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        <title type="marc245">The New Zealand Railways Magazine, Volume 2, Issue 8 (December 1, 1927)</title>
        <title type="sort">New Zealand Railways Magazine, Volume 02, Issue 08 (December 1, 1927)</title>
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          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408853">Captains of Commerce and Industry. Road And Rail Complex. Opposition Or Co-Operation? Search For A Transport Policy</name>.</title>
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            <name type="person" key="name-408362">Charles M. Bowden</name>
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          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408854">As They Do It in the States</name>.</title>
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            <name type="person" key="name-408382">Earl B. Searcy</name>
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          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408856">Glimpses of West Coast Scenery. (Concluded.) Greymouth And District</name>.</title>
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            <name type="person" key="name-408377">F. S. Dollimore</name>
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          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408857">A Century of Railway Romance</name>.</title>
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            <name type="person" key="name-408449">J. Barr-Linney</name>
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          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408858">The New Zealand Railways Cheered Him Up</name>.</title>
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            <name type="person" key="name-408480">K. Robert Law</name>
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            <name type="work" key="name-408859">“To-day”</name>
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          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408860">The Machine Tool</name>.</title>
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            <name type="person" key="name-408445">Herbert G. Williams</name>
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          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408861">Middleton and Modern Marshalling</name>.</title>
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          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408862">In The Waikato. Workers' Educational Association</name>.</title>
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            <name type="person" key="name-408469">J. T. Dwyer</name>
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          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408863">Production Engineering. (Part XVII.) “Safety First” In The Workshops</name>.</title>
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            <name type="person" key="name-408055">E. T. Spidy</name>
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          <titlePart type="main">
            <hi rend="c">The New Zealand<lb/>
Railways<lb/>
Magazine</hi>
          </titlePart>
        </docTitle>
        <byline>
          <hi rend="i">Registered for transmission by Post as a Newspaper</hi>
        </byline>
        <docImprint><hi rend="i">Published by the</hi><publisher><hi rend="i">New Zealand Government Railways Department</hi></publisher><lb/><hi rend="i">“<hi rend="c">For Better Service</hi>.</hi>”<lb/>
<hi rend="lsc">Circulation Over</hi> 20,000<lb/>
Vol. 2. No. 8. <pubPlace><hi rend="c">Wellington</hi>, <hi rend="sc">New Zealand</hi></pubPlace>
<docDate><hi rend="c">December</hi> 1, 1927</docDate>.</docImprint>
      </titlePage>
      <div xml:id="t1-front-d2" type="section">
        <p><hi rend="c">The</hi> New Zealand Railways Magazine is delivered free to all employees in the service of the Railway Department, to the principal public libraries in the Dominion, and to the leading firms, shippers and traders doing business with the New Zealand Railways.</p>
        <p>It is the officially recognised medium for maintaining contact between the Administration, the employees, and the public, and for the dissemination of knowledge bearing on matters of mutual interst and of educative value.</p>
        <p>
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            <head>
              <hi rend="c">Ponte Vecchio, Florence.</hi>
              <lb/>
              <hi rend="i">(F. V. Ellis, Rly. Studio, 1927)</hi>
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    <body xml:id="t1-body">
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        <head>
          <hi rend="c">Editorial.<lb/>
A Great Event.</hi>
        </head>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d1-d1" type="section">
          <p>Good things have a habit of coming in troops. That is quite a common exprience of both individuals and nations. So the return of prosperity to the Dominion, the arrival of the Rt. Hon. L. S. Amery, and the approach of Father Christmas, all within a month or so of each other, are among the fortunate conjunctions of events that the thinking public like to regard as due rather to custom than coincidence.</p>
          <p>The people of the far-flung countries, continents, and islands that fly the Union Jack are just as closely identified in their speech, habits, laws, customs, beliefs, and outlook as are those of Surrey and Kent, of Edinburgh and Glasgow.</p>
          <p>The disadvantages of their geographical separation are being rapidly overcome by speedier transit methods; but more rapid than the inventions of the engineers is the movement towards complete understanding produced by such momentous visits around the Empire as those paid by the Empire's representatives-our present King and Queen, our Prince, our Duke and Duchess, our Prime Ministers, and now our Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs.</p>
