1790 to 1791
Hope, owned by
The Hope sailed from Boston on September 17, 1790, and after obtaining refreshments at the Falkland Islands, sailed round Cape Horn on January 24, 1791. The Marquesas of Mendaña were sighted on April 14, and the Hope anchored in Madre de Dios Bay. Trade was established with the people, and the ship procured a supply of wood, water, fruit, and pigs. Sailing in, Ingraham had seen all five islands of the Mendaña group, namely Magdalena, San Pedro, Santa Christina, Dominica, and Hoods Island. On April 19 he sailed north northwest from Dominica and was greatly surprised to see two new islands at 4 P.M. He named one Washington Island (Uahuka) after the President of the United States and the other Adams Island (Uapou) after the vice-president. At 5 P.M. two more islands were seen. One, between Washington and Adams Islands, Ingraham named Federal Island (Nukuhiva); and the other, a small island near the south end of Adams Island, he named Lincoln Island (Motuoa) in honor of His Excellency, General Lincoln. He stood off Washington Island all night, intending to land on it next day and take possession. However, he saw no favorable place for landing, so he mustered the crew and
The subsequent proceedings of Captain Ingraham are of no interest insofar as Polynesian discovery is concerned. He did, however, make three trips to the Hawaiian Islands, where he acquired some feather work about which he cared little, as is evident by the following quotation:
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I shew everything which I thought would induce them to trade among them were some feather'd caps and cloaks I had rec'd as presents at the Sandwich Islands with which they seem'd enamour'd I sold a Cap and 2 Cloaks for 5 excellent skins. Skatzi prais'd them highly which induced Skeetkis [the high chief] to buy them but after posessing them a little while he repented his bargain and ask'd for his skins again, but as sea otter skins were to me much better curiosities than caps and cloaks I chose to adhere to the bargain…
Josiah Roberts
1792 to 1793
Jefferson, 153 tons, owned by J. and T. Lamb and associates. She sailed from Boston in November 1791 and carried with her the material to build a schooner at the Marquesas. Captain Roberts lay in Resolution Bay, Santa Christina (Tahuata), from November 11, 1792, to February 24, 1793. Having become intimately acquainted with the natives, Roberts asked how many islands they knew in the neighborhood. They described ten and produced an elderly native who was an inhabitant of the largest island, Nooheeva (
The schooner built at the Marquesas was duly launched and named the Resolution after the bay in which it was built. The Jefferson and Resolution sailed at 3 P.M. on February 24, 1793, and at 4 A.M. the next day they discovered Uapou, which Roberts named Jefferson Island after his ship. The small island off its southern end was named Resolution Island after the schooner. At 3 P.M. they saw the large island of Nukuhiva, which was named Adams Island, and at 4 P.M. Ooahoona (Huahuna) was sighted and named Massachusetts Island. It should be mentioned that Roberts had brought an
Roberts bore for
Edmund Fanning
1797 to 1799
Betsey from 1797 to 1799. Fanning entered the fur trade on the advice of Betsey of less than 100 tons was fitted up and given a crew of twenty seven.
The Betsey sailed from Stonington, Connecticut, on June 13, 1797. She called at the Olive Branch from Nantucket, who told him that there was an abundance of fur seals at Masafuero Island. The Betsey rounded the Horn and reached Masafuero on January 19, 1798. In spite of the rough coast and the difficulties of landing boats, the ship was filled with skins. Not only the hold, but the cabin and forecastle were used for storage; and guards were left on the island to take charge of 4,000 skins which could not be shipped.
The Betsey sailed on April 5 for the Marquesas to obtain refreshments. Hoods Island was picked up May 19, and the ship anchored in Cooks Harbor (Resolution Bay) in Santa Christina (Tahuata) two days later. A canoe came out with a native and Duff. Crook was evidently in a depressed state of mind, for he called upon Fanning to preserve his life. He told Fanning that there was another group of four islands farther north which had been discovered by an American and named the Washington Islands. Supplies being difficult to obtain, Fanning sailed to the Washington group, taking Crook with him. The missionary, with his knowledge of the language, was
On sailing northeast from Nukuhiva on May 30, Fanning saw the other two islands of the Washington group; but as he had already seen four, the number described by Crook, he thought the two extra islands were new discoveries. He named the first, New York Island (Eiao) and the other Nexsen (Hatutu), after the owner of the ship.
The Betsey sailed on its voyage to Canton, and on June 11 a new island was discovered in latitude 30° 51′ 30? N. and longtitude 159° 12′ 30? W. Fanning landed and procured a good supply of coconuts, but the island proved to be uninhabited. He named it Palmyra, whose name he gave to the island. As the island is on the direct course followed by Fanning and there is no other land in the vicinity, there can be no doubt that Fanning first discovered Palmyra.
After his fright, Fanning made north for the track of the Spanish galleons and, on July 14, reached Tinian in the Marianas where he was able to take off a shipwrecked crew. He reached Macao roads on August 13, disposed of his cargo, and loaded up with tea, silk, nankeen, and chinaware. On the voyage home, he successfully repulsed an attack by Malay pirates off the coast of Sumatra. He doubled the Cape of Good Hope on January 30, 1799, and anchored at New York on April 26, thus completing his first voyage round the world. The net profit of the expedition was $52,300.
Summary
The credit of finding the important northwestern group of the Marquesas goes, without doubt, to Hope in which the dates of discovery are clearly written, the Literary and Historical Society of New England has been strangely neglectful in not publishing the journal and so making available the definite published proof that was due
Though Fanning came in last in the Marquesas, he discovered the uninhabited equatorial islands of Fanning (June 11, 1798) and Washington (June 12, 1798). He also seems, on his own evidence, to have discovered Palmyra on June 15, 1798, though it was left to a fellow American to name it.
Russian Voyages
The Russians, the geographical boundaries of their country being what they were, had no initial incentive to become deep-sea mariners. As early as 1581, however, adventurous Cossacks had crossed the Ural Mountains and started the conquest of Siberia. Russian hunters and traders traversed thousands of miles in northern Asia toward the east in quest of better furs. Mostvitin, between the years 1639 and 1642, reached the Sea of Okhotsk and must have gazed on the western waters of the Pacific with as much, if less flamboyant, emotion as Balboa had when he looked upon its eastern waters in 1513. The progress south at the Amur was opposed by the Manchu Dynasty of China, and Russian exploration flowed north and east.
As the fur-bearing animals on the Asiatic side became depleted through wholesale slaughter, the hunters and traders pushed east along the chain of Aleutian Islands and reached Alaska. The small groups of Russian fur traders were organized into the Russian American Company in 1779.
The realization of Shelekhov's dream and its association with Russia's first voyage around the world were due to
On his return to Russia, Krusenstern memorialized the Russian Minister of Commerce but without effect. However, a change of Government occurred and the new Minister of Marine, Admiral Mordwinoff, and the Minister of Commerce,
Russian Voyagers, 1803
to1826
Von Krusenstern
1803 to 1086
Nadeshda (Hope); the other, 370 tons and 15 months old, was named the Neva.
Among those sailing were Dr. Langsdorff and the two sons of Councilor Kotzebue, the Russian writer. Nadeshda, accommodation was also found for M. Resanov, visiting ambassador to Japan. He carried a letter and presents from the Emperor of Russia to the Emperor of Japan, and his destination shaped the plan of the expedition. The two ships were to separate at the Sandwich Islands, the Nadeshda to take the Ambassador and his suite to Nagasaki in Japan and then to proceed to Kamchatka, the Neva under Lisiansky to sail to the northwest coast of America and deliver goods to the Russian American Company and procure acargo of furs. The ships were to rendezvous the following summer at Canton, where the furs were to be sold and oriental goods obtained.
The ships sailed from Kronstadt on July 19, 1803. Krusenstern gives August 7; probably based on the Russian Calendar.Nadeshda abandoned the Easter Island call, and sighted Hoods Island (Fatuhuku) on May 6. She anchored at Port Anna Maria (Taiohae Bay) in Nukuhiva, and the Neva arrived on May 11. Good descriptions were recorded on the geography of the Washington group and the culture of the Marquesas. The ships left on May 18 and sighted Owaihi (Hawaii) on June 7. After a few days, the Nadeshda sailed to deliver the Ambassador to Japan, but the Neva remained for a time. The rest of the voyage of the Nadeshda was not concerned with Polynesia, but it will be related briefly to complete the record. She sailed first for Awatscha Bay in Kamchatka and anchored in the port of St. Peter and St. Paul on July 15 where some changes were made in the Ambassador's suite. She sailed for Japan on August 30 and, after encountering violent gales, anchored at the entrance to Nagasaki Bay on October 5.
The Ambassador was subjected to various annoyances and delays by the mistrustful Japanese. He was not allowed a house on shore until December 17. Meanwhile a courier had been sent to Jeddo (Tokyo) to inform the Emperor of the Ambassador's arrival. An illustration of the Japanese attitude toward foreign intervention is provided by the following incident. A Japanese in the Ambassador's house cut his throat with a razor. Dr. Langsdorff, who was in the house, attempted to staunch the bleeding but was prevented by the Japanese guard, as the Governor had not been informed. An official was sent for, and the patient was allowed to bleed until the official arrived and sent for a Japanese doctor. Fortunately, the wound was not deep. A plenipotentiary did not arrive from Tokyo until March 30, 1805, and two audiences were arranged with him in April. At the second meeting the following Japanese decisions were made known. The presents and letter from the Emperor of Russia
On the other hand, the ship's repairs and provisions were to be charged to the Imperial account; and the Emperor sent as a present, 2,000 sacks of salt each weighing 30 pounds, 100 sacks of rice each weighing 150 pounds, and 2,000 pieces of "silk wadding." The salt and rice were for the crew and the silk wadding for the officers. On April 18, the Nadeshda, with the Ambassador and his suite and the rejected presents, sailed from Nagasaki.
Krusenstern explored the coast and islands north of Japan and made observations on the Ainu at Jesso (Yezo, or Hokkaido) and Aniva Bay, Karafuto. He arrived at St. Peter and St. Paul in June where the Ambassador and Nadeshda to seek some earlier transport back to Russia. Through July and August further explorations were made, and the ship returned to St. Peter and St. Paul on August 29. The monument to Captain Clerke of Cook's third expedition was renewed, the ship was repaired and provisioned, and Krusenstern sailed in October for Macao. He arrived at Macao on November 20 and waited for the Neva, which arrived with a rich cargo of furs on December 3. After much trouble with Chinese officials and merchants, the cargo of the Neva was sold for 178,000 piastres. The Nadeshda had also collected a small quantity of furs, and these were sold for an additional 12,000 piastres. Of their total sum, 100,000 piastres were accepted in specie and 90,000 in tea. When most of the cargo was on board the two ships, the Chinese officials prohibited them from sailing until orders were received from Pekin. However, with the able assistance of Mr. Drummond, the president of the Nadeshda, which had separated from the Neva, arrived at St. Helena on May 3. A rendezvous at
Urey Lisiansky
1803 to 1806
As Neva had been given a different assignment than that of Krusenstern, his narrative contains some different episodes of interest. After rounding Cape Horn, he parted from the Nadeshda and, finding the winds favorable, called at Neva grounded on a coral reef. By throwing the guns overboard, the ship was floated off into deep water. In the morning, a small, low island was observed close at hand, and a sudden squall drove the Neva onto another part of the reef. This time anchors and cables were discarded and the ship was floated off. Fortunately, the weather was calm and Lisiansky landed on the island. He saw redwood logs, which must have drifted from California, and a small calabash with a round hole cut in it. The island, though of no economic value, was important because of its danger to navigation if not properly charted. This new discovery, which was named Lisiansky Island, is one of a number of islets which run northwest from the Hawaiian Islands.
Lisiansky did not call at St. Helena on his return journey, because he had ample provisions and water and his crewmen were in good health. He called at Portsmouth on June 28, and anchored at Kronstadt on August 4, 1806. He received a great ovation from the Russians, and honors and presents were poured upon him and his officers and crew. The Neva was a faster sailer than the Nadeshda, and one cannot help feeling that Lisiansky deliberately avoided St. Helena so as to be the first home. However, Krusenstern planned and obtained the support for the project and to him is due the credit of Russia's first round-the-globe voyage.
Hagenmeister
1806 to 1809
Lisiansky called the Neva the best ship he had ever sailed in. She stayed only a few weeks at Kronstadt for overhauling after Lisiansky's return, then was placed under the command of
Baranov, the manager of the Neva to Hawaii to establish a Russian settlement in the islands and, on the way, to search for any islands between Japan and Hawaii.
When the Neva arrived in Honolulu on January 27, 1809, King Kamehameha went out in a double canoe to greet the ship. He was given a handsome scarlet cloak, edged and ornamented with ermine, as a present from the governor of the Aleutian Islands. Hagenmeister then visited Kauai, where he found that Neva and presented
Mikhail Lazarev
1813 to 1815
Mikhail Lazarev was appointed to the command of the Suvorov, a ship owned by the Russian government, and instructed to sail to the Russian settlement in Alaska. Dr. Yegor Scheffer, a German graduate in medicine of Gottingen, joined the expedition as ship's surgeon. The Suvorov sailed, presumably from Kronstadt, in October 1813. No details are available as to the course pursued in entering the Pacific, but Lazarev evidently turned north to the west of the meridian of Tahiti. He discovered an uninhabited atoll, which he named Suvorov after his ship. The name is often incorrectly spelled Suvarov and Suwarrow. The island is in the northern Cook group in latitude 13° 15′ S. and longitude 163° 05′ Suvorov to establish a settlement in the Hawaiian Islands, also disagreed with Lazarev and gave up the idea. Baranov was drawn toward Scheffer through their common dislike of Lazarev. It may be assumed that Lazarev returned to Russia, for we find him later joining Bellingshausen in his expedition to the Antarctic.
It is necessary here to make a digression to maintain the sequence of events. On January 31, 1815, one of the Russian American Company's ships, the Bering, and its valuable cargo of furs from Alaska was thrown up onto the beach at Waimea Bay, Kauai. The cargo was rescued with the reluctant help of King Isabella on October 17, 1815, and arrived shortly after in Hawaii. He bought land on Oahu and Kauai, induced King Kaumualii to cede the island of Kauai to Russia, and erected two forts on Kauai. However, the Russian government rejected the proposal to annex the Hawaiian Islands, Baranov was alarmed at the expenses involved in Scheffer's activities, and
Otto Von Kotzebue 's First Voyage
1815 to 1818
The second Russian expedition into the Pacific for scientific exploration was sponsored by Count Romanzoff, then Chancellor of Russia. The ship, scientific instruments, equipment, and money for all expenses were provided solely by Romanzoff, who thereby proved to be one of Russia's greatest patrons of science. The ship Rurick, 180 tons with a crew of 20, was placed under the command of Nadeshda. Among the personnel were Chamisso, the naturalist, and
The Rurick sailed from Kronstadt on July 30, 1815, for the Pacific via Cape Horn. She crossed the meridian of Cape Horn on January 22, 1816, in latitude 57° 33′ S. After visiting the Chilean coast, Kotzebue reached
Kotzebue sailed out of Polynesia and discovered the Radak and Ralik chains of the Marshall Islands in Micronesia. The Rurick then turned west-northwest for Kamchatka and anchored in the Harbor of St. Peter and St. Paul on June 18. Kotzebue explored the North American coast, and a sound north of Bering Strait was named Kotzebue Sound. After exploring various sounds and islands, he, sailed south to California in September and then on to the Hawaiian Islands.