          <p>Mr. Amery's visit marks an outstanding development in Empire history. His own brilliant record reveals a combination of those personal qualities that go to the making of a great man and a great statesman. His interest in the overseas Dominions is natal as well as national, for he was born in the North-west Province of India where his father-a Devon manheld a position in the Forest Department. Young Amery was early sent Home to gain the advantage of that traditional education which so closely links Harrow and Oxford with the Empire as a whole. At both school and university he acquitted himself brilliantly, finishing in style in 1897 by having the rare distinction of being elected to a Fellowship of All Souls College.</p>
          <p>Concentrating his attention upon journalism, the paper which sets the world standard in news distribution, the London “Times,” found in 1899 that it could not be happy without Mr. Amery's services, and he was retained for the next ten years on the editorial staff of that great bulwark of all that is best in British character and sentiment. While with the “Times” he had a period as war correspondent in South Africa and in 1902 became a Barrister of the Inner Temple.</p>
          <p>As happens with so many skilled journalists the possibilities of a parliamentary career early claimed his attention and we find him, at the age of thirty-three, trying his fortune at Wolverhampton as a Unionist and Tariff Reformer. His first four shots at the hustings failed; but with that quality of perseverance which is the sure guarantee of ultimate success, Mr. Amery was undaunted, and at his fifth attempt was returned (in 1911) for South Birmingham.</p>
          <p>During the Great War he served in Flanders, Salonika and the Balkans, later rising through various executive offices to the position of Secretary to the Admiralty in 1921–22. He was later First Lord of the Admiralty for two years.</p>
          <p>Mr. Amery's parliamentary career has excelled even the bright promise of his earlier days, with the result that he now holds the portfolio of Secretary of State for the self-governing Dominions and also for the rest of the Empire.</p>
          <pb xml:id="n3" n="3"/>
          <p>In nothing has he shown more clearly the right to be classed amongst the greater of British statesman than in the wonderfully clear vision he has of the Empire's power and possibilities. Speaking of Great Britain's war debt to America he said: “The development of the Empire is our War of Independence against American domination,” and as a convinced Protectionist, he sees in that policy a most valuable weapon for helping to win this economic war, and would apply it by adopting a really vigorous system of Empire preference.</p>
          <p>Mr. Amery is to be congratulated on the capacity for work and organisation which has helped him to break through old customs, and do, what no Colonial Secretary has ever before managed, that is, go all about and around the Empire and see things for himself.</p>
          <p>
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        <div xml:id="t1-body-d1-d2" type="section">
          <head>
            <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408852"><hi rend="c">Luncheon Baskets on Trains</hi></name>.</title>
          </head>
          <p>Amongst the travel amenities which the Department is providing for the current Summer's traffic is the supply of luncheon baskets on main trunk passenger trains in the North Island.</p>
          <p>These promise to be a boon to travellers who prefer to have their refreshments on the train rather than at the counters or dining rooms of refreshment room stations.</p>
          <p>The depots to stock the hampers will be Marton and Frankton. If the innovation proves popular the system will be extended to other districts. Any passenger desirous of obtaining a hamper will require to notify the Stationmaster when joining the train at the starting station, or the guard, in sufficient time beforehand, so that the Refreshment Rooms staff at the stations mentioned may have time to prepare the hampers for placing on the train.</p>
          <p>When the train arrives at either Marton or Frankton the hampers will be delivered through the train to the passengers who ordered them.</p>
          <p>The baskets are very neatly and smartly equipped with the necessary table-ware and will contain cold meats, salad, biscuits, cheese, bread, butter and fruit. They will also have a thermos flask containing tea or coffee as ordered or aerated waters will be provided if desired. The charge for the luncheon so prepared will be 3/-.</p>
          <p>In his statement to Parliament this year, the Hon. Minister of Railways in referring to the intention to provide a supply of hampers said:—</p>
          <p>“Refreshment services, whilst being expected to pay, must also be looked upon as a very necessary service to the travelling public, and do offer, if fully utilised, a very valuable saving of time to busy men and women travelling by the express trains. The refreshment section of the English railway systems is taken full advantage of in popularising train services, and administrative officers know the value of giving rapid transit to passengers, while at the same time so arranging matters that the travellers land at their destinations fully equipped for the prosecution of business without avoidable loss of time in the partaking of meals.</p>
          <lg type="verse">
            <l>Some of your griefs you have cured,</l>
            <l>And the sharpest you still have survived;</l>
            <l>But what torments of pain you endured</l>
            <l>From evils that never arrived!</l>
            <byline>-Emerson: translated from the French.</byline>
          </lg>
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          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408853">Captains of Commerce and Industry.<lb/> <hi rend="c">Road And Rail Complex.<lb/> Opposition Or Co-Operation?<lb/> Search For A Transport Policy</hi>
</name>.</title>
        </head>
        <byline>(By <name type="person" key="name-408362"><hi rend="c">Charles M. Bowden</hi></name>, President, Wellington Chamber of Commerce.)</byline>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d2-d1" type="section">
          <p>
            <hi rend="b">With this article Mr. Bowden begins the new series of special articles (from the viewpoint of business men, manufacturers, and others), which will appear regularly in the Railways Magazine.</hi>
          </p>
          <p><hi rend="c">Business</hi> men is general will appreciate the innovation of the “Co-operation Page” in the Railway Magazine, as affording an opportunity of free expression of opinion on the service provided by the N. Z. R. At the outset I desire to acknowledge the compliment of the invitation to contribute the first article, and look forward with interest to reading other contributions from commercial men well qualified to write on various matter affecting the transport of the Dominion's produce and imports. This page in successive months will be the clearing house of commercial opinion. In it there will be no mere dogma-no expression of views which cannot be supported by reasoned argument, and need it be said that naught will be set down in malice? Doubtless some of the suggestions made in successive issues will be controverted by other writers. So much the better. In the multitude of counsellors there is wisdom, and the voices of critics may indicate the royal road.</p>
          <p>To criticise the Department is not the purpose of this article. One appreciates the work of its officers, and recognises the improvements introduced by them of late years. But the onlooker sees most of the game, and sometimes his views are of interest!</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d2-d2" type="section">
          <head>Expansion of Original Functions.</head>
          <p>First, then, it may be said that the New Zealand Railway Department has interests now beyond its original functions. It is interested, actively and indirectly, in road transport, conveying both passengers and goods; and in steamer traffic also. In fact it would better be described to-day as the “Department of Transportation.” Accordingly it is not out of place in this article to refer to or consider, all transport matters.</p>
          <p>In recognising the widespread interests of the Department, may I be permitted just a word of warning. The tendency toward nationalisation is causing-has caused-serious unrest in commercial circles. There is a growing feeling that the excursions and incursions into the business field, made by an enterprising government, are too many and varied, and are (in many cases) economically unsound and commercially unjust.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d2-d3" type="section">
          <head>Co-ordination of Rail and Road.</head>
          <p>It must be apparent to all that the problem of co-ordination or competition of rail and road services is one of the most difficult problems of our day. I consider the cost of distribution in New Zealand to be probably the highest factor in our cost of living budget; certainly it is one of the most important. The length and configuration of the country are admittedly a contributory cause, but the fact remains and is worth inquiry.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d2-d4" type="section">
          <head>Royal Commission of Transport.</head>
          <p>I put forward, earnestly, the suggestion that a Royal Commission on Transport be appointed to deal fully with this matter. I am aware that a Ministry of Transport is foreshadowed, and that this is more or less a committee of inquiry by responsible heads in departments such as the Railways, Marine and Public Works. Should it not go farther in its scope and representation? Surely the Harbour Boards, Highways Board, Municipal Association are also vitally interested. So too are the shipping companies, the carriers, and, above all, the great, inarticulate, long suffering general public, and the commercial interests who serve them.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d2-d5" type="section">
          <head>Road Competing with Railways.</head>
          <p>I do not need to refer here, except in passing, to the petrol tax. In another place I joined in a protest; but the voice was raised not against the tax per se, but against the lack of policy behind it. To me it did not appear that its effects had been well considered, or that it was part of a co-ordinated plan. If designed to penalise the road users and to protect the railways, it will do neither. Generally speaking, the charge will be passed on (except in respect of
<pb xml:id="n5" n="5"/>
pleasure cars) and the huge sum collected will be used to further improve highways and so intensify the competition against the railways.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d2-d6" type="section">
          <head>Roading Ahead of National Need.</head>
          <p>I believe the time has come to call a halt in the policy of road construction, at least till a general transport policy is evolved. I do not attack the roading policy or suggest that value has not been obtained for money spent-it may or may not have been-but this Dominion should not allow the pace in road construction to be set by comparison with other countries. England has probably about the same length of roads as New Zealand, but has forty times the population to pay for them. Sydney has about the same population as New Zealand, but less than onefortieth of the area to be served.</p>
          <p>Let the roading policy be considered in relation to the rail-leave the main highways for a time and consider the backblocks, and the roads to and from the railways.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d2-d7" type="section">