The mountain of Mouna Roa (Mauna Loa) on Hawaii was sighted 50 miles away on November 21. The Rurick anchored in Karakakooa (Kealakekua) Bay and Kotzebue visited King Tamaahmaah (Kamehameha). The king's dress was described as consisting of a white shirt, blue pantaloons, red waistcoast, and a colored neckcloth. Choris painted Kamehameha in this costume and a number of copies have aroused controversy as to which is the original. The Rurick sailed to Oahu and anchored in Hana-ruru (Honolulu) Harbor, where she provisioned. In his conversations with Kamehameha, Kotzebue definitely stated that the Russian Government had nothing to do with the attempt to establish Russian settlements in the islands.
Kotzebue sailed from
After a fortnight, he sailed on his voyage home, by way of the Marshalls, Guam, Manila, and the Cape of Good Hope. He was at Manila in January 1818 and anchored at Table Bay on March 30. He was visited by Uranie who was on his way to the Pacific on his voyage round the world. Kotzebue called at Plymouth and, on August 3, 1818, anchored his ship opposite the palace of his patron, Count Romanzoff, after a voyage of three years and five days.
Vassili Golovnin
1817 to 1819
As a result of various rumors concerning the maladministrations, abuses, and cruelty of the officials of the Russian American Company in Alaska, the Russian Government decided in 1816 to send Captain Diana. In July 1811 he had been arrested by the Japanese on Kunashiri Jima, the most southern of the Kuriles; and after he and his Russian companions had suffered imprisonment for two years, he had returned to
A sloop named the Kamchatka, built for the expedition to Alaska, had a cargo capacity of 900 tons for military and other supplies to be delivered to Kamchatka and ports on the Sea of Okhotsk. Golovnin was also to make surveys in the north Pacific and Bering Strait wherever they had not been made by Kotzebue in the Rurick. Golovnin selected a crew of 130, and among those who sailed with him were Litke and
The Kamchatka left Kronstadt on August 26, 1817, and sailed via Cape Horn to Kamchatka.
He arrived at the island of Hawaii on October 18, 1818, and visited Kealakekua Bay and Kailua. He was visited by various chiefs and recorded much interesting information about the Hawaiians. Golovnin met
From Kauai, Golovnin sailed west, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and anchored at Kronstadt on September 6, 1819.
Thaddus Bellingshausen
1819 to 1821
Russia, having done so much in the Arctic, turned her attention to the Antarctic and organized an expedition which was placed under the command of Vostok and the Mirni, were equipped, and Suvorov, was appointed to command the Mirni.
The two ships sailed from Kronstadt on July 4, Russian calendar; 12 days must be added for English calendar.
Bellingshausen sailed north for Polynesia, encountering Oparo (Rapa) and Bow Island (Hao), where he stayed awhile. From Hao, he sailed west through the
Continuing west, Bellingshausen discovered another island on July 30 which he named Lazarev (Matahiva), after his second-in-command. On August 3, he discovered an uninhabited atoll which he named Vostok, after his ship. On August 8, he discovered Rakahanga in the northern Cook group and named it Grand Duke Alexander Island. The inhabitants came out in canoes and challenged him to fight by throwing stones and spears at the ship. Still continuing west, Bellingshausen missed Samoa and entered the Fiji Islands, where he encountered the three islands of Mikhaylov, Simonov, and Ono. Here he met "King Fio," gave presents, received food supplies, and bartered for various native articles. The ships then sailed for Sydney, where they arrived in October 1820.
On October 31, 1820, the ships sailed from Sydney for the Antarctic, and they reached Macquarie Island on November 16. On January 10, 1821, a high island was discovered in latitude 68° 57′ S. and named Peter I Island. On January 17 another island was discovered and named Alexander I Land, which later explorations showed to be a large, high island. Bellingshausen's hope that he had discovered the land mass of Antartica was dispelled by the appearance of the small American fur-trader, Hope, under the command of
Von Kotzebue's Second Voyage
1823 to 1826
Predpriatie (Enterprise) in March 1823 to make a second voyage for scientific purposes, convey cargo to Kamchatka, and sail to the northwest American coast to protect the
Kotzebe sailed from Kronstadt on July 28, 1823, and rounded Cape Horn on December 23. He visited the Chilean coast and then sailed west through the Tuamotu Archipelago on his way to Tahiti. On March 2, 1824, he found an island which he named Predpriatie, after his ship. Sailing west, he saw Arakcheev and Volonsky Islands, discovered previously by Bellingshausen, and Romanzoff, discovered by himself in 1816. He was in doubt about the island he had named Spiridoff on his first voyage, but the winds prevented him from more accurate checking. He saw an island which he thought was the Carlshof
The Predpriatie anchored in Matavai Bay, Tahiti, on March 14. Kotzebue met various members of the London Missionary Society, including
Continuing west, he encountered on April 2, a small uninhabited island (Rose Atoll), which he named Kordinkoff. He learned later that it had been discovered by
After spending some months at Kamchatka, the Aleutians, and Sitka, Kotzebue arrived in the Hawaiian Islands on December 12, 1824. He visited old acquaintances and received a friendly welcome. At
From March to August 1825, Kotzebue remained at New Archangel in Sitka, carrying out instructions with regard to the Russian American Company. In August he sailed south for Honolulu, where he arrived on September 13. After a stay of only six days, he sailed west, passing through the Marshalls and Marianas to Manila. He left Manila on January 10, 1826, and sailing via the Cape of Good Hope, anchored in the roads off Kronstadt on July 10, 1826, after an absence of a few days under three years.
Summary
The Russians, though they came so late into the south Pacific, passed through the Tuamotu Archipelago along courses not previously followed, with the result that their names are associated with a number of first discoveries. Kotzebue on his first voyage found Romanzoff (Tikei), the Rurick chain
In addition to the above islands, Lazarev discovered Suvorov Island in the northern Cook Islands, Bellingshausen discovered Vostok, and Kotzebue discovered Motu-one in the Society Islands and named it Bellingshausen Island.
Camille De Roquefeuil
1816 to 1819
The first French expedition which passed through Polynesia in the nineteenth century was evidently that commanded by Bordelais of 200 tons was bought, equipped, and stocked with French merchandise by M. Balguerie, Jun., a merchant of Bordeaux, and placed under the command of Roquefeuil.
The Bordelais put to sea from Bordeaux on October 19, 1816. Roquefeuil sailed through the Strait of Le Maire in January 1817 and, after touching at Valparaiso, Callao, and California, reached Nootka Sound in September. Skins were scarce and the French goods proved unsuitable for local trade. The Bordelais sailed south for the winter; but finding provisions difficult to obtain in
The ship returned to New Archangel and Kodiak, and assistance was given by Kamchatka. Roquefeuil then sailed for the Hawaiian Islands and arrived off Hawaii on January 9, 1819. After a fortnight in which some sandalwood was obtained, Roquefeuil sailed for Macao, where he found that the Chinese trade in furs had deteriorated because the market was glutted by American enterprise. The voyage home was made by the Cape of Good Hope, and the Bordelais entered the Gironde on November 21, 1819.
Louis De Freycinst
1817 to 1820
The next voyage was organized by the French Government to make scientific observations on geography, magnetism, and meteorology. The corvette Uranie was commissioned and
The Uranie sailed from Toulon on September 17, 1817, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and called at the Ile de France in May 1818. The ship proceeded to Timor and Waigiu, then spent three months in the Marianas. From
After completing repairs and provisioning at Port Jackson, Freycinet sailed for Tierra del Fuego, where he continued his scientific observations. In February 1820 the ship weathered it out under bare poles through a furious hurricane. She made for the Malouines (Uranie was wrecked, but the crew all reached land safely. An American vessel was purchased in the Falklands on April 17, 1820, and named the Physicienne. Freycinet sailed this relief ship to Montevideo and then to Rio de Janeiro, where he stayed three months. He quitted Brazil in September and arrived at Havre on November 13, 1820, after an absence of three years and two months.
Louis Duperrey
1822 to 1825
The voyage of Coquille was another government expedition "executed by order of the King." With him went M. Lesson, whose account of the voyage supplies the details which Duperrey failed to publish.
The Coquille sailed from Toulon on August 11, 1822, and after calling at Brazil and the Falklands, sailed round Cape Horn to Concepcion, Callao, and Payta. On March 22, 1823, Duperrey sailed from Payta for the Society Islands, hence picked up a number of islands in the Tuamotu Archipelago. The first island sighted, on April 22, was a new discovery, which Duperrey named Clermont Tonnerre (Reao). He recognized Narcisse (San Narciso, or Tata-koto), Moller (Amanu), and Harp (Hao) as previous discoveries. To avoid the danger of running into the islands west of Hao, he kept to the south and so had a clear run until he reached Meetia. He recognized this island as the Osnaburgh of Wallis and the Boudoir (Pic de la Boudeuse) of Bougainville, but he remarked that the Oceaniens gave it the more euphonious name of Maitea. The Coquille remained at Tahiti from May 3 to May 22, when she sailed for Borabora. On June 9 she sailed for Port Jackson and passed Maurua, Palmerston, Eoa (Eua, Tonga), and Pylstaart. July to October were spent in Santa Cruz, New Britain, New Ireland, Waigiu, and the Moluccas. From Amboina she sailed round the west and south of Australia to Port Jackson, where she arrived on January 17, 1824.
On March 24, 1824, Duperrey sailed for the Bay of Islands in New Zealand where he arrived on April 3. His reflections on the Maoris and their grammar and vocabulary are interesting. After a fortnight, he sailed to
Dumont D'Urville's First Voyage
1826 to 1829
Astrolabe was also "by order of the king," and his instructions were to explore the principal groups of islands in the Grand Ocean, to which the Coquille had not been able to give sufficient attention, and to augment as much as possible the mass of scientific material acquired by Duperrey in 1822 to 1824.
The Astrolabe sailed from Toulon on April 26, 1826, and proceeded south of the Cape of Good Hope and Australia to arrive at Port Jackson on December 1, 1826. Dumont d'Urville visited the
The Astrolabe sailed north from New Zealand, sighted the Astrolabe reached Amboina in October. November was spent along the northwest coast of Australia, and on December 16 the ship reached Tasmania, where a stop was made at Hobart Town. A study was made of the colony of Van Diemens Land (Tasmania).
On January 6, 1828, Dumont d'Urville sailed for Vanikoro in the Santa Cruz Islands where he stayed a while to obtain more details concerning the wreck of Astrolabe sailed to Guam and, later, to Amboina and Batavia. She sailed for the Ile de France on September 2 and stayed there until November 18, when she sailed for the Cape of Good Hope. She sailed again on January 2, 1829, on the homeward trip and dropped anchor at Marseilles on March 25, 1829. The cases of scientific specimens were disembarked for transport to the Museum in Paris.
Duhaut-Cilly
1826 to 1829
The voyage of Héros. The command of the expedition was given to
The Héros sailed from Havre on April 10, 1826, and went round Cape Horn, to arrive at California in October 1826. The rest of the year and January
On September 27, 1828, the Héros sailed from California for Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands and anchored at Anaroura (Honolulu). Duhaut-Cilly, who met the King, Héros sailed for Canton on November 15 and reached Macao on December 25.
In 1829 the months of January and February were spent at Macao-Canton and, on March 26, the Héros sailed for Java on the way home via the Cape of Good Hope. She arrived at Havre on July 19, 1829, after having made a tour round the world during which little of interest was added to Polynesian history beyond what emanated from the short stay in Hawaii.
J. A. Moerenhout
1828 to 1834
Moerenhout's expeditions to the islands of the Grand Ocean consisted of three voyages by small ships within Polynesia itself. They are included in this series because, though Dutch, Moerenhout acted as French Consul toward the end of his residence in Tahiti and his accounts of his voyages were written in French and published in Paris. They have recorded useful information concerning the inhabitants of the islands visited.
The first voyage was made in a schooner named the Volador, which left Chile in December 1828 and reached Pitcairn Island some time in January 1829. In February, the ship left
The second voyage started from Valparaiso toward the end of 1830. Moerenhout called at
The third voyage set out from Valparaiso on January 5, 1834. Calls were made at Ducie and Elizabeth Islands before the ship arrived at the Mangareva Islands (Gambier) on February 6. The schooner then took a southern course and called at Rapa and Raivavae on the way to Tahiti. It is not clear whether Moerenhout actually visited the
Moerenhout resided for some years in Tahiti and acted as consul to the United States. He evidently knew the Tahitian dialect, and his valuable work requires sifting, for he applied the Tahitian spelling to the dialects of other islands and generalized overmuch, taking it for granted that what he knew of one group applied to other groups. Thus, his description of the method of embalming in Mangareva was really what he had learned of the local method in Tahiti, and his assumption that it was also the Mangarevan method drew forth a vigorous contradiction from Pére Laval who had lived for years in
Abel Du Petit-Thouars
1836 to 1839
After the voyage of Duhaut-Cilly, the next French voyage round the world was made by Venus. It was a government expedition, and the orders were to report on the whale fisheries in the Pacific for the benefit of French industry. Du Petit-Thouar's complete itinerary of places to be visited was set out in his instructions from the French Admiralty.
The Venus sailed from Brest on December 29, 1826, and after rounding Cape Horn, she went along the South American coast, calling at Valparaiso, Concepcion, Santiago, and Callao, which she reached on May 27, 1837. On June 14, she sailed for the Hawaiian Islands, and sighted the mountains of Hawaii on July 7. She, anchored at Sulphur, under Venus sailed from Honolulu in August and arrived at Avatcha (Awatscha) Bay, Kamchatka on September 1. After a fortnight, she sailed for California and arrived at Monterey in October. Investigations were made along the coast southward to Acapulco during November and December, and a run to Easter Island was made in February 1838. Further investigations along the coast of Chile and Peru were conducted until June. From Payta, a visit was made to the various islands of the Galapagos, and on July 15, the Venus sailed to the Marquesas, where she arrived on August 1. After a short stop, she proceeded to Tahiti, and after passing the Tuamotuan islands named Wilson, Waterlandt, Vlieghen, and Krusenstern, reached Tahiti on August 29, anchoring in the Harbor of Papeete.
At Tahiti, Du Petit-Thouars presented an ultimatum to Venus, the Tahitian fort gave the salute. At this period, the English Missionary,
Du Petit-Thouars sailed south on September 17 to check the positions of the islands in the Australs, but the winds were unfavorable and he saw only the small uninhabited Hull Island (Maria). He sailed past Jean Bart in the
On December 8, 1838, the Venus sailed for
Dumont D'Urville's Second Voyage
1837 to 1840
Dumont d'Urville's second voyage was also by order of the king. His instructions were to explore the south polar, region and various island groups in the Pacific. It was also a follow-up of Du Petit-Thouars' voyage, in that special attention was to be paid to the interests of French commerce, particularly with regard to whale fisheries. Two ships were placed under his command, the corvettes Astrolabe and Zélée, with Zélée.