          <head>Some Unnecessary Harbours.</head>
          <p>Millions of pounds have been spent in the past in harbours around our coasts. Many of them should never have been started.</p>
          <p>The Local Bodies Loans Board (advocated years ago by Chambers of Commerce), is doing excellent work. The pity is that it did not exist 15 years ago. What is the result of the expenditure on roadsteads? It is high freights in respect of all New Zealand produce, and high insurance rates, too. The ships must be compensated for the lost time and the risk involved in loading or waiting at open roadsteads, and the good ports pay for the bad, for the flat rate applying to all ports is fixed with regard to the risks mentioned.</p>
          <p>The second class ports take a big toll of New Zealand and a general transport policy is required. It might pay the Dominion to load or discharge at central ports, and utilise road or rail transport or coastal steamers in conjunction therewith. The quicker “turn round” of overseas vessels would of itself effect savings of considerable magnitude.</p>
          <p>These matters may fall a little outside of the purely railway purview, but are relevant and proper to consideration of a general transport policy, in which the railways are so vitally interested.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d2-d8" type="section">
          <head>Other Matters.</head>
          <p>Other writers will probably deal with certain aspects of railway finance and activity, e.g., the sawmill and housing scheme, losing money on every 100ft. of timber sold and every house built, besides competing unfairly with the sawmillers who are amongst the railways' best customers; the limitation of liability for loss or damage; the unfairness of the exemption of railway dwellings from payment of local rates; and their 'bus competition in certain districts.</p>
          <p>Has a serious attempt been made to retain the suburban traffic by means of small electric or petrol driven trains, running at frequent intervals?</p>
          <p>I have not the time nor the knowledge to go fully into these questions; nor have I set out to expound the law and the prophets, but merely to direct attention to the biggest question of all-a comprehensive transport policy in all branches.</p>
          <p>Just in passing, what about the amalgamation of the Railway, Tourist, and Publicity Departments? Their work necessarily must be closely allied-almost overlapping in some cases!</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d2-d9" type="section">
          <head>The Railway Capitalisation.</head>
          <p>In conclusion, a few words as to Capitalisation. It sometimes happens in business that obsolescence of premises or plant, or changing methods, or a new process or vogue, or some other cause, forces on the shareholders the realisation that their company cannot be expected to continue earning profits on the amount invested. In such case the company reconstructs; the losses are faced and written off the capital, or in other words the capital is written down. Are the Railways in that position? Does the capital account contain thousands of entries of which the assets are no longer in existence? If so, it is not reasonable to look for “dividends” still to be earned on them. Write down the capital account to a proper figure, and set out to make a commercial profit on the reduced amount.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d2-d10" type="section">
          <head>The Call To-day.</head>
          <p>The call, to my mind, is for a co-ordinated and complete transport policy in the interests of the whole population of the Dominion, present and future. Years ago the canals of England were the last word in transport-(in many parts of the continent they are still)-but the railways superseded them. Perhaps in time something will supersede the railways.</p>
          <p>Call together the all too numerous bodies who have to do with transport-the Railways Department, Highways Board, Road Boards, Harbour Boards, Marine Department, Public Works and Electrical Department and formulate a policy in conjunction with the Shipping and Transport Companies. But a Royal Commission is necessary to do the job properly.</p>
          <p>Efficient transport is vital to a nation's trade! (Certain points referred to in Mr. Bowden's article will be dealt with in out next issue; others are covered by a statement made through the press by the Prime Minister on 1st December, but subsequent to the writing of Mr. Bowden's article.-Ed., N. Z. R. M.)</p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n6" n="6"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d3" type="section">
        <head>
          <hi rend="c">Week-End Lure of the Rail.<lb/>
Wellington Excursion To Wanganui.<lb/>
The Latest Holiday Fashion.</hi>
        </head>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d3-d1" type="section">
          <p><hi rend="c">The</hi> four hundred excursionists from Wellington who invaded Wanganui on Saturday, 5th November, will carry away with them delightful recollections of their visit to Taranaki's River Town.</p>
          <p>Several factors contributed to make the outing a marked success. In the first place, the exceptionally well thought out. The trip was essentially one to give the people of the capital city a chance to see something of the wonders of the Wanganui River. The Railway Department consequently completed arrangements with the river boat proprietors (Messrs. Hatrick &amp; Co.) for concession rates on the river, and also cut the ordinary railway tariff in half. Having done this a combined ticket was issued, providing for return rail journey, return train seats, river trip to Parakino Pa with lunch and afternoon tea on the boat, all for £1 11s. 8d. 1st class, and £1 4s. 4d. 2nd class. The combination of charges, with low fares and wide publicity to make the people know fully what was available, proved irresistible, with the result that the Department had to close down on bookings before the excursion train started, in order that the party might be kept within the limits of accommodation available on the three river boats-the “Waione,” the “Ohura” and the “Wakopai.”</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d3-d2" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">At Day's Bay.</hi>
          </head>
          <lg type="verse">
            <l>The heavens seemed riven with the rush and roar</l>
            <l>(The ceaseless throbbing of the city's heart</l>
            <l>With life exultant), and in street and mart</l>
            <l>Sights stabbed the eye the heart must needs deplore.</l>
          </lg>
          <lg type="verse">
            <l>I sought surcease in tomes of ancient lore,</l>
            <l>in study of the beautiful in art;</l>
            <l>But ah, my spirit struggled to depart</l>
            <l>And dwell with Nature face to face once more.</l>
          </lg>
          <lg type="verse">
            <l>Here hath my soul her sweet nepenthe found!</l>
            <l>And joys to list, as hours unheeded pass,</l>
            <l>The bush-dove's drowsy notes, the hum of bee,</l>
          </lg>
          <lg type="verse">
            <l>The tui's trill, the rustling trees around,</l>
            <l>The wind-waked murmur of the toi-toi grass,</l>
            <l>The ever-varying music of the sea.</l>
          </lg>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d3-d3" type="section">
          <p>Another innovation that was greatly appreciated was the arrangement made by the Railway for hotel or boarding house accommodation to suit the visitors. Lists of hotels and tariffs were obtained and passengers booking for the trip were given a wide selection to draw from. Having made their choice cards were filled in and the accommodation booked accordingly.</p>
          <p>A fast run was scheduled from Wellington, the journey to Wanganui (150 miles), taking only 5 hours 20 minutes. The train leaving Wellington had a total of 14 vehicles-good cars of the modern type now provided on the Main Trunk expresses. To most of the travellers the district beyond Palmerston North was new, and expresions of surprise were general regarding the richness of the country through which the railway route runs on its way to Wanganui. There was no change over at Aramoho, the Wanganui Excursion Train running direct into Wanganui Station soon after six on Saturday evening, having left Wellington at one o'clock and making stops only at Levin, Palmerston North and Feilding. On the journey the “Wanganui” folder, supplied by the corporation of Wanganui, was distributed through the train by the Department's officers. Much interest was also created by the distribution of a handbill headed “Boys! Boys! Boys!” informing everyone of the fireworks display arranged for Cook's Gardens the same evening.</p>
          <p>The Railway Business Agents (Messrs. W. A. Marshall, J. Pringle and J. McDonald) also made a canvass of the train on the run, to ensure that everyone had his accommodation pre-arranged, and this precaution proved very helpful, for almost fifty were found who had taken no steps to secure accommodation for the night. By wiring ahead, the Wanganui Traffic Inspector (Mr. Husie) was able to arrange for these late comers.</p>
          <p>Arrived at Wanganui, the travellers found a host of friends on the platform to meet them, and within a few moments all the people had started off to their respective hotels, where
<pb xml:id="n7" n="7"/>
reduced rates had also been arranged to make the trip more attractive.</p>
          <p>This is the first occasion upon which the Railway Department has initiated a trip of the kind to Wanganui, and its complete success gives every encouragement to the Department to repeat the experiment at an early date. Wanganui people are already wondering whether they will be afforded a similar opportunity to visit Wellington in the near future. <note xml:id="fn1-7" n="*"><p>Since the above was written a most successful excursion from Wanganui to Wellington has been run.-Ed.</p></note>
</p>
          <p>The visitors were provided for by the Corporation Buses running on observation trips after dinner, and those who made this inspection of the town by night had the benefit of Guy Fawkes illuminations from various vantage points on the run.</p>
          <p>The Sarjeant Art Gallery, which was specially kept open for the occasion, also attracted much attention, whilst the picture theatre, dance halls and supper rooms were splendidly patronised.</p>
          <p>It appears that quite a number decided not to let “summer-time” steal upon them unawares, for they stayed up to “change clocks” at the witching hour of two a.m. But this did not prevent the full quota reaching the river pier at nine a.m. (summer-time) to join one of the three river-steamers provided for the trip.</p>
          <p>A total of just over four hundred made the river journey, and general were the expressions of delight as the various stretches of river opened up in the course of the run.</p>
          <p>A Maori member of the party (Mr. Takarangi) undertook to explain the historical features of the various places passed. The zest with which he entered into this work, his graphic power of description, animated action, fervour, and wholesouled attention to the job upon which he was engaged, pleased and interested all who had the privilege of being within range of his voice. Thus was the time whiled away, with story and conversation as the three steamers wound their way among the hills or through straight stretches such as the three mile course where Webb and Arnst tried conclusions for the world's sculling
<figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail007a"><graphic url="Gov02_08Rail007a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail007a-g"/><head><hi rend="c">Wanganui River-On the Way to Parakino Pa.</hi><lb/><hi rend="i">(Photo by W. H. Raine)</hi></head></figure>