The ships sailed from Toulon on September 7, 1837, and were in the Strait of Magellan in December. They sailed south to the South Orkneys and South Shetland Islands, and in March 1838
The ships sailed from Apia on October 2, passed between Apolima and Savaii, and sighted Astrolabe. The ships sailed past Kaa and Tofua on October 12 and spent some time in Fiji, where a number of islands were observed. They left Fiji on October 29 and passed through the
On January 21, 1840, the ships sailed for the Antarctic, where some land 1,000 to 1,200 meters high was named Adelie Land. On February 17 they reached
Summary
Though the commercial voyages of Amphitrite. The expeditions sponsored by the French government recorded valuable scientific information, but the French
British Voyages, 1800 to 1850
The British voyages of the first half of the nineteenth century were numerous. The ones which recorded the most information concerning Polynesia were made by ships of the Royal Navy conducting surveys. In the early part of the century, however, the fur trade with the northwest American coast and, later, the whaling industry led to some Polynesian discoveries and to the recording of additional information regarding, the inhabitants of Polynesia. The principal voyages of interest are listed as follows:
John Turnbull
1800 to 1804
Barwell in her voyage to China in 1799, were aware of the lucrative fur trade which the Americans were carrying on with the northwest coast of America. On their return to London, they succeeded in interesting merchants in a venture in which they invested some of their own funds. The ship Margaret, built of English oak, was bought and fitted up for the trade. John Buyers was placed in command of the ship and
The Margaret, after some delay, left England on July 2, 1800, and sailing by way of the Cape of Good Hope, reached Sydney in February 1801. Margaret arrived in the Society Islands in September 1802. After trading with various islands in the group, the ship sailed for the Hawaiian Islands, arriving at Oahu on December 17. After trading for salt at Oahu, Kauai, Niihau, and Hawaii, the Margaret sailed south on January 21, 1803. The ship sailed in among the Tuamotuan atolls and, on March 6, 1803, Nukutipipi, one of the Gloucester group, was visited and named Margaret Island after the ship. On March 10, Makemo was discovered and named Phillips Island after a late sheriff of London, Sir Richard Phillips. On the same day, Taenga was discovered and named Holts Island. Other islands were sighted on the way to Tahiti, but they had been discovered previously. In Tahiti, Turnbull set up an establishment ashore for buying pigs and salting them down with the salt obtained in the Hawaiian Islands. The Margaret, under Captain Buyers, set out to trade for hogs with the neighboring islands, but she ran onto a reef in the Palliser group and was wrecked. Captain Buyers and the crew, after considerable hardship, managed to reach Tahiti on a roughly constructed barge made of planks from the wreck. A ship which called in at Tahiti afforded passage to Sydney for both Turnbull and Buyers. They left Sydney on March 16, 1804, on the Calcutta and reached England via Cape Horn. Though a financial failure, the voyage obtained interesting information about the Society and Hawaiian Islands and the discovery of the islands Margaret, Phillips, and Holt in the Tuamotu Archipelago.
Peter Corney
1813 to 1818
The English firms of Inglis, Ellice, and Company and Columbia, 185 tons, for the fur trade between the northwest coast of America and China. The captain of the ship was
The Columbia sailed from England on November 26, 1813, and after doubling Cape Horn, April 18, 1814, it reached the Columbia River on July 6. After completing a cargo of furs along the coast, she sailed for Canton, calling in for refreshments at Hawaii on January 16, 1815. She arrived at Macao on March 9 and sold her furs at Canton, where Captain Robson left her to return to England. Captain Jennings was appointed to the command of the Columbia, which returned to the coast along the route north of latitude 30° N. and anchored in the Columbia River on July 1, 1815. After completing another cargo of furs, she again sailed for Canton, calling in at Hawaii on December 10. Three weeks later, she sailed for China, where she arrived on February 11, 1816. After her return to the Columbia River, she traded along the coast and Columbia sailed from Honolulu on April 14, taking sixty Hawaiians to work on the Columbia River. The ship called in at Kauai, but Dr. Scheffer, the leader of the Russian colonists who had recently landed, came out to notify the ship that he would not allow anyone ashore.
The Columbia continued trading along the northwest coast, but it was finally decided to take her to the Hawaiian Islands and sell her. She arrived at Hawaii on December 6, and after negotiations with King Columbia provided much interesting information concerning Hawaii and the abortive Russian settlement on Kauai.
George Anson Byron
1824 to 1826
The voyage of H.M.S. Blonde, under the command of Captain Lord Byron, was dictated by feelings of sympathy on the part of the Government of Great Britain for the then independent kingdom of Hawaii. Blonde to return the embalmed bodies of the deceased, together with their suite, to Hawaii.
The Blonde sailed from Spithead on September 29, 1824, rounded the Horn, and after visiting the Galapagos Islands for a stock of land turtles for provisions, sighted Hawaii on May 3, 1825. On May 6, the Blonde anchored off Honolulu and fired a salute of fifteen guns which was returned by the forts. At the reception for pa'u) for the Princess Nahienaena. (This
The Hawaiians were naturally grateful for the return of their dead, and valuable gifts were lavished upon the officers of the Blonde. A wooden image and a feather cloak which were given to Blonde, were bought from his descendants a century later and are also preserved in Blonde during its stay at Oahu was done entirely from
The Blonde left Honolulu on July 12, and after touching at Kealakekua Bay, sailed south for Tahiti. However, after trying for ten days to get to windward, Byron gave it up. On July 29 land was sighted, and its position proved that it was a new discovery. Charles Maiden, surveying officer, and others went ashore, and Byron named the atoll Maiden Island. A structure found on the island and composed of coral-limestone slabs was drawn by
On August 8 another island was encountered which Byron named Parry Island. This later proved to be Mauke (called Mauti by Byron) in the
Frederick W. Buechey
1825 to 1828
The voyage of H.M.S. Blossom, under
The Blossom weighed from Spithead on May 19, 1825, rounded Cape Horn, and reached Easter Island on November 16. Beechey continued west and, after sighting Ducie and Henderson (Elizabeth) Islands, landed at Pitcairn and heard the story of the mutiny on the Bounty from
Beechey sailed from the Mangareva Islands on January 13, 1826, to check up on islands in the Tuamotus. His northward course took him to Lord Hood Island (South Marutea), Clermont Tonnerre (Reao), and Serle (Pukarua). He then turned southwest and checked Whitsunday (Pinaki), Queen Charlottes (Nukutavake), Cook's Lagoon Island (Vahitahi), Thrumb-Cap (Akiaki), and Egmont (Vairaatea). From Egmont, he sailed south to pick up Carysfort (Tureia), but being to the west, he made his first discovery on January 26. It was Vanavana, which he named Barrow Island in compliment to the Secretary of the Admiralty. He picked up Carysfort and then sailed south in search of the Matilda Rocks and Osnaburgh Island (Mururoa) of Carteret. He sighted land on January 29, and two anchors were seen on the reef. At daylight next day, another small island was observed to the south. The island (Fangataufa) was mapped and named Cockburn Island in compliment to Matilda, which had been wrecked on a reef in the southern waters in 1792. As the position of the island differed so greatly from that given by
Beechey then checked up on Dart belonging to the Australian Pearl Company. The Dart was anchored in the Hao lagoon, and from a member of the crew who understood Tahitian, Beechey learned the story of Tuwarri's enforced voyage to the east. Three double canoes had set out from Anaa to Tahiti to pay their respects to the young king, Pomare. On the way a hurricane struck them and drove them to the east. When it subsided Tuwarri's canoe again sailed west,
After leaving Hao, Beechey encountered Hikueru, which he named Melville Island in honor of the first Lord of the Admiralty, and Haraiki, which he named Croker Island, in compliment to the right honorable secretary. However, Hikueru had been discovered by
Beechey reached Meetia and Tahiti on March 15, 1826, sailing after more than a month for the Hawaiian Islands. He arrived off Molokai on May 19. After some days at Honolulu, he sailed north for Kamchatka, where he anchored at Petropavlovsk, or the old port of St. Peter, and St. Paul, on June 28. Here he received dispatches announcing the return of Captain Parry to England. On July 5 he sailed to keep the rendezvous with Captain Franklin. He entered Kotzebue Sound on July 22 and remained there, surveying and searching until the middle of October. Giving up hope of news of Franklin, he sailed south along the American coast to Monterey Bay. He then sailed for Hawaii, which he reached on January 25, 1827. After refreshing, he sailed to Macao, worked north on the Asiatic side, and again entered Kotzebue Sound, on August 18, 1827. Still obtaining no news of Franklin, he sailed south in October, touching at various ports in Peru and Chile; passed the meridian of Cape Horn on June 30, 1828; and finally arrived in England, where the crew were paid off at Woolwich on October 12, 1828. The voyage had lasted three and one-half years and the ship had sailed 73,000 miles.
Peter Dillon
The interest in Hunter in 1813, when it called at the Fiji Islands to trade for sandalwood and found itself involved in a punitive expedition against the Fijians. As a result of the strained situation, a man named Hunter on her way to Canton dropped Bushart, his wife, and a lascar off at Tikopia Island on September 20, 1813.
In 1826 St. Patrick. On a voyage from New Zealand to Bengal, he anchored off the island of Tikopia on May 13, 1826. Martin Bushart and the lascar came on board, the lascar with a silver guard from a sword. This guard, together with several iron
Captain Dillon entered into correspondence with the Bengal Government, urging that a search expedition be placed under his command, and he also brought the matter up before a meeting of the Asiatic Society. Finally, the Government decided to place the East India Company's surveying vessel, the Research, under the command of Dillon to proceed to Vanikoro to obtain full and accurate information regarding the shipwreck of the two vessels presumed to be the French frigates commanded by La Perouse.
1827 to 1828
After repairs and delays caused by trouble with a Dr. Tytler, who had been appointed ship's surgeon, the Research finally sailed out from the mouth of the Hooghly River on January 23, 1827. During the voyage to Tasmania, Captain Dillon placed Dr. Tytler under arrest and confined him to his cabin. The ship reached Hobart on April 5, and Dr. Tytler brought an action against Dillon for assault. The Civil Court sentenced Dillon to two months' imprisonment in Hobart jail, a fifty pound fine, and sureties for 400 pounds to keep the peace for twelve months. A petition to the Lieutenant-Governor stating that two months delay in prison would prevent him from reaching Vanikoro, owing to the coming on of the monsoons, resulted in Dillon's discharge after paying the fine set by the court. Meanwhile, Dr. Tytler had evaded reprisals by leaving on a convenient ship for India.
Dillon sailed for Port Jackson and then to New Zealand, where he arrived at the Bay of Islands on July 1. After pottering about, he reached Tonga on August 12, and Tikopia on September 5, where he made a list of articles brought in from Vanikoro. He reached Vanikoro on September 7, bought up all the relics of the wrecks that he could and located the remains of the ships on the reef. He made additional lists and then sailed for New Zealand, arriving at the Bay of Islands on November 5. As the Research was in bad shape, he tried to buy or borrow the missionary ship Herald from Research, however, was able to sail to Port Jackson in January 1828, and finally entered the Hooghly on April 5. Dillon interviewed the Governor General of Bengal, showed him the relics he had brought, and was ordered to take them to Europe. He sailed on May 20 in the Mary Ann and arrived at Plymouth on October 26.
After some negotiation, Captain Dillon was officially received at Paris. Viscount Lesseps, who had been sent back from Kamchatka with La Perouse's first reports, and who thus became the sole survivor of the expedition,
Frederick Debell Bennett
1833 to 1836
Tuscan, 300 tons, commanded by
The Tuscan sailed on October 17, 1833, and took three missionaries and their wives as passengers. She rounded Cape Horn on January 19, 1834, and reached
After great success, the ship returned to Maui on October 2. Refreshed, she sailed for the Marquesas on October 20, with three Marquesans who had been left by an American whaler. After whaling on the way, Hoods Island in the Marquesas was reached on February 27, 1835. A short stay was made at Resolution Bay, Santa Christina (Tahuata), and the three Marquesans were returned to their home island. Sail was set for Raiatea, where the ship arrived on March 18. She sailed north on April 14, took on a supply of yams at Maurua, and passed the equatorial islands of Caroline, Christmas, and Jarvis, After further success in whaling, the ship anchored off Honolulu, Oahu, on October 4 where she stayed a month. Further operations were conducted to the southeast, and the ship called for refreshments at the Marquesas on February 19, 1836. The Society Islands were visited in March and April, and the ship sailed from Tahiti on May 2. She took a northwest course, and then west, between the parallels of 2° and 3° N., whaling on the way. The high lands of New Guinea, Gilolo, and Timor were seen on the way to the Cape of Good Hope. Finally, on November 27, the Tuscan dropped anchor at Gravesend, after a voyage of three years and twenty-four days without a single loss from accident or disease.
Robert Fitz-Roy
From 1826 to 1830, the Beagle, a barque of 235 tons which was on her first voyage, surveyed the southern end of South America and Tierra del Fuego. The surveying expedition authorized by the Admiralty had two ships: the Adventure under Captain Philip Parker King, the Commander of the Expedition, and the Beagle under Captain Pringle Stokes. After Captain Stokes' death in 1828, Beagle, and he remained with her until the voyage was over.
The Admiralty recommissioned the Beagle for a second voyage to continue the survey in South America and Captain Fitz-Roy was retained for the command. Anxious that no opportunity to collect useful information should be lost, Fitz-Roy sent out an invitation for some well-educated and scientific person to accompany the expedition. A Cambridge professor recommended Beagle and retire from the expedition when he thought proper and that he pay a fair share of the expenses of the captain's table. Permission was obtained for his embarkation and an order given by the Admiralty that he be borne on the ship's books for provisions. Thus Charles Darwin embarked on a voyage which was to render the Beagle and himself famous.
1831 to 1836
The Beagle sailed on December 27, 1831, and until October of 1835, worked along the South American coast on her survey assignment. She then visited the Galapagos Islands, whence she sailed for Tahiti to test her chronometers at Point Venus, On November 9, 1835, she reached Honden Island (Pukapuka) and passed through the Tuamotus. Two islands were seen on November 13 which Fitz-Roy learned were named Tairo (Taiaro) and Cavahi (Kauehi) by the natives, but he did not have time to make a close examination. The same islands were examined more closely by the Wilkes' Expedition and named King and Vincennes respectively. The Beagle passed between Elizabeth (Toau) and Wittgenstein (Fakarava) and reached Tahiti on November 15.
At Tahiti, Captain Fitz-Roy had the unpleasant task of reminding Truro in the
After leaving Tahiti, the Beagle passed Whylootackee (
The expedition, in addition to its prescribed work, resulted in the discovery of two islands in the Tuamotus and some observations by Darwin on the Tahitians and the Maoris of New Zealand. Darwin, on his short visit, did not form a very high opinion of the Maoris, but their subsequent history has proved that even a great mind like Darwin's could make mistakes.
Edward Belcher
1836 to 1842
H.M.S. Sulphur under the command of Captain Beechey, with her consort, the Starling under Lieutenant Kellett, were commissioned by the Admiralty to fix certain reported shoals and survey the west coast of America from Valparaiso to latitude 60° 30′ N. The ships sailed from Plymouth on December 24, 1835. After rounding the Horn and reaching Valparaiso on June 9, 1836, Sulphur and continued work along the Peruvian coast and northward to Panama, where he was to await instructions. He reached Panama on January 29, 1837.
Meanwhile, Captain Sir Blossom in 1825-1828, was appointed to take command of the expedition. He left England on November 30, 1836, for the West Indies and, after surmounting various difficulties, crossed the Isthmus of Panama and assumed command of the Sulphur. After continuing the survey along the coast, he sailed for the Hawaiian Islands where he arrived on July 7, 1837. At Honolulu, trouble had arisen over seizure by the Hawaiian Government of the British brigantine Clementine for refusing to return two Catholic missionaries to California, from whence she had brought them. At this juncture Du Petit-Thouars arrived on the French frigate Venus. Both British and French commanders evidently blamed the American missionary
After more than a month, Belcher sailed north to continue his survey of the American west coast. The survey continued for the rest of 1837 and the whole of 1838. On May 29, 1839, Belcher returned to the Hawaiian Islands. He sailed from Kauai on June 16 for the Columbia River, then worked south along the coast and crossed to the Marquesas, where he arrived on January 20, 1840. After ten days, Belcher sailed south to the Tuamotus to conduct Sulphur formed part of the British fleet which attacked Canton. The year 1841 was spent in the East.
Finally, the Sulphur reached England via the Cape of Good Hope and anchored at Spithead July 19, 1842. She was paid off at Woolwich on August 2, after being away nearly seven years, and the officers and crew were given extra pay and allowances.
Lord Edward Russell
1836 to 1837
Except for a brief notice in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, no published details of the voyage of the H.M.S. Actaeon under the command of Actaeon was in Tahiti in 1836, for on her voyage from that island to Pitcairn she encountered a group of uncharted islands in the Tuamotus on January 3, 1837. Captain Russell named the islands the Actaeon Group after his ship, but their discovery is generally credited to Amphitrite (1833). While at Tahiti, Mr. Biddlecombe, master of the Actaeon, received some information from Captain Ebrill regarding islands in the Tuamotu Archipelago which were not on the charts, and it is probable that this group of four islands was included. However, only three low, wooded islands were seen and charted by Biddlecombe. These Russell named Bedford, Minto, and Melbourne. From west to east the four islands are: Tenararo, Vahanga, Tenarunga, and Matureivavao. Biddlecombe's chart gives the middle island as the largest, whereas Maturei-vavao, the most easterly and southerly, is the largest. It is possible that the two middle islands, Vahanga and Tenarunga, were seen as one overlapping stretch of land. Hence, the most westerly, which was named Bedford, would correspond to Tenararo; the two middle Ones, to Minto; and the remaining island of Maturei-vavao, to Melbourne. Melbourne is given on modern maps as the alternate name of Maturei-vavao, Minto as Tenarunga. The Actaeon sailed on to Pitcairn, and the brief notice in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society ends there.
John Erskine
1849Havannah in 1849, through islands of the western Pacific. Erskine sailed from Russell, New Zealand, on June 25, 1849, and reached
Summary
The British voyages from 1800 to 1850, besides checking the accuracy of the position of various Polynesian Islands and adding to our knowledge of the Polynesian people, led to the discovery of a few additional islands. With the single exception of Malden Island, discovered by Captain Lord Byron on July 29, 1825, the discoveries were in the Tuamotuan Archipelago. Commencing with Turnbull's voyage in the Margaret, three islands were discovered: Margaret (Nukutipipi), Phillips (Makemo), and Holt (Taenga). Beechey discovered Barrow (Vanavana), Cockburn (Fangataufa), and Byam Martin (Ahunui). His claims to Melville (Hikueru) and Croker (Haraiki) have been preserved erroneously on the charts. Captain Fitz-Roy is credited with Taiaro and Kauehi, but the names of King and Vincennes were applied to them later by Wilkes. Lord Edward Russell may be credited with first charting the Actaeon Islands though it was done badly. Of the voyages enumerated, that of Beechey in the Blossom was the most valuable.
American Voyages, 1800 to 1842
In the first half of the nineteenth century, the number of voyages made by American sealers, sandalwood traders, and whaling ships were numerous, but the men who went down to the sea in such ships were usually not gifted with language suitable for publication.
The United States Navy kept a small squadron on the Pacific station, and some information was recorded by warships when changing stations or visiting Hawaii. The responsibility of the government in promoting voyages to add to geographical knowledge was not realized until well toward the middle of the century, when after some opposition and criticism, the United States Expedition under the command of
David Porter
1812 to 1813
Essex which played havoc with British commerce in 1813 during the war between the United States and Great Britain. Porter received his orders on October 6, 1812, to prepare the Essex for a long cruise, then sailed down to the track of vessels plying between the West Indies and England. On December 12 he captured the English brig Nocton with $55,000 in specie. He changed his field of operations to the Pacific by sailing round Cape Horn in February 1813, working up the coast of Chile and Peru, and making his base in the Atlantic, was armed with guns and a prize crew and renamed the Essex Junior. Some of the captured ships were sent to Valparaiso under prize crews to be sold.
On September 3, 1813, Porter left the Galapagos Islands and cruised south. His operations broke up the British whale fishing off Peru and Chile, deprived the British of 2,500,000 dollars in property, and resulted in the capture of 360 British seamen. The Essex and the Essex Junior sailed for the
The next day, 200 armed men from the Essex and the Essex Junior and from other prizes spear-headed an attack on the Taipi Valley. The Taipi warriors fought valiantly and desperately for every inch of the ground, but Porter's armed forces continued their way up the valley, burning each village as they went. Numbers of their gods were destroyed; elegant new war canoes which had never been used were burnt in their sheds; wooden drums, which had been left behind, were thrown into the flames; and the chief village, or capital, was taken. In the midst of this willful destruction, Porter had time to say that the beauty and regularity of the place was such as to strike any spectator with astonishment. The survivors of the Taipi retired to the hills where they could gaze down on the smoking ruins of their homes and realize that, though the price was high, they had proved their manhood. Porter also looked down on the valley from another ridge to contemplate that, in his own words, the valley which in the morning was a scene of beauty, abundance, and happiness was now a long line of smoking ruins marking the traces of his men from one end to the other.
A chief and a priest of the Taipi went to interview the victor and came straight to business, asking how many hogs he demanded as the price of his friendship. Porter set its value high, at 400 hogs, for which he said he would give the customary presents in return. No mention is made of what the customary presents were.
By December 9 all of Porter's ships were loaded with provisions and the Marquesans were left to resume a more normal existence. On February 3, 1814, the Essex and the Essex Junior sailed into Valparaiso, where Porter
Phoebe and Cherub, waiting to receive him. In a parley between Phoebe and Captain Porter, they mutually agreed to respect the neutrality of the port by not committing hostile acts within its waters. The British ships thereupon withdrew and waited patiently outside the harbor. When at last Porter sailed out on March 28, he shared the fate of the whaling ships he had captured by having to strike his flag to superior force. Here ends the cruise of the Essex.
Charles S. Stewart
1829 to 1830
Guerriere which was to relieve the Vincennes at the Pacific station. After rounding Cape Horn, the Guerriere arrived on June 18 at Callao, where Stewart transferred to the 24-gun Vincennes under Captain Finch. The Vincennes sailed for the Marquesas and arrived at Nukuhiva on July 26. She anchored off Taiohae, the valley of the "Hapas," against whom Captain Porter had sent a six-pounder gun in 1813. She moved round to the Taipi territory on August 5 and shortly after sailed for Vincennes visited Raiatea, where they met the missionary,
On September 13, the Vincennes sailed for Hawaii, where she arrived on October 1 after experiencing four days of dead calm. At Honolulu, Stewart met his old colleagues, among them Vincennes sailed for home via the Cape of Good Hope, arriving at New York on June 5, 1830.
John Downes
1831 to 1834
The United States frigate Potomac, commanded by Friendship from Salem, Massachusetts The Potomac sailed from North River, New York, on August 24,
The Potomac then visited Java and Batavia and passed by the Ladrones. After an unpleasant voyage of fifty days, she arrived at Honolulu on July 23, 1832. She sailed for the Marquesas in September, but unfavorable winds made her change her course to the Society Islands. She passed close to Deans Island (Rangiroa) and Krusenstern Island (Tikahau) and reached Tahiti. Ready for sea again, she sailed for Valparaiso on September 19, arriving there on October 23 to take up her duties as relief ship on the Pacific station.
The Potomac's time was up at the end of 1833, but she was not ready for the home voyage until February 9, 1834. She called at the Falklands on March 9, and anchored off the navy yard at Charlestown, Boston, on May 25, 1834, thus completing a voyage round the globe. The account of the voyage was written by
Charles Wilkes
1838 to 1842
The purposes of the Wilkes Expedition, which was approved by the Government of the United States, were set forth as follows: "The Expedition is not for conquest, but discovery. Its objects are all peaceful; they are to extend the empire of commerce and science; to diminish the hazards of the ocean, and to point out to future navigators a course by which they may avoid dangers and find safety." The ships commissioned for the expedition were six, as follows:
Vincennes, sloop of war, 780 tons;Charles Wilkes , Commander of the Expedition.Peacock, sloop of war, 650 tons;William L. Hudson commanding.Porpoise, gun brig, 230 tons; Cadwalader Ringgold, Lieutenant Commandant.Sea Gull, tender, New York pilot-boat, 110 tons; Passed Midshipman James W. E. Reid.Flying Fish, tender, New York pilot-boat, 96 tons; Passed Midshipman S. R. Knox.Relief, store ship; A. K. Long, Lieutenant Commandant.
The scientists appointed to the expedition were Horatio Hale, philologist;
The expedition sailed from Hampton Roads on August 18, 1838. After observations on the way, the ships rounded Cape Horn in March 1839. While they worked up the coast to Valparaiso, the Sea Gull with a crew of fifteen was lost in a gale. At Callao, expeditions were made, into Peru. In July the fleet left for the Tuamotu Archipelago, where various atolls were surveyed. On August 13 Clermont Tonnerre (Reao) was surveyed, and the following islands were examined in sequence: Serle (Pukarua), Honden (Pukapuka), and the Disappointment Islands (Napuka and Tepoto). On August 29 the expedition saw the islands of "Tai-a-ra" (Taiaro) and "Kawahe" (Kauehi), the islands previously sighted by Fitz-Roy on the Beagle; but they were now more closely examined and located. To Taiaro, Wilkes gave the name of King, after the man at the masthead who had first sighted it. Kauehi, he called Vincennes after his ship. Raraka, in their vicinity, was visited and Aratika (or Carlshof), to the west, was examined. The King George group was visited, but as weather conditions prevented a survey, Wilkes sailed on to Waterlandt Island or "Manhii" (Manihi). Ahii, the Vlieghen of Le Maire and Schouten, was named Peacock Island after one of the ships to indicate that the expedition had marked its true position. The Peacock surveyed Arutua, or Rurick, Island and made magnetic observations at Makatea. The Vincennes surveyed the north side of Deans Island, or "Nairoa" (Rangiroa), and then passed between it and Krusenstern Island (Tikahau). Aurora Island (Makatea) was visited and pigs, poultry, vegetables, and fruit were obtained. On September 10, the ships reached Tahiti and anchored in Matavai Bay. The Flying Fish arrived after surveying the King George group (Tiokea and Oura, or Takapoto and Takaroa). On September 29 the ships sailed past the various islands of the Society group, including Bellingshausen (Motu-one).
Peacock was damaged and returned to Sydney for repairs, and the Vincennes arrived at the same port on March 11, 1840. A rendezvous at Tonga was made with the Peacock, and on March 30 the Vincennes reached the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, where the Porpoise and Flying Fish were waiting. On April 6 they sailed for Tongatabu, passing Raoul, or Sunday, Island in the Kermadecs, and on April 22, arrived at Eua, Tonga, where the Peacock joined them.
On May 4 they left Nukualofal, Tonga, for the Fiji Islands, where they Porpoise was sent on a mission, and the Vincennes and Peacock sailed for the Hawaiian Islands. On the way, they called in at the Phoenix Islands, where they saw Gardner, and described and named Sulphur and Venus. Some months were spent in Vincennes did not leave for the Columbia River until April 5, 1841. The Vincennes arrived off the Columbia River on April 28, but owing to the breakers on the bar,
Meanwhile, the Porpoise reported at Honolulu on March 24, 1841. She had continued the survey of the Porpoise. The ship called at Tahiti, at Flint Island, and at Penrhyn (Tongareva), where the position was corrected and barter took place with the people who came out in canoes. The ship stood north from
The Peacock and the Flying Fish sailed south from
Drummonds Island (Tabiteuea) was reached on April 3, and during the month of April surveys were carried out on the islands of the Gilberts north of Drummond. In May a visit was paid to some of the Peacock anchored in Honolulu Harbor. She sailed for the Columbia River on June 21, and on July 18 was wrecked on the bar in attempting to enter the river. In spite of heavy seas, Captain Hudson and the crew were saved by three trips of the ship's boats to the land. The papers and charts were saved, but the ethnological collection was lost.
Wilkes shifted his pennant to the Porpoise, which had been able to sail into the Columbia River because of her lighter tonnage. He sent the Vincennes under Lieutenant Commandant Ringgold to San Francisco to survey the Sacramento River. With the Porpoise and the boats from the Peacock, Wilkes carried out a survey of the Columbia River. The brig Oregon was attached to the fleet to replace the wrecked Peacock. With the surveys completed, the fleet sailed for Hawaii on November 1 and the Vincennes, Porpoise, Flying Fish, and Oregon all arrived at Honolulu on November 17. After a stop of ten days, the ships sailed west, the Porpoise making a survey on the way of Necker and Wake Islands, but the weather proved too rough to examine French Frigate Shoal. After visiting various islands, the ships arrived at Singapore in February 1842 and made their way back to the United States via the Cape of Good Hope. The Vincennes anchored off Sandy Hook on June 10, 1842. Commodore Wilkes addressed the men, hauled down his pennant; and handed the ship over to Captain Hudson, who took her to the Navy Yard. The Expedition had lasted three years, ten months, and twenty-three days.
Summary
Though the first three voyages described did not add a great deal to our knowledge of Polynesia, the Wilkes Expedition more than made up for them. The work of the expedition was up to the standard inaugurated by
Literature Cited
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Bennett, Frederick Debell
Bligh, William
Bligh, William
Boenechea, Domingo
Bougainville, Louis Antoine De
Broughton, William Robert
Burney, James
Byron, George Anson
Byron, John
Carteret, Philip
Cavendish, Thomas
Cavendish, Thomas
Cook, James
Cook, James
Cook, James
Corney, BoltonG.
Corney, Peter
Crozet
D'Entrecasteaux, Admiral Brunt
De Fresne, Marion
Dillon, Peter
Dixon, George
Downes, John
Drake, Sir Francis
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Dumont D'Urville, Jules Sébastien César
Dumont D'Urville, Jules Sébastien César
Duperrey, Louis Isadora
Du Petit-Thouars, Abel
Edwards, Edward
Erskine, John Elphinstone
Fanning, Edmund
Fitz-Roy, Robert
Freycinet, Louis Claude Desaulses De
Gayangos, Thomas
Golovnin, Vassili Mikhailovitch
Gonzalez, Don Felipe
Hagenmeister, Lieut
Hamilton, George
Hawkesworth, John
Hawkins, Sir Richard
Ingraham, Joseph
Kotzebue, Otto Von
Kotzebue, Otto Von
Krusenstern, Adam Johann Von
Labillardiére, Jacques Julien De
Langara, Don Cayetano De
La Pérouse, Jean Francois De Galaup De
Lazarev, Captain
Lee, Ida
Legaspi, Miguel Lopez De
Le Maire, Jacob
Lisiansky, Urey
Loyasa, Garcia Jofre De
Magellan, Ferdinand
Marchand, Etienne
Maurelle, Don Francisco Antonio
Meares, John
Mehnert, Klaus
Mendaña, Alvaro De
MendaÑa, Alvaro De
Moerenhout, J. A.
Mortimer, George
Parkinson, Sydney
Porter, David
Portlock, Nathaniel
Quiros, Pedro Fernandez De
Reynolds, J. N.