<pb xml:id="n8" n="8"/>
championship. Although retired from the active championship list, Webb still may be seen at times keeping himself fit on the river to which in former years his prowess did so much to attract the world's attention.</p>
          <p>“Kemp's pole” was one of the most interesting historical features seen on the journey. This pole is about 50 feet high and is embellished with rich carvings of Maori art. It was erected to mark the spot which Major Kemp agreed with the Maoris should indicate the highest point of European control on the river. Above that point Europeans in the old days ventured at their peril.</p>
          <p>Luncheon had been served in the saloon by the time Parakino Pa was reached, and there almost all the excursionists disembarked to see the evidences of native life, to mingle with the Maoris, and to enjoy the hakas, dances and songs put on for the entertainment of the visitors. The Publicity Department had their movie camera man with the party, whilst a full bench of amateur photographers wandered around the village, snapping everything that smacked of the unusual, and revelling in the opportunity thus afforded of adding to their collection of personal records of places they had been to, and people they had met. The Maoris entered into the spirit of the thing and cheerfully posed in all kinds of attitudes to please their new pakeha friends. The return journey was even more successful than the outward one, for by now all the travellers were mixing more freely and entering heartily into the holiday spirit that is so necessary for the full enjoyment of an outing of the kind.</p>
          <p>The train load of passengers left Wanganui at 7 o'clock the same night. They had an excellent run to Wellington, with a stop at Palmerston North for refreshments. Trams, taxis, and buses met the train on its arrival in the city soon after midnight. The excursionists carried away with them vivid recollections of a delightful holiday spent amidst the glories of the River which has made New Zealand famous, and the River town that has a reputation for hospitality which the experience of the present visit will serve only to enhance.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail008a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail008a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail008a-g"/>
              <head>
                <hi rend="c">A Glorious Reach on the Wanganui.</hi>
                <lb/>
                <hi rend="i">Photo by W. H. Raine</hi>
              </head>
            </figure>
          </p>
          <pb xml:id="n9"/>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail009a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail009a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail009a-g"/>
              <head>Scene in the beautiful Pukekura Park, New Plymouth.<lb/>
(<hi rend="i">N. Z. Publicity Dept. Photo</hi>.)</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n10" n="10"/>
      <div decls="#text-2-bibl" xml:id="t1-body-d4" type="section">
        <head>
          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408854"><hi rend="c">As They Do It in the States</hi></name>.</title>
        </head>
        <byline><name type="person" key="name-408382">Earl B. Searcy</name> (a Member of the Illinois State Senate) graphically tells in the “Railway Age” how a tenderfoot rode a Chicago and Alton fast passenger locomotive from Springfield to St. Louis.</byline>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d4-d1" type="section">
          <p><hi rend="c">It</hi> was one of those dismal, murky, depressing nights, the like of which, we used to say back in reporting days, was good for a murder. Often, the prophecy came true. Which, from a newspaper standpoint, was an asset, for the occasion usually betokened an enticing banner line for page one of the morning edition.</p>
          <p>Eleven o'clock had come and the deeply interested trainmaster and I were gazing intently up through the yards for the piercing headlight of No. 79, the Chicago-St. Louis Fast Mail. It was ten minutes overdue, then.</p>
          <p>“You're in for a ride to-night, boy,” Ennis, my companion, assured me.</p>
          <p>“Why?” I queried, in reply. “They won't attempt to make up lost time to-night, surely?”</p>
          <p>“Depends on who's pulling her,” said Ennis, professionally. “If it's either Wilcoxson or Sid Bean, you'll not be very late in St. Louis, no matter what time you get out of Springfield. There's a fifteen-minute clearance order for 79, you know, from one end of the run to the other; and she carries a cargo of contract mail, and a lot of the distance from here south is down hill.”</p>
          <p>A panorama of wide curves, some of them not so wide, and descending grades down through the Macoupin bottoms, 50 miles south-with which I was familiar-swept hastily past in my mind. A train had piled up near Macoupin station, at the bottom of the hill, ten days before. I remembered having read of it, and wondered why 79 should choose this night to be late.</p>
          <p>“You're going to get your money's worth, boy,” continued Trainmaster Ennis. “Wish I could go along.”</p>
          <p>The last remark brought reassurance. Again, we gazed northward, past the Madison Street crossing. At fifteen minutes past eleven-I noted the time-a burst of light, far eclipsing the street lamps that dotted the freight yards, suddenly threw the strings of box-cars and flats into vivid outline, even at half-a-mile that dark night.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d4-d2" type="section">
          <head>Rolling, Steaming, Squealing into Port.</head>
          <p>“The lost is found,” commented Ennis. “Let's walk down to where the engine stops, so we'll have plenty of time to meet the crew. Wish I was going along.”</p>