Roberts, Josiah
Roggeveen, Jacob
Roquefeuil, Camille De
Russell, Lord Edward
Saavedra, Alvaro De
Schouten, William
Spilbergen, Joris
S.Stewart, Charles
Surville, M. De
Tasman, Abel Janszoon
Turnbull, John
Van Noort, Olivier
Vancouver, George
Villalobos, Ruy Lopez De
Wallis, Samuel
Watts, Lieut
Wilkes, Charles
Wilson, James
Index
Ship names and native words are in italic; important page references, in boldface.
-
A
- Abendroth Island (Vespree) 19
- Acapulco 2, 5, 6, 8, 13, 86
Actaeon89, 100- Actaeon Islands 100, 101
- Adams, John 92
- Adams Island (Uapou) 63, 67
- Adelie Land 88,
- Admiralty Islands 88
Adventure26, 29, 98-99- Adventure Island (Motutunga) 27
- Africa 1
African Galley19-20- Aguigan Island 39
Aguila60-61, 62- Ahii Island 107, 108
- Ahunui Island 93, 101
- Ainu 46, 71
- Aitutaki 35, 37, 40, 98
- Akaina Island (Fakahina) 80
- Akiaki Island 25, 50, 93
- Alaska 68, 73, 75
- Aleutian Islands 33, 54, 68, 73, 75, 77, 79; Governor of 73
- Alexander I Land 78
- Alexander I of Russia 69
- Alofi Island 15, 20
- Amanu Island 77, 83
- Amat (Tahiti) 60, 61
- America: exploration of 1-3, 74, 99; northwest coast of 35, 38, 39, 41, 44, 45, 55, 56, 63, 65, 68, 70, 78, 80, 89, 90, 91
- American board of foreign missions 105
- American explorers 63-67, 101-109
- American trade 63-68, 101, 102
- Amboina 18, 56, 84
Amphitrite88, 100- Amsterdam Island (Tongatabu) 17, 39, 53
- Amsterdam Museum 16
- Amur 68
- Anaa (Chain Island) 8, 25, 27, 60, 61, 93, 100
- Anderson, Mr. 30
- Angatau (Fangatau) 77
- Aniva Bay 71
Anson, George 20-21- Antarctic 27, 29, 73, 77, 78, 80, 88; explorations of 80
- Antartica, Continent of 107
- Anuanuraro Island 24
- Anuanurunga Island 24
- Anuda (Cherry Island) 41
- Aoutourou (Mayoa) 51-53
- Apataki Island 29, 80
- Apia 88, 101
- Apolima 88
Arago, Jacques 81-82- Arakcheev Island (Fangatau) 77, 78
- Aratika Island (Carlshof) 80, 107, 108
- archaeological remains: on Necker 54; on Maiden
- Island 92
-
Arellano, Don 5 - Arequipa 12
- Arnhemsland 16
- Arrowsmith's chart 74
- Arutua Island (Rurick) 29, 79-80, 107
- Ascension Island 83
- Asia 68
- Asiatic Society 96
Assistant35, 37Astrolabe49, 54-55, 80, 83-84, 87-88; wreck of 84, 96- Atafu (Duke of York Island) 40, 108
- Atiu Island 30, 31
Atlantic102-105- atrocities 11, 14, 17, 102-105
- attacks: by natives 46, 54; on Taipi 102
- Atua 40
- Auckland Islands 88
- Aunuu Island 107
- Aurora Island (Makatea) 19, 107
- Australia 9, 16, 18, 26, 36, 45, 55, 56, 77, 81, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 101, 107
- Australian Pearl Co. 93
- Australs 26, 31, 39, 45, 47, 61, 62, 80, 85, 87, 108
- Awatska (Awatcha, Awatscha) Bay 34, 54, 70, 86 axe handles, Mangaian 100
- Azores 88
-
B
- Bacon, Midshipman 108
- Bacon Island (Hiti) 108
- Bahamas 2
- Balguerie, M. Jun. 80
- Baltic Sea 68
- bananas 37
- Banda 1
- Banks, Joseph 25-26, 36, 59
Baranov, Alexander 68, 73, 74- Barclay de Tolley Island (Raroia) 78
- Barnevelt Islands 14
- Barrow Island (Vanavana) 93, 95, 101
-
Barwell89 - Bashee Islands 54
- Basse des Frégates Francaises 54
-
Batavia16 - Batavia 15, 18, 19, 20, 24, 26, 41, 50, 57, 84, 106; Governor General of 17
- Bauman Islands (Manua) 20, 50, 74
- Baux, House of 55, 67
- Bay de Cordes 12
- Bay of Islands 53, 54, 83, 84, 87, 88, 96, 98, 107
Beagle89, 98-99-
Beaglehole, J. C. 26 - Bedford Island (Tenararo) 100
Beechey, Frederick W. 89, 92-95, 99, 101- beef 88
Belcher, Edward 89, 99-100, 108Bellingshausen, Thaddeus 69, 73, 77-78, 80- Bellingshausen Island 79, 80, 107
- Bengal 38, 95, 96
-
Bennet, George 79 Bennett, Frederick D. 73, 89, 97-
Bering73 -
Bering, Vitus 68 - Bering Sea 77
- Bering Strait 33, 34, 68, 74, 92
Betsey63, 65-66- Biddlecombe, Mr. 100
Bingham, Hiram 99, 105- Bird Island (Nihoa) 44, 46
- Bird Island (Reitoru) 25
- Birnie Island 108
- Bishop Museum 45, 67, 92
- Bishop of Osnaburghs Island (Mururoa) 24, 93
-
Black7 - Blake Island 65, 67
- bleached-hair headdress 20
Bligh, William 30, 35, 36-37, 39, 45Blonde89, 91-92Blossom89, 92-95, 101-
Bloxam, Andrew 92 Boenechea, Domingo 31, 46, 60-61, 63, 95; grave of 31- Bohol Island 5
- Boki 85, 92
- Borabora 26, 31, 40, 47, 61, 83
- Bordeaux 80, 84
Bordelais80-81- Boscawen (Cocos and Traitors Islands) 14-15, 24
- Boston 63, 64, 106
- Botany Bay 36, 55
- Bottomless Island 14
Bondeuse49, 50-51- Boudoir (Pic de la Boudeuse) 50, 83
Bougainville, Louis de 24, 25, 49-51, 59Bounty30, 35, 36-37, 39, 40, 41, 92- Bourbon Archipelago 50
Boussole49, 54-55; wreck of 84, 96- Bow Island (Hao) 25, 77, 93
- Bowditch Island 108
- bows and arrows 20
-
Brackenridge, J. D. 106 - braided human hair 37
- Brazil 3, 44, 77, 81, 83
- breadfruit 36, 37, 44, 45, 47, 49; fermented 47
- breast ornaments 37
- Brest 54, 56, 86, 87
- Bristol 19; Earl of 27
- British Consul 87
- British East India Co. 71
- British explorers 6, 7, 20-49, 89-101
- British warships 105
Broughton, W. R. 35, 41, 44, 45-46- Brown, William 45
-
Brunswick41 - buccaneers 18-19
Burney, James 8, 30Bushart, Martin 95-96-
Butterworth45 - Buyers, John 89-90
- Byam Martin Island (Ahunui) 93, 101
- Byron, George Anson 89, 91-92, 101
Byron, John 21-23, 25, 29, 40- Byrons Island [?] 23
-
C
- Cadmus (Morane) Atoll 88
- calabashes 45, 72
-
Calcutta90 - Calcutta 38, 95
- Calicut 1
- California 6, 7, 19, 33, 54, 73, 74, 80, 81, 84-85, 86, 99
- Callao 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 51, 60, 61, 80, 83, 86, 105, 107
- canoes 13, 14, 17, 19, 23, 30, 31, 33, 37, 40, 43, 46, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 62, 65, 66, 73, 74, 78, 93, 94, 103, 104, 108; double 13, 17, 93; Easter Island 19; Tongan 58; New Zealand 52
- Canton, China 38, 39, 63, 66, 68, 69, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105
- Cape Desire 3
- Cape Foulwind 84
- Cape of Good Hope 1, 7, 11-12, 21, 23-24, 26-27, 29, 36-38, 43, 46, 50, 56, 66, 68, 71, 75, 79, 81, 83-85, 87, 88-89, 97, 99-100, 105-106
- Cape Horn 14, 25, 27, 29, 39, 43-44, 46, 55, 63, 65, 70, 72, 74, 77, 78, 83, 84, 86, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97, 99, 102, 105, 107
- Cape Keerweer 16
- Cape Leeuwin 16
- Cape Maria Van Diemen 17
- Cape Town 27
- Cape York Peninsula 16
- Caret, Frangois-d'Assise 86, 87
- Carlshof (Aratika) 19, 78, 80, 107, 108
- Carolina Island 45
- Caroline Island 97
- Carolines 49, 83, 88
- Carpentaria, Gulf of 16
-
Carstenz, Jan 16 Carteret, Phillip . 23-24, 50, 93- carved artifacts 100
- Carysfort Island (Tureia) 39, 41, 93
- cattle 30, 44
- Cavahi (Kauehi) 98
- Cavenaugh, Mr. 107
-
Cavendish, Thomas 7 - Cavite 54, 62
- Cebu 3, 5
-
Centurion21 - Ceram 56
- Chain Island (Anaa) 25, 27, 93
- Chamisso, Adelbert von 74
- Chanal, Prosper 55
- Chanal Island (Hatutu) 56, 67
- Chancellor of Russia 74
-
Charity11 - Charles V, 2, 4
- Charlestown 106
- Chariot, Jean v
Chatham35, 41-45- Chatham Island: off New Zealand 43, 44, 87; Savaii 40
- Cherry Island (Anuda) 41
-
Cherub105 - Chesapeake 105
- Chichagov Island (Tahanea) 78
- Chile 60, 74, 78, 85, 86, 87, 95, 102; coast of 74, 78
- China 11, 35, 38, 39, 46, 62, 63, 68, 69, 71, 80, 85, 89, 90, 95, 100; trade with 11, 35, 66, 80, 81
- China Sea 69
Choris, Louis 74-75, 77, 79- Christian, Fletcher 37
- Christmas Island 31, 97
- Chute, Quartermaster 108
- Chute Island (Tepoto) 108
-
Cinque Ports Galley18 - circumnavigation of world, first 4
-
Clementine99 Clerke, Charles 30-34, 71; monument to 71- Clermont Tonnerre Island (Reao) 83, 89, 93, 107
-
Clipperton, John 18 - Clota, Geronimo 61
- Cockburn George 93
- Cockburn Island (Fangataufa) 93, 101
- coconuts 9, 21, 23, 29, 47, 49, 61, 66, 79
- Cocos Island (Boscawen) 14-15, 20, 24
- Cocos Island (Keeling) 99
Columbia89, 90-91-
Columbia Rediviva63 - Columbia River 90-91, 99, 108, 109
Columbus, Christopher 1-4- Compagnie Australe 13
- Concepcion Island 83, 86
- conquest of Peru 6
- Conversion de San Pablo Island 8, 9
- Cook, James iii, 22, 25-34, 35, 44, 47, 51, 58, 62, 76, 94; death of 33; offering to 32
- Cook Islands 23, 27, 30, 35, 36, 73, 78, 80, 85, 87, 89, 92, 98, 100
- Cook Strait 84
- Cooks Harbor (Resolution Bay) 65
- Copley Medal 30
Coquille80, 83-84- Cork 19
Corney, Peter 89, 90-91- Cortez, Hernando 2, 4, 29
- Corunna 4
- cossacks 68
- Coupang 41
- Court of Charles Island (Carlshof) 19
-
Courtney, Stephen 19 -
Couthouy, J. P. 106 - Cox, John Henry 38-39
- Crescent Island (Timoe) 47, 87, 92
- Croker Island (Haraiki) 95, 101
- Crook, W. P. 65, 66, 105
- Crozet, Lt. 49, 51-54
- Crozets Islands 53
- Cumberland Island (Manuhangi) 23
-
Curtis, Timothy 36 -
Curtis, William 36 - Curtis Island 36, 57
- Cuzco 2
-
Cygnet18
-
D
- Daageraad Island (Aurora) 19
Daedalus43, 44-
Dainty7 -
Dampier, Robert 92 Dampier, William 18, 19-
Dana, J. D. 106 - dances 62
- Danger Island 15, 23, 25
- Dangerous Archipelago 25, 50
- Darien 2
-
Dart93 Darwin, Charles 98-99- Dauribeau, Lt. 56-59
Davis, John 7, 19, 50- Davis Land (Davis Island) 50, 60
- Daybreak Island 53
- De Almagro, Diego 2-3
- De Amat, Manuel 60
- Deans Island (Rangiroa) 74, 106, 107
- death of Cook 33
- De Balboa, Vasco Nuñez 2
-
Defoe, Daniel 19 - de
Houtman, Frederick 16 - De Langara, Cayetano 60, 61-62
- Del Cano, Juan Sebastian 3-4
- De Legaspi,
Miguel Lopez 5 - De Loyasa, Garcia Jofre 4
- De Mendaña, Alvaro 6, 7-8, 29, 44, 46
- De Mendoga, Rodrigo 12, 13
- D'Entrecasteaux, Bruni 36, 45, 49, 56-59
- D'Entrecasteaux Islands 56
- De Peyster Island (Nukufetau) 109
- Deptford 37, 38
- De Quiros,
Pedro Fernandez 7-8, 9-11, 23, 39, 46, 59 - De Saavedra, Alvaro 4
- deserters 54
-
Desire7 - destruction of gods 103
- De Torres, Luis Vaez 8, 9
- De Urdaneta, Andres 5, 8
- De Villalobos, Ruy Lopez 5
- de Weert, Sebald 11
- Dezhnev, Mr. 68
-
Diana75 - Diaz, Bartholomeo 1
Diemen, Anthony van 17Dillon, Peter 55, 89, 95-97- Disappointment Islands 21, 107
Discovery30-34, 35, 41-45- discovery of Hawaiian Islands 34
- discovery of New Zealand 17-18
- dissection of corpses 34
Dixon, George 35, 38- Dog Island 14, 23, 74
- dogs 29
Dolphin21-24, 30- Dominica (Hivaoa) 8, 29, 56, 63
- Don Joseph de Galvez Islands 62
- double canoes 13, 17, 93
- Doubtful Island (Tekokoto) 27, 74
- Doubtless Bay 51
- Douglas, Capt. 38
Downes, John 102, 105-106- Downes, The 21, 23, 24, 26
- Drake, Francis 6, 7, 33
- dried fish 93
- Drummond, Mr. 71
- Drummonds Island (Tabiteuea) 109
-
Duchess19 - Ducie, Lord 39
- Ducie Island 39, 41, 85, 92
- duck cloth 100
- Duclesmeur, Capt. 53