          <p>Locomotives have always fascinated me, but as this giant hog of a machine in action came rolling, steaming, squealing into port, I gazed at it with abiding inquisitiveness.</p>
          <p>“Engine 659, the biggest we've got,” called Ennis, above the din of arrival, as the train came to a stop. “And the fastest,” he added, though he probably knew I would reach that conclusion in the ensuing two hours. We walked alongside the tender as the fireman climbed up and aft and prepared to take on water. The engineer, we noted by his torch, was letting himself down out of the cab, on the side opposite us.</p>
          <p>At Ennis' direction-I was yet in his hands-we walked around in front of the pilot. That locomotive looked a mile high and a quarter-of-a-mile across. Continuing, we came upon the engineman as, with torch in hand, he was bending over in an effort to make certain that no boxes on his tender were hot, nor any cups devoid of grease or oil.</p>
          <p>“It's Sid Bean,” called the trainmaster. His sally of a few minutes before, “If it's either Wilcoxson or Sid Bean, you'll not be very late in St. Louis,” flashed in my mind, though I said nothing.</p>
          <p>We approached the big, good-natured engineer. After an introduction we shook hands. Then Bean, taking the special order that Ennis proffered him authorising my transportation in the engine cab instead of in a coach far in the rear, continued his oiling and inspecting. Presently the fireman came down from the tender and joined Ennis and me.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d4-d3" type="section">
          <head>Coal-slinger Introduces Himself.</head>
          <p>“My name is Ed Parker,” announced the coal-slinger for whom, presently, I amassed the greatest respect and sympathy.</p>
          <p>“Now, you're all set,” concluded Ennis. “Follow the fireman and he'll take care of you.”</p>
          <p>I climbed the iron ladder, gazed for a moment at the bulging boiler with its maze of bars, rods, levers and valves, noted that the place was warm enough, even in winter, and, at Parker's direction, positioned myself on a small seat directly in front of a larger cushion which the fireman occupied-or would have, had he been someone other than a busy fireman on Engine No. 659.</p>
          <pb xml:id="n11" n="11"/>
          <p>In a moment, Engineer Bean climbed aboard. Then followed a careful reading by both men of typed orders on flimsy, silhouetted against a lone electric light, the rays from which were noticeably shaded. Almost immediately, two shrill whistles, played apparently by air, sounded from the top of the cab, and Sid Bean took his seat on the right-hand side, opposite me. Somebody touched, pressed or pulled something somewhere, and the engine bell started somersaulting. Simultaneously I felt a jar and, looking out of my meagre portion of the cab window, discovered that we were starting to move. The ride had commenced.</p>
          <p>When it comes to adventure, I have never claimed to be other than a tenderfoot. Front line service in France had its tragic thrills. A few years ago, while up in an airplane with a strange, though trusted, ex-army pilot, I suffered -using that word advisedly-a generous shock when at three thousand feet we went suddenly into a series of loops, and later did a bit of spiralling, barrel-rolling and volplaning, for-as my pilot afterward explained-good measure. A kick, for me, is always there, when doing the unusual.</p>
          <p>So, when the sense of motion came, I began an earnest survey, with the aid of what light there was, of my surroundings. I gazed straight ahead, sighting the track along the huge steel bulk that even after a few hundred feet was starting to rock slightly. The oblong window in front of me, with the slit extending vertically, permitted vision. I was struck by the transformed shape of the huge locomotive, as viewed from back in the cab. Its graceful lines, as seen from the side, and from a distance, had vanished. It looked more like a long projectile, a mass of some sort, with boards and rods running the length of it. I wondered how Engineer Sid Bean was making it, and glanced across toward his side.</p>
          <p>The fireman stepped down from behind me, turned to a large shovel in the tender door, and as he swung around to face the boiler there was a loud hissing sound and two heavy doors on the firebox parted company, as a pair of inverted scissor blades would open. There was a blinding flash as the light and heat from that seething firebox flooded the cab, and I could see my trusted guardian, Sid Bean, holding resolutely to the end of a long lever which coursed, at an angle, toward the upper middle of the boiler. Seldom, after that, did he have his hand off this propelling bar, the throttle.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d4-d4" type="section">
          <head>You're in for a Ride, Boy.</head>
          <p>The heat from the boiler was noticeable, even though a slight breeze was beginning to course through the cab. I was sitting with one knee between the boiler and the cab window; the
<figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail011a"><graphic url="Gov02_08Rail011a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail011a-g"/><head><hi rend="c">The Ceaseless Operation of the Trains.</hi><lb/>
Auckland locomotive yard at night (note the trail of light depicting the course of the driver as he walked with his torch examining the train before departure.)<lb/>
<hi rend="i">(W. W. Steuart, Photo.)</hi>
</head></figure>
<pb xml:id="n12" n="12"/>
other spread back, behind the boiler. I noted two heavily insulated pipes close to my cheek. I started to lay hold of one, and discovered instantly that it was too hot for contact.</p>