Duff35, 46-49, 65- Duff group 49
Duhaut-Cilly, A. 80, 84-85, 88-
Duke19 - Duke of Clarence Island (Nukunono) 40, 41, 108
- Duke of Gloucesters Islands 24, 43
- Duke of York Island (Moorea) 23, 24, 40, 108
- Dumont d'Urville, J. S. C. 80, 83-84, 87-88, 104
Duperry, Louis Isadore 80, 83, 89- Du Petit-Thouars, Abel 80, 86-87, 99, 108
- D'Urville Island 84
- Dusky Sound 27, 43
- Dutch 6, 11-18, 20, 37, 41, 44, 71, 105; attacks on Spanish 15
- Dutch East India Co. 12, 13, 15, 19, 20, 96
- Dutch West India Co. 19
-
E
-
Eagle19 - Eappo, Chief 33
- ear plugs 1
- Earl of Bristol 27
- Earl of Chatham 43
- Earl of Sandwich 33
- East India Company, see under British and Dutch
- East Indies 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 18, 19, 37, 49, 51, 57, 68, 88, 100
- Easter Island 19, 20, 29, 39, 49, 54, 55, 60, 69, 70, 72, 74, 80, 85, 86, 89, 92; statues of 19
Ebrill, Thomas 88, 100- eclipse of sun 1766, 25
-
Edel, Johan 16 - Edel Land 16
Edwards, Edward 35, 39-41Eendracht13-15, 16- Eendrachtsland 16
- Egmont Island (Vairaatea) 23, 93
- Eiao 43, 64, 65, 66, 67
- Eimoa (Moorea) 29, 39, 105
- Elizabeth, Queen 7
- Elizabeth Island (Henderson) 85, 92, 98
- Ellice Islands 6, 102, 108, 109
- Emperor of Japan 70
- Emperor of Russia 70, 71
- Encarnacion Island 39
Endeavour25, 30- Enderbury Island 108
- Enfant Perdu 50
- England 6, 7, 11, 19, 20-49, 55, 60, 84, 89, 90, 91, 95, 102
- English attacks on Spanish 18-19
- Enua-iti Island 31
- equatorial islands 63, 67, 97
- Ereti, Chief 50
Erskine, J. E. 89, 101-
Eschscholts, Frederick 74 Espérance49, 56-59- Esperance Island (Hope) 36, 57, 59
- Espiritu Santo 9
Essex102-105-
Essex Junior102 - Essington, Captain 44, 57, 59
Étoil49, 50-51- Eua Island (Middleburgh) 17, 27, 31, 40, 84, 107
-
F
- Faaite Island (Miloradovich) 78
- Fair Haven (Honolulu) 45
-
Faith11 - Fakahina Island 78, 80
- Fakaofu Island 108
- Fakarava 78, 98
- Falklands (Malouines) 19, 21, 50, 63, 65, 81, 83, 106
- Falmouth 43, 99
- Fanfoue Island (Ofu) 79
- Fangatau 77, 78
- Fangataufa 93, 101
- Fanning, Edmund 63, 65-67
- Fanning Island 66, 67
- Fatafehi, Chief 40
- Fatuhiva 8, 29, 56
- Fatuhuku 29, 56, 70
- feather garments 39, 45, 64, 91-92; helmets 39
- Federal Island (Nukuhiva) 63, 64, 67
- Feenou, Chief 57
Felice35, 38- Fenua Ura (Scilly Islands) 24
- fermented breadfruit 47
-
Fidelity11 - Fiji 17, 37, 78, 84, 88, 95, 100, 101, 107
- Finch, Capt. 105
- first circumnavigation of world 4
- first Kamchatka expedition 68
Fitz-Roy, Robert 89, 98-99, 101- flax, New Zealand 29
- Flint Island 108
-
Florida4 - Fly River 16
Flying Fish106-109- Formosa 54
-
Forster, George 27 -
Forster, John Reinhold 27 - Four Crowns Island (Teku) 108
- France 18, 49-59, 62, 67, 71, 80-89, 96; National Assembly of 55; war with Holland 57, with Spain 18-19, with Russia 71
-
Franklin, Benjamin 64 - Franklin, Capt. 92, 95
- Franklin Island (Motuiti) 64, 67
- Freeman Island (Eiao) 65, 67
- French attacks on Spanish 18-19
- French Bay 81
- French Consul 85
- French explorers 49-59, 62, 80-89
- French Frigate Shoal 54, 109
- French Pass 84
- French trade 87
Fresne, Marion de 29, 49, 51-54Freycinet, Louis de 75, 79, 80, 81-82, 89- Friendly Isles (Tonga) 58
-
Friendship105 - fruit 102, 103, 107
- Funafuti 108
- fur trade 35, 38, 39, 55-56, 63-73, 78-81, 89-90, 101, 102
Furneaux, Tobias 27, 30- Furneaux Island (North Marutea) 27
- Futuna 15, 20
-
G
-
Gaetano, Juan 5 - Galapagos Islands 44, 85, 86, 91, 98, 102
- Gambier, Admiral 47
- Gambier Islands (Mangareva) 34, 35, 47, 80, 85, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93
- Gardner Island 108
- Gattanewa, Chief 102
Gayangos, Thomas 60-61, 62- Gente Hermosa (Olosenga) 9, 108
- George III, King 36, 37
- Georgian Islands 26
- Geraldton 16
- Gilbert Islands (Kingsmill) 83, 109
- Gilolo Island 97
- Gironde, the 81
- Gloucester group 90
- Gloucester Island (Paraoa) 23, 93
- Golden Bay 17
-
Golden Hind6 - Golovnin, Vassili 69, 75-77, 81
-
Gonzalez, Felipe 60 - Gonzalez, Narciso 61
Gooch, William 43, 44- Good Hope Island 15, 40
-
Good News11 - Gore, John 30-34
- Goree 11, 12, 15
-
Gorgon41 - Gorgona Island 18
- Goughs Island 45
- Grand Duke Alexander Island (Rakahanga) 78
- Gravesend 38, 97
- Great Australian Bight 16
- Great Britain 6, 7, 11, 19, 20-49, 55, 60, 89, 90, 91, 95, 102
- Great Barrier Reef 41, 50
- Great South Sea 3
- Great South Sea nation 43
- Green, Charles 25
- green fodder 30
- Greenwich Hospital 30
- Greig Island (Niau) 78, 79
- Grenville Island (Rotuma) 41
-
Grijalva, Juan 2 - Groene Islands 17
- Guagein Island 79
- Guam 3, 7, 12, 16, 18, 19, 54, 62, 81, 84, 85, 88
-
Gueriere105 - Gulf of Carpentaria 16
- Gulf of Uraba 2
-
H
- Haapai Islands 17, 29, 31, 40, 55, 62, 88
- Hagenmeister, Lt. 69, 72-73, 80, 81
- Hale, Horatio 106
-
Halford, Henry 91 - Hall, James Norman 41
Hamilton, George 39-41- Hampton Roads 107
-
Hancock, John 64 - Hancock Island (Hatutu) 64, 67
- Hao Island 25, 50, 77, 83, 93, 95, 100
- Hao Lagoon 93
- Hanson, Lt. 44
- Happahs (Hapas) 102, 105
- Happy Islands 40
- Haraiki 60, 61, 62, 95, 101
- Harp Island (Hao) 25, 50, 83
- Hartog, Dirck 16
- hats 20
- Hatutu 43, 56, 64, 65 67
Havannah89, 101- Havre, France 59, 81, 84, 85
- Hawaii, island of 33, 38, 39, 43, 44, 45, 54, 56, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77, 81, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 95, 105, 108, 109; ceded to Great Britain 44
- Hawaiian alphabet 31
- Hawaiian implements 35
- Hawaiian laborers 91
- Hawaiian maraes 31
- Hawaiian sailing canoes 76
- Hawaiian Islands 5, 7, 29-34, 35, 38, 39, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 54, 56, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 95, 97, 99, 101, 102, 105, 106, 108; discovery of 34
-
Hawksworth, John 26 -
Hawkins, John 6 -
Hawkins, Richard 7 -
Hector41 - headdress, bleached-hair 20
-
Heddington, Thomas 42 Heemskirk17-18- Hell, Governor M. de 87
- helmets, feather 39
- Henderson Island 92
- Henry 88
-
Herald96 - Heretua Island 108
Hergest, Richard 43, 44, 102- Hergests Islands 44
- Hergests Rocks 43, 67
- Hermanos Island (Tetiaroa) 61
Heros84-85- Hervey, Capt. 27
- Herveys Island (Manuao) 27, 31
- Heywood, Midshipman 41
- Hikueru 61, 62, 95, 101
- Hillyar, Capt. 105
- Hiti Island 108
- Hivaoa 8, 29, 47, 56
- Hobart 84, 88, 96, 99
Hodges, William 22, 27, 29, 58, 94- hogs 24, 97, 100, 102, 103, 107
- Hokkaido 71
- Holland 11, 12, 14, 15, 44, 57; war with France 57
- Holts Island (Taenga) 90, 101
- Honden Island (Pukapuka) 14, 23, 98, 107
- Honolulu 45, 75, 79, 85, 86,
- Honga Hapai 55
- Honga (Tonga) 55 95, 97, 99, 105, 106, 108, 109
- Hoods Island (Fatuhuku) 29, 56, 63, 65, 70, 97
Hoogly45, 57- Hooghly River 96
Hoorn13-15Hope11, 63, 67, 78- Horne (Hoorn) Islands 15, 20, 107
- House of Baux 55, 67
- Houtmans Island (Abrolhos) 16
- Howes Islands 40
- Huahine 26, 27, 29, 31, 36, 37, 40, 47, 61
- Huahuna (Uahuka) 43, 64, 67
- Huapu (Uapou) 47, 67
Hudson, William L. 106-109- Hull Island (Maria) 87, 108
- human-hair braid 37
-
Hunter95
-
I
- Ile Baux (Nukuhiva) 56
- Ile de Bourbon 88
- Ile de France 53, 54, 57, 59, 81, 84
- Ile Marchand (Uapou) 56
- Ile Plate 56
- Ile du Point du Jour 53
- images, wooden 92
- implements, Hawaiian 35
- Incas 2
- India 1, 51, 68, 95
- Indian Ocean 57, 99
- Indians of American coast 1, 11; killing of 11
- Inglis, Ellice, and Co. 90
Ingraham, Joseph 59, 63, 67Iphigenia35, 38- Ireland 45
- Irrigen Island (Labrynth) 19-20
-
Isabella74 - Islands of Disappointment (Napuka, Tepoto) 31, 107
- Islands of the Lateen Sails (Marianas) 3
- Islands of Thieves (Ladrones) 3
- Isle de Landers (Akiaki) 50
- Isle of Wight 36
- Isthmus of Panama 99
- Isthmus of Taravao 9
-
J
- Jacatra (Batavia) 15
- Jack-in-the-Basket 39
Jacquinot, Charles Hector 80, 87-88- Jamaica 37
-
Janzoon, William 16 - Japan 1, 5, 46, 54, 70, 71
- Jarvis Island 97, 108
- Java 16, 20, 85, 106
- Javal, Messrs. 84
-
Jean Bart87 Jefferson63, 64- Jefferson Island 64, 67
- Jennings, Capt. 90-91
- Johnstone, Lt. 44
- Juan Fernandez Island 18, 19, 44, 50, 51, 87, 92
Jupiter60-61
-
K
- Kaa Island 88
- Kahoolawe 34
- Kaiana, Chief 38, 39, 43
- Kailua 77, 91
- Kalaimoku, Governor 75, 79
- Kalaniopuu, King 33
- Kamamalu, Queen 91
Kamchatka69, 75, 77, 81 Kamchatka 34, 54, 68, 70, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 86, 95, 96; first expedition to 68- Kao Island 55
- Karafuto 71
- Karakakoa Bay 42, see Kealakekua
- Katiu Island 78
- Kauai 31, 33, 34, 38, 43, 44, 45, 46, 72, 73, 74, 77, 90, 91, 99, 108; ceded to Russia 74
- Kauehi 98, 101, 107, 108
- Kaukura Island 29
- Kaula (Taura) Island 33
- Kaumualii, King 73, 74
- kava 62
- Kealakekua Bay 33, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 72, 75, 77, 92, 105
- Keeling Islands (Cocos) 99
- Keerweer, Cape 16
- Kellett, Lt. 99-100
- Keppel Island (Niuatobutabu) 15, 24
- Kerguelen Trémarec, Yves Joseph de 59
- Kerguelens Land 30
- Kermadec, Huon 56-57
- Kermadecs 35, 36, 57, 59, 84, 87, 107
- King George 35, 55
- King George Island (Tahiti) 23, 25
- King George Islands (Takaroa and Takapoto) 14, 20, 21, 49, 107
- King George Sound 99
- King Island (Taiaro) 98, 101
- King, James 30, 34
- King, Philip Parker 98-99
- Kings: Fio 78; George III, 36, 37; Kalaniopuu 33; Kamehameha I, 38, 39, 44, 45, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 91; Kamehameha II (Liholiho) 84, 91; Kamehameha III, 85, 105; Kaumualii 73, 74; Philip 5; Pomare 43; Pomare II, 78, 93; Tamatoa 105; Tubou 57
- Kingsmill Islands (Gilberts) 83, 109
- Kinsale 18
- Kodiak Island 72, 81
- Kordinkoff (Rose Island) 79
- Kotu Island 37
Kotzebue, Otto von 69, 70, 74-75, 78-79, 80- Kotzebue Sound 74, 92, 95
- Knox, General 64
-
Knox, S. R. 106 - Knox Island (Eiao) 64, 67
- Kronstadt 70-74, 78-79
Krusenstern, A. J. von 68, 69-71, 72, 74, 80, 86- Krusenstern Island (Tikahau) 74, 80, 106, 107
- Kunashiri Jima 75
- Kupang 88
- Kurile Islands 75
-
L
- Labillardière, J. J. de 56-59
- Labrador 26
- Labyrinth (Irrigen) 19-20
- La Dominica (Hivaoa) 47, see Dominica
- Ladrones (Marianas) 3, 4, 5, 8, 13, 106
Lady Penrhyn35, 36-
Lady Washington63 -
Laffitte, Jacques 84 -
Laffitte, Martin 84 - Lagoon Island (Tematangi) 37, 93
- Lagoon Island (Vahitahi) 25, 93
- Lahaina 45, 105
- La Hermosa (Huahine) 61
- Lamb, J. and T. 64
- Lampong Bay 88
- Lanai 34
- Langdon Island (Hatutu) 65, 67
langi(marae) 48- Langle, M de 54
- Langsdorff, Dr. 70
- La Nouvelle Cythere 50
- La Pérouse, J. F. G. de 36, 41, 49, 54-55, 59, 62, 84, 95-97; search for 56-59, 95-97; wrecks of ships 84, 96
-
La Princessa60 - La Princessa Island (Raiatea) 61
- La Sagittaria 8, 9, 23
- Las Islas de Marquesas de Mendoza 8, 56
-
Lasalle, Emile 104 - lateen sails 3, 14
- Late (Latte) 55, 60, 62
- Lauriston Bay 51
- Laval, Honoré 86, 87
- Lazarev, Mikhail 69, 73-74, 77, 80
- Lazarev Island (Matahiva) 78
-
Leeuwin16 - Legrand, M. 57
- Lehua Island 33
- Le Maire, Isaac 13-15, 20, 23, 24
Le Maire Jacob 13-14, 15, 20, 24- Leone Bay 79
- Les Deux Freres (Motuiti) 56
- Les quatre Facardins (Vahitahi) 50
- Lesseps, Viscount 96
- Lesson, M. 83
- Leyte Island 5
- Lione Island (Olosenga) 79
- Lisbon 11
- l'Heremite, Jacob 15
- Lifuka Island 88, 101
- Liholiho, King 84, 91
- Lima 61
-
Lincoln, Abraham 63 - Lincoln Island (Motuoa) 63, 67
- Lisiansky, Urey 69-71, 72, 80
- Lisiansky Island 69, 71, 72
- Literary and Historical Society of New England 67
- Litke, Mr. 75
- livestock 44
- London 84, 89, 90, 91
- London Missionary Society 46-47, 79
- Long, A. K. 106
- Lord Hood Island (South Marutea) 39, 41, 47, 93
- Lord Howe Island (Mopiha) 24, 29
- Los Martires (Tekokoto) 61, 62
- Los Tres Ermanos (Tetiaroa) 61
- Louisiade Islands 57, 88
- Louis Philippe Land 87
- Loyalty Isles 88
-
M
- Macao 18, 21, 34, 35, 36, 38, 46, 49, 54, 56, 66, 71, 72, 81, 85, 90, 95, 100
Macassar44, 45-
Macauley, G. M. 36 - Macauleys Island 36, 57, 90
- Macquarie Island 78
- Madisons Island (Nukuhiva) 102
- Madras 38, 46
- Madre de Dios Bay 56, 63
- Madura 57
- Magdalena (Fatuhiva) 8, 29, 56, 63
-
Magee, James 63 Magellan, Ferdinand 3-4mahi(fermented breadfruit) 47-
Mahu, Jacob 11 - Maiaiti Island 50
- Maitea (Meetia) 83
- Majorca Island (Vavau) 62
- Makatea 20, 107
- Makemo 90, 101
- Malabar coast 1
- Malacca 1, 38
- malaria 8
- Malay Peninsula 1, 38
- Malayan pirates 105
-
Malden, Charles 92 - Malden Island 89, 92, 101
- Malouines 19, 81, 83
- mamo feathers 45
- Manchu Dynasty 68
- Mangaia 30, 87
- Mangareva (Gambiers) 34, 35, 47, 80, 85, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93
- Manihi Island 14, 21, 108
- Manila 8, 9, 12, 19, 62, 75, 79
- Manono Island 107
- Manua Islands 9, 20, 40, 50, 79, 88, 101, 107
- Manuae (Herveys Island) 27, 31
- Manuhangi Island 23
- Maoris 51, 57, 77, 99
- Maori carvings 77
- Maori double canoes 17, 51
- Maouna (Tutuila) 54, 79
- maraes: Hawaiian 31; Tahitian 48, 49; Tuamotuan 9
- Marchand, Etienne 44, 49, 55-56, 59, 67, 102
- Marchand Island (Uapou) 56, 67
Margaret89-90, 101- Margaret Island (Nukutipipi) 90, 101
- Maria Island (Hull) 85, 87, 88
- Marianas 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 39, 54, 56, 62, 66, 79, 81, 84, 85, 88, 106
- Marquesan chief 102
- Marquesas 3, 6, 8, 29, 34-35, 43-44, 47, 49, 56, 59, 63-67, 69, 70, 72, 80-81, 86-87, 88-89, 97, 99, 102-105, 108
Marquis de Castries49, 53-54- Marokau Island 25
Marsden, Samuel 83-84- Marshall Islands 6, 74, 75, 79, 109
- Marseilles 55, 83, 84
- Marutea 27, 39, 41, 47, 93; North 27; South 39, 41, 47, 93
-
Mary Ann96 - Masafuero Island 21, 65
Mascarin49, 53-54- Massachusetts 105
- Massachusetts Island (Huahuna) 64, 67
- Massacre Bay (Leone) 79
- Masse, Piere 55
- Masse Island 67
- Martin, Thomas Byam 93
- Matahiva Island 78
- Matavai Bay 23, 25, 29, 37, 39, 43, 45, 47, 49, 79, 87, 107
-
Matilda93 - Matilda Rocks 93
- matting 20
- Maturei-vavao Island 100
- Maui, island of 33, 38, 39, 45, 55, 81, 97, 105, 108
- Mauke 89, 92, 100
- Mauna Kea 44
- Mauna Loa 75
Maurelle, Francisco A. 54, 60, 62- Mauritius Island 17, 53, 83, 87
- Maurua (Maupiti) 40, 61, 79, 83, 97
- Mayoa (Aoutourou) 51, 53
- McKean Island 108
McTavish, Fraser , and Co. 90Meares, John 35, 38- measles 91
- Meetia 23, 25, 27, 31, 37, 39, 43, 50, 60; 61, 78, 83, 95
- Melanesia 6, 8, 9, 15, 37, 49, 50, 62, 100
- Melbourne Island (Matureivavao) 100
- Melville Island (Hikueru) 95, 101
- Mendana group 63, 65
Mercury35, 38-39- Mexico 2, 4, 5, 6, 21; attacks on 18-19; Viceroy of 2, 5
- Mexico City 2
- Micronesia 23, 74
- Middleburgh Island (Eua) 17, 27
- Mikhaylov Island 78
- Miloradovich Island (Faaite) 78
- Mindanao 4, 5
- Minerve Island 87
- Minto Island 100
Mirni69, 77-78- missionaries 6, 31, 46-47, 49, 60, 61, 79, 86, 87, 96, 97, 99, 105
- Moctan Island 3
- Modoo Mannoo (Nihoa) 44
- Modoopapapa (Nihoa) 34
Moerenhout, J. A. 80, 85-86, 88, 105- Moerenhout Island (Maria) 85, 87, 88, 108
- Moller Island (Amanu) 77, 83
- Molokai 34, 39, 95
- Moluccas 1, 4, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 83
- Monterey 43, 44, 86
- Monterey Bay 54, 95
- Montevideo 81
- Montezuma 2
- Moorea (Eimeo) 24, 29, 31, 37, 39, 47, 60, 105
- Mopiha 24, 29
- Morane Island 88
- Mordwinoff, Admiral 69
Mortimer, George 35, 38-39- Mostvitin, Mr. 68
- Motane 8, 29, 56, 63
- Motuiti 56, 64, 65, 67
- Motuoa 63, 67
- Motu-one 69, 79, 80, 107
- Motutunga Island 27
- Mouat, Capt. 21
- Mount Duff 47, 87
- Mount Egmont 29
- Murderers Bay 17
- Mururoa Island 24
- Museums: Amsterdam 16; Bishop 45, 67, 92; Paris 84
- mutiny on
Bounty36-37, 39-41, 92
-
N
Nadeshda69-71, 72, 74- Nagasaki 70, 71
- Nagasaki Bay 70
- Naginoui, Chief 51
- Nahienaena, Princess 91-92
- Nairoa Island (Rangiroa) 107
- Nanomanga Island 109
- Nanomea 109
- Nantes 49
- Nantucket 65
- Napuka Island 21, 107
- Narcisse (Tatakoto) 83
- Nassau Bay 16
- Nassau Fleet 15-16
- National Assembly of France 55
- Navidad 2, 5, 6, 9, 13
- Navigator Islands, 50, 54, 59; see also Samoa
- Necker Island 54, 109
- Nengonengo Island 23
- Neva 69, 70-71, 72-73
- New, Thomas 43
- New Albion 33
- New Archangel 68, 79, 81
- New Britain 50, 51, 83, 84
- New Caledonia 29, 51, 56, 57, 101
- New Castile 2
- New England merchants 63
- New Guinea 9, 15, 16, 17, 41, 56, 57, 83, 84, 88, 97
- New Hebrides 9, 29, 88, 101
- New Holland 18, 36, 37, 43
- New Ireland 83
- New South Wales 36, 84, 87
- New Spain 2, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, 20, 86
- New York Island (Eiao) 66, 67, 108
- New York City 66, 105
- New Zealand 17, 18, 26, 27-29, 30, 43, 49, 51, 52, 53, 57, 77, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89, 95, 96, 99, 107; war canoe of 52
- New Zealand flax 29
- Newfoundland 25
-
Nexsen, Elias 65 - Nexsen Island (Hatutu) 66, 67
- Niau Island 78
- Nigeri Island (Nihiru) 78
- Nihoa (Bird Island) 34, 44
- Niihau 31, 33, 34, 38, 43, 45, 46, 76, 90
- Niuafou 15, 40
- Niuatobutabu 15
- Niue (Savage Island) 29, 37, 47, 89, 101
- Niutao Island 109
-
Nocton102 - Nomuka 17, 37, 40
- Noort, Olivier van, 11-12
Nootka35, 38-44, 45- Nootka Sound 44, 45, 55, 80
-
Nordhoff, Charles 41 - Nore, The 34
- Norfolk Island 29, 44, 55
- North Cape 57
- North Island 17, 84, 88
- North Marutea 27
- North River 105
- Northern passages, search for 11, 31, 92
- Nott, Mr. 105
- Nova Scotia 25
- Nukualofa 107
- Nukufetau 109
- Nukuhiva 43, 47, 56, 63-67, 70, 88, 102, 105
- Nukunono 40, 41, 108
- Nukutavake 23, 93
- Nukutipipi 24, 90, 101, 108
-
O
- Oahu 33, 34, 38, 39, 43-46, 74, 75, 81, 85, 90-92, 97, 99, 108
- Oaitapu Island 109
- Oberea, Chieftainess 23
- Oena Island 92
- offering to Captain Cook 32
- Ofu 50, 79, 107
- Ohetahoo [Tahuata?] 43
- Oheteroa (Rurutu) 26
- Ojalava [Savaii?] 79
- Okhotsk 69; sea of 68, 75
-
Olive Branch65 Oliver, Petty Officer 40-41- Olosenga 9, 50, 79, 107, 108
- Omai 27-31
- Ono Island 78
- Ontong Java 6, 17
- Oparo (Rapa) 35, 43, 77
- opium 38
-
Oregon109 - Orkneys 87
- ornaments, breast 37
- Orsmond, Rev. 105
- Osnaburgh (Meetia) 23, 25, 27, 43
- Osten-Saken (Katiu) 78
- Otago Harbor 88
- Otaheite (Tahiti) 22, 27, 94
- Otakutea Island 31
- Otumba 2
- Oura, see Takaroa
- Oyolava [Savaii?] 54, 79
-
P
- Pacific, discovery of 2; map of 10
- Paddock, O. 65
- Palau Islands 47, 49, 88
- Palliser Islands 29, 74, 79, 90
-
Palmer, Nathaniel 78 - Palmer Land 78
- Palmerston Island 29, 40, 47, 49, 83
-
Palmyra66 - Palmyra Island 66, 67
- Panama 2, 99
- pandanus flour 93
Pandora35, 39-41- Pandora's Box 40
- Papeete 86, 100
- Papua 4
- Paraoa Island 23, 93
- Paris 59, 85, 96, 97
- Paris Museum 84
- Parkinson, Sydney 25, 26, 52
- Parramatta 83-84
- parrots 79
- Parry, Capt. 92, 95
- Parry Island 92
-
Pataca4 - Patagonia 3, 14, 21
pa'u91-92- Paul, Tsar 68
- Payta 3, 6, 7, 13, 83, 86; sacking of 13
Peacock102, 106-109- Peacock Island (Ahii) 107, 108
- Peal, T. R. 106
- pearl shell 93
- pearl-shell breast ornaments 37
- Pekin 71
-
Pelican6 - Pelsaert, Capt. 16
- Penrhyn (Tongareva) 35, 36, 69, 74, 102, 108
- Pepys Island 21
- Pernicious Island 19, 20
-
Perkins, Thomas H. 63 - Peru 2, 3, 20, 21, 51, 60, 61, 86, 95, 99, 102, 107; attacks on 15, 18-19; conquest of 6; ports of 85; Viceroy of 8, 21, 60
- Peter I Island 78
- Peter the Great 68
Petit-Thouars, Abel du 67, 86-87- Petropavlovsk 95
- Philip of Spain 5
- Philippine Islands 3-8, 11-12, 51, 54, 59, 62, 88
Phillip, Arthur 36, 55- Phillips, Richard 90
- Phillips Island (Makemo) 90, 101
- Phoenix Islands 102, 108, 109
-
Phoebe105 - Phormium tenax 29
-
Physicienne81 - Pic de la Boudeuse 50, 83
Pickering, Charles 18, 106- Pieter Nuyts Land 16
- Pieter Verhagen Co. 11
- pigeons 79
- pigs 26, 90, 97, 107
- Pinaki Island 23, 93
- Piquiore Chief 53
- piracy 6, 11-13, 18-19, 66, 105-106
- pirate headquarters 106
- Pitcairn Island 24, 39, 85, 89, 92, 97, 100
- Pitt Island (Vanikoro) 41
Pizarro, Francisco 2, 3, 21- plantains 49
- Plate Island 56, 67
- Plymouth 6, 7, 25, 27, 30, 75, 96, 99
- Plymouth Sound 23, 45
- Point Venus 25, 47, 98
-
Poivre, M. 53 - Pola [Upolu?] 54, 59, 79
- Polynesia, map of 10
- Pomare, King 43
- Pomare II, King 78, 93
- Pomare, Queen 86, 87, 89
- Pondicherry 51
Porpoise102, 107, 108- Port Anna Maria (Taiohae Bay) 70
- Port Cavite 54
- Port Desire 14, 21
- Port Famine 23
- Port Jackson 36, 44, 45, 55, 77, 81, 83, 96, 99, 101
- Port of St. Peter and St. Paul 34, 54, 55, 70, 71, 74
- Port Royal, Jamaica 37
- Port Royal (Matavai Bay) 25
Portlock, Nathaniel 35, 37, 38, 55- Porter, David 102-105
- Portsmouth 41, 72
- Portugal 3, 4, 11
- Portuguese navigators 1-4
- Portuguese settlements 3
-
Postillion11 Potomac102, 105-106- poultry 97, 107
- Poverty Bay 26
Predpriatie78-80- Predpriatie Island (Fakahina) 78, 80
- prehistoric settlement of Pacific 1
- prelimniary exploration 1-3
- priests 46, 47, 60, 61, 86, 99
Prince Frederick23-24- Prince of Wales Island 21
- Prince William Henry Island (Nengpnengo) 23.
- Princess Nahienaena 91-92
- Prise de Possession Island 53
- Pritchard, Consul 87, 101, 105
- privateers 18-19
- Probys Island (Good Hope) 40
Providence35, 37, 45-46- provisioning 24, 26, 79, 88, 91, 107
-
Puget, Peter 44 - Pukapuka (Dog Island) 14, 74, 98, 107
- Pukapuka (Danger Island) 23
- Pukarua Island 47, 87, 93, 107
- punitive attacks 15, 103
- punitive expeditions 15, 53, 95, 102-105
- Purea, Chieftainess 23
- Pylstaart Island 17, 55, 80, 83
-
Q
- Quallah-Battoo 106
-
Queen Charlotte35 - Queen Charlotte Island (Nukutavake) 23, 93
- Queen Charlotte Sound 27, 29, 30
- Queens: Elizabeth 7; Kamamalu 91; Pomare 86, 87, 98
-
R
- Radak chain 74, 79
- Raiatea 20, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 37, 40, 47, 61, 79, 97, 105
- Raivavae 60, 61, 62, 85
- Rakahanga 69, 78
- Ralik chain 74
- Rangiroa 14, 74, 106, 107
- Raoul, M. 57, 59
- Raoul Island 57, 59, 87, 107
- Rapa 35, 43, 69, 77, 85
- Raraka Island 107, 108
- Raroia 78, 108
- Rarotonga 87, 89, 100
- Ravahere Island 25
- Reao (Clermont Tonnerre) 83, 89, 93, 107
Recherche49, 56-59- Recreation Island 20
- red feathers 31
- redwood logs 72
Reid, W. E. 106, 108- Reid Island (Tuanake) 108
Relief106-109- Reitoru Island 25
- religion, Christian 6, 31, 46-47, 60, 61, 79, 86, 87, 97, 99, 105
- religious structures 9, 31, 48, 49
- Renouard, Midshipman 40
- Resanov, M. 70
Research89, 96-97Resolution26-34, 35, 64- Resolution Bay 43, 64, 65, 97
- Resolution Island (Tauere) 27, 64, 67
-
Reynolds, J. N. 106 - rice 71
- Rich, William 106
- Ringgold, Cadwalader 106-109
- Rio de Janeiro 3, 45, 47, 50, 78, 81
- Rious Island (Uahuka) 43, 67
Rives, Jean B. 84-85Roberts, Josiah 63, 64-65- Roberts Islands 43, 67
- Robinson Crusoe 19
- Roblet, Surgeon 55
-
Robson, Anthony 90 -
Roebuck18 - Rogers, Woodes 19
Roggeveen, Jacob 18, 19-20, 60- Rollin, M. 55
- Romanzoff, Count 69, 74, 75
- Romanzoff Island (Tikei) 74, 78, 79
Roquefeuil, Camille de 80-81, 88- Rose Island 79, 80, 81, 88, 89, 107
- Rossel, Lt. 45, 56-59
- Rotterdam (Haapai group) 17, 29, 53
- Rotuma 41, 49, 50, 83, 89
- Royal Geographical Society, Journal 100
- Royal Society 25, 26, 30
Rurick74, 75- Rurick chain (Arutua) 74, 79-80, 107, 108
- Rurutu 26, 31, 45
Russell, Edward 89, 100, 101- Russell, New Zealand 101
- Russia 34
- Russian Ambassador to Japan 70
- Russian American Co. 68, 69, 70, 73, 75, 78, 79
- Russian calendar 70, 77
- Russian Emperor 69
- Russian explorers 68-80
- Russian forts, Kauai 74
- Russian Ministers: of Commerce 69; Marine 69
- Russian settlements 68, 73, 75, 77, 91
- Russian traders 33-34
-
S
- Sacramento River 109
- sailing canoes, Tongan 14
- St. Augustines Island (Nanomea) 109
- St. Blaise 62
- St. Francis Island 16
Saint George18-19- St. Helena 37, 44, 55, 71, 72, 88
- St. Helens Road 21
St. Jean Baptiste49, 51- St. Lawrence River 25
- St. Malo 51
- St. Patrick 95
- St. Paul Island 39
- St. Peter and St. Paul, port of 34, 54, 55, 71
- St. Peter Island 16
- St. Petersburgh 71, 75
- St. Vincent 37
- Saipan 39
- Saken Island (Katiu) 78, 108
- Sakhalin 54
- Salem 105
- salt 71, 90
- Samar 3
- Samoa 9, 20, 35, 40, 49, 50, 54-55, 59, 69, 74, 79, 80, 81, 88, 89, 101, 102, 107
- Samarang 41
- San Antonio Island (Maupiti) 61
- San Bernardo Island 8
- San Cristobal Island (Meetia) 60, 61
- sandalwood 81, 91, 95, 101
- Sandwich Islands 29, 33, 38, 44, 45, 47, 54, 56, 72, 85, see also Hawaiian Islands
- Sandy Hook 109
- San Francisco 33, 81, 109
- San Juan Island (Hikueru) 61, 62, 95
-
San Lorenzo60 -
San Lucas5 - San Narciso Island (Tatakoto) 61, 62, 83
- San Pablo Island (Hereheretue) 108
- San Pedro Island (Borabora) 56, 61
- San Pedro Island (Motane) 8, 29, 56, 63
- San Quintin Island (Haraiki) 60, 61, 62, 95, 101
- San Salvador, Brazil 44
- San Salvador (Watlings) Island 2
- San Simon Island (Tauere) 60, 61, 62
-
Santa Ana - Santa Christina (Tahuata) 8, 29, 56, 63, 65, 97
- Santa Cruz de Ohatutira 61
- Santa Cruz Islands 8, 9, 41, 55, 57, 83, 84, 96
- Santa Rosa Island (Raivavae) 61
-
Santa Rosalia60 - Santiago 2, 86
- Santo Domingo Island (Moorea) 60
- Savage Island (Niue) 29, 37, 47, 89, 101
- Savaii 40, 50, 54, 59, 88, 101, 107, 108
- Sawle, Capt. 66
- Schaadelyk (Pernicious) Island 19-20
- Scheffer, Yegor 73-74, 75, 77, 91
Sceptre44, 57- Schapenham, Vice Admiral 15
-
Schouten, Jan 14 Schouten, William 13-15, 20, 23, 24- Schouten Islands 15
- Scilly Islands (Fenua Ura) 24
- scurvy 3
- scurvy grass 21
Sea Gull106-109- Seagull group 108
- Sea of Okhotsk 68, 75
Sea Otter35, 38- sea otter fishery 81
Selkirk, Alexander 18-19- Serle Island (Pukarua) 47, 87, 93, 107
- Sever, Capt. 36
- Seville 4
- Shannon 45
- shark-tooth weapons 23
- Shelekhov, Mr. 68, 69
- Shetland Islands 87
- Siberia, conquest of 68
- silk trade 66
- silk wadding 71
- Simonov Island 78
- Singapore 109
- Sir Charles Saunders Island (Tapuae-manu) 24, 50
- Sir Henry Martins Island (Nukuhiva) 43, 67
- Sitka 73, 74, 79
- Sitka Sound 68, 72
- skirts 20, 91-92
- smallpox 53
- smuggling 20, 78
- Snares, the 43
- Society Islands 8, 9, 20, 22-31, 35-37, 39-40, 43, 45-51, 59-62,. 69, 73, 77-80, 83, 85-90, 92-95, 97-98, 100-102, 105-108
-
Solander, Charles 25 Solide49, 55-56- Solitaria 8
- Solomon Islands 6, 7, 8, 50, 88
- Sondergrondt Island 14
- South America 2, 3, 6, 20, 49, 59, 60, 86, 98, 105
- South Continent 23, 26, 27-29, 30
- South Georgia Island 29
- South Island 27, 43, 84, 88
- South Orkneys 87
- South Sea Academy 105
- South Sea Co. 35
- South Shetland Islands 87
- Southern Co. 13
- Southland 17, 19
- Spanish explorers 2-6, 7-9, 59-62
- Spanish settlements 2, 3, 15, 61
-
Sparrman, Anders 27 - spears 50
- Speiden Island 109
- Spice Islands (Moluccas) 1, 4, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 83
- spice trade 12
Spilbergen, Joris 12-13, 15- Spiridoff Island 74, 78
- Spithead 21, 24, 29, 36, 37, 41, 91, 92, 100
Starling99-100- Staten Land 14, 17, 26, 29, 55
-
Stavers, T. R. 97 - Stavers Island 97
- statues, Easter Island 19
- stepped marae 48
Stewart, Charles S. 102, 105- Stokes, Pringle 98-99
- Stonington 63, 65
- Storm Bay 56
- Stradling, Capt. 18
- Strait of Le Maire 14, 15, 19, 21, 54, 80
- Strait of Magellan 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 21, 23, 50, 87
- Strait of Malacca 46
Sulphur86, 89, 99-100, 108- Sumatra 66, 88, 105, 106
- Surabaya 57, 83
- Surville, M. de 49, 51
- Suvorov 69, 73-74, 77
- Suvorov Island 69, 73, 77
- Sydney 78, 81, 87, 89, 90, 101, 107
- Sydney Island 108
- Swains Island (Olosenga) 9, 108
Swallow23-24, 51- Swan, Capt. 18
-
T
- Tabiteuea Island 109
- Table Bay 29, 30, 34, 37, 56, 75
- tabu law 44, 92
- Tacouri, Chief 53, 54
- Taenga Island 90, 101
- Tafahi (Cocos and Traitors Islands) 14-15
- Tahaa Island 26, 40, 47
- Tahanea Island 78, 108
- Tahiti 8, 9, 22-31, 35-37, 39-40, 43, 45-51, 59-62, 69-73, 77-79, 83, 85-90, 92-95, 97-98, 100-101, 105-108
- Tahitian fleet 94
- Tahitian marae 48
- Tahuata 8, 29, 56, 65, 97
- Taiarapu 31
- Taiaro Island 98, 101, 107
- Taiohae 105
- Taiohae Bay 70
- Taipi tribe 102
- Taipi Valley 103, 105
- Takapoto 14, 20, 21, 29, 107
- Takaroa 14, 21, 29, 49, 107
- Takume Island 77, 78
- Takurea Island 108
- Tamar 21-24
- Tamatoa, King 105
- Tammatapappa Island (Nihoa) 34
- Tanna 57
- tapa 20
- Tapuae-manu 24, 50
Tasman, Abel 17-18, 20, 26, 29- Tasman Bay 84
- Tasmania 17, 30, 37, 39, 43, 45, 53, 56, 84, 88, 96, 99
- Tartary 54
- Tatakoto 61, 62, 83
- tattooing 19, 20, 46, 82, 104
- Tau 50, 79
- Tauere 27, 60, 61, 62, 108
- Taura Island 33
taupouchiefess 20- Tautira 61
- Tchitchagoff Island (Tahanea) 78
- tea 71
- Tekokoto Island 27, 61, 62
- Teku Island 108
- Tematangi 37, 93
- Tenararo 100
- Tenarunga 100
- Tennavee, Chief 44
- Tepoto 21, 107, 108
- Ternate 1, 13, 15, 16
- Terra Australia Incognita 16
- Tetiaroa 25, 39, 47, 61
- Texel 12, 14, 19
- Thames River 47, 49
- The Groups 25
- The Nore 34
Thienhoven19, 20- Thijssen, Francois 16
- Three Kings Islands 17, 57
- Thrumb-Cap Island (Akiaki) 25, 93
- Tidore 1, 4
- Tierra del Fuego 14, 16, 29, 81, 98
- Tikahau 74, 106, 107
- Tikei Island 74, 79
- Tikhanov, Mr. 77
- Tikopia 89, 95, 96
- Timoe 47, 87, 92
- Timor 37, 41, 81, 88, 97
- Tinian 21, 23, 24, 39, 56, 66
- Tiokea (Takaroa) 29, 49
- Tipping, William 38
- Toau 29, 98
- Tobin, Lt. 37
- Todos Santos Island (Anaa) 60, 61
- Tofua (Tofoa) 37, 55, 88
- Tokelaus 6, 9, 35, 41, 102, 108, 109
- Tokyo 70
- Toledo 2
- Tonga 15, 17, 18, 27, 29, 31, 35, 37, 39, 40, 47, 49, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 80, 84, 88, 89, 96, 100, 101, 102, 107
- Tongan sailing canoe 14, 58
- Tongareva (Penrhyn Island) 35, 36, 69, 74, 102, 108
- Tongatabu 17, 27, 31, 39, 40, 47, 49, 55, 57, 84, 101, 107
- Tooe-no-haa 65
- Torres Strait 37, 88
- Toulon 56, 81, 83, 87, 88
- Tracys Island (Oaitapu) 109
- trade 19, 102; British 102; chinaware 66; cloth 11, 66; curio 27, 100; fur, see fur trade; opium 38; sandal wood 101; salt 90; spice 12; tea 66; with natives 15, 17, 24, 27, 31, 40, 46, 50, 61, 79, 81, 90, 100
- Traitors Islands (Verraders) 14, 24
- transit of Venus 25
- Trevenens Island (Uapou) 43, 67
- Trinidad 45
-
Truro98 - Tsar Paul 68
- Tuamotuan marae 9
- Tuamotus 3, 8, 9, 14-15, 19-20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 35, 37, 40-41, 49-50, 55, 60-62, 69, 74, 77-80, 83, 85-86, 88-90, 93, 95, 98-102, 106-109
- Tuanake Island 108
- Tubuai 31, 39, 47, 85
- Tubuai Manu 50
- Tubou, Chief 40, 57, 62
- Tuca de Lama 106
- Tupaea 25-26
- Tureia 39, 41
Turnbull, John 89-90, 101- turtles 31, 91
Tuscan89, 97- Tutuila 40, 50, 54, 79, 88, 101, 107
- Tuvai 107
- Tuwarri 93
- Two Brothers Island 67
-
Tyerman, Daniel 79 - Typa Harbor 38
- Typinsan Island 46
- Tytler, Dr. 96
-
U
- Uahuka 43, 63-64, 67
- Uapou 43, 47, 56, 63, 64, 67
- Ulietea (Raiatea) 26, 79
- Umata [Umatac?] 88
- Unalaska 33
- uninhabited islands off American coast 18
- United States Consul 86, 87
- United States explorations 63-67, 101-109
- Upolu 40, 50, 54, 59, 79, 88, 101, 107, 108
- Ural Mountains 68
Uranie75, 80, 81-82- Uvea (Wallis Island) 24, 40, 107
-
V
- Vahanga 100
- Vahitahi (Lagoon Island) 25, 50, 93
- Vairaatea 23, 93
- Valparaiso 11, 14, 44, 60, 80, 85-87, 99, 102-103, 106-107
- Vanavana Island 93, 101
- van
Diemen, Anthony 17 - Van Diemens Land (Tasmania) 17, 30, 37, 39, 43, 45, 53, 84
Vancouver, George 30, 35, 41-45- Vanikoro 41, 55, 84, 96
- van Noort, Olivier 11-12
- Vavau 37, 40,' 55, 60, 62, 88, 89, 100, 101
- Vehiatua, Chief 61
Venus86-87, 99, 108- Vera Cruz 6
- Verquikking (Recreation Island) 20
- Verraders (Traitors Island) 14, 20, 24
- Vespree Island (Abendroth) 19
- vi apple trees 49
- Viceroys: of Mexico 2, 5; of Peru 8, 21, 60
Vincennes102, 105, 106-109- Vincennes Island (Kauehi) 98, 101, 107, 108
Visscher, F. J. 17-18Vitoria3, 4- Vlieghen Island (Rangiroa) 14, 86, 107
-
Volador85 - Volonsky Island (Takume) 77-78
Vostok69, 77-78- Vostok Island 69, 78, 80
-
W
- Waigiu 81, 83
- Waikiki Bay 38, 44, 45
- Waimea, Kauai 31, 34, 43, 72, 73, 77
- Waimea River 34
- Wake Island 109
Wallis, Samuel 9, 15, 23-24, 25, 30, 59- Wallis Island (Uvea) 24, 40
- wars: England, Holland 44; England, Spain 7, 20-21, 55; England, United States 102; France, Spain 18; France, Russia 71; Holland, France 57; Holland, Spain 12
- war canoes 52, 104; Marquesan 104; New Zealand 52
- Washington Group 63, 65, 66, 67, 70
- Washington Island (Uahuka) 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 108
- Waterlandt Island (Manihi) 14, 86, 107
- Watts, John 35, 36
- Watlings Island (San Salvador) 2
- weapons, native 20, 23, 50, 55, 78, 103
Webber, John 30-34, 76- West Australia 16
- West Friesland 14
- West Indies 2, 18, 20, 36, 37, 45, 102
- Whales' teeth 81
- whaling 86, 87, 89, 97, 98, 101, 102
-
Whetten, John 65 - Whitby 25
- Whitsun Island 23
- Whitsunday Island (Pinaki) 93
Wilkes, Charles 101, 102, 106-109Williams, John 96, 105Wilson, James 35, 46-49, 65- Wilson, Missionary 105
- Wilson, William 48
- Wilson Island 86
- Wittgenstein Island (Fakarava) 78, 98
- wood carvings, Maori 77
- wooden image 92
- Woolwich 95, 100
- Wrangel, M. von 75