          <p>“Grab that injector rod, mister,” called Fireman Parker, who evidently noted my quest for better support as he returned to his seat. “I run the water with this valve down here, and you'll need something to hold on to pretty soon. “I had observed the hooked rod, but had kept hands off for fear of doing something to the engine that might not be becoming in a guest. That rod was a friend indeed many times in the two hours that followed.</p>
          <p>“We got a standing order of twenty miles an hour to Iles,” called Parker in my right ear, as we got under way, “but from there on we burn 'em up.”</p>
          <p>“How late are we out of Springfield?” I asked.</p>
          <p>“Thirty-five minutes,” he replied.</p>
          <p>“Are we apt to make some of that up?” I pursued.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d4-d5" type="section">
          <head>Grabbing Signals.</head>
          <p>“Hell, yes,” answered Parker. Then, “I've got to watch for the Iles target. Bean and me both is supposed to grab all signals.”</p>
          <p>While Parker leaned far out of the cab window behind me, I concentrated on the track ahead. Presently, the long overhead belt line of another railroad that spans the Chicago and Alton yards in that sector came into view. I studied the winking lights of green and red. Suddenly Bean, who, too, had been watching very closely, pulled his body toward the throttle and called out loudly: “Clear board!”</p>
          <p>“Clear board!” echoed the fireman, and I could feel engine 659 start throbbing. For a little while I noted the exhaust, and thus calculated the revolutions of the six-foot drivers underneath. After a time that bit of rhythm was swallowed up in other noises which soon graduated into a perfect roar. Even the whistle, which the engineer used freely from then on, was dwarfed by the din in that engine cab. Clearly, the time had come to settle down and mark well the speed.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d4-d6" type="section">
          <head>Strangle-hold on Injector Handle.</head>
          <p>Ten miles, with a fast moving train, are soon put behind. I was conscious, presently, of a violent lurching and plunging of the locomotive.</p>
          <p>“Going through Chatham,” yelled the fireman. I heard him, but only because he was close behind me. I plied a strangle-hold on the injector handle. If that locomotive didn't leave the rails, it seemed, it wouldn't be because it wasn't trying nobly to do so.</p>
          <p>“These frogs and switches through towns is hell,” the fireman was yelling, but I was watching something else. Just as we cleared the little town, a white sheet spread suddenly in front of the headlight. Fog! I turned and asked Ed Parker how fast we were going.</p>
          <p>“Around seventy,” he called, as I inclined my ear. It was too bad, I reasoned-thirty-five minutes late, then fog. I waited for 659 to slacken its speed. In a moment, Bean yelled across to our side:</p>
          <p>“Clear block!”</p>
          <p>Parker, returning from the firebox, repeated the call.</p>
          <p>“Don't you ever slow up for a fog?” I asked him. The fireman looked surprised. There was no use trying to look ahead, so I concentrated on an effort-summoning all the lung power I had-to talk things over with Parker.</p>
          <p>“What'd we want to slow up for?” he yelled, comfortingly. “Besides, we're late.” That, of course, was true; but what did that have to do with the price of battleships, on a night like this?</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d4-d7" type="section">
          <head>A Wee Bit Nervous.</head>
          <p>“Gettin' nervous?” queried my host.</p>
          <p>“No!” cried I, lyingly and graciously.</p>
          <p>A pair of tenderfoot eyes gazed steadfastly forward.</p>
          <p>“We're pulling three sleepers through for the southwest,” called Parker, after another hitch at the firebox. My mind still was on the fog. “They go to Texas,” continued the fireman. “Lots of our mail is through stuff, too.” I wondered whether the conductor knew about that fog. “It ain't often we drag down now with less than eight cars.” The fog made it appear to me that we were hurtling through space at a terrific rate, yet getting nowhere. “I throw ten to twelve tons of coal in that firebox between Bloomington and St. Louis, 160 miles!” Fogs and railroading, I figured, never ought to be consolidated. “And this boiler uses 10,000 gallons of water on the same trip.” A hog on wheels, I admitted to myself, and resumed my worrying. Suddenly we commenced to bound, pitch and bowl. Parker leaned far out of the window again. In a moment came the call from engineer to fireman:</p>
          <p>“Clear board!” I would have sworn, from the reaction, had it been possible, that 659 heard the “Clear board!” call and responded to it much as a dog answers impulsively to familiar signals.</p>
          <p>“Going through Auburn,” yelled Parker. I couldn't even distinguish company buildings within the right-of-way. My admiration for the two boys who made that dash with 659, or some other 600-engine every night, regardless of weather, was increasing every minute. Before we plunged through Virden the fog lifted. So
<pb xml:id="n13" n="13"/>
did my morale. I settled down to enjoy the rest of the trip-until we got almost to Nilwood. I, too, had seen that the block ahead was showing red instead of green, but Sid Bean, of course, caught it first. There was a terrific screaming of brakes, and in a quarter of a mile or so, we came to a full stop. I wondered what next. We waited a moment, then started moving forward though slowly.</p>
          <p>“May be a wreck, may be another train in the block, trying to get out of our way, or it may be just nothing,” explained Parker. “What we do in a case like this is to proceed cautiously until we get to the next block. If that shows green, away we go.”</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail013a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail013a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail013a-g"/>
              <head><hi rend="c">An Inspection Tour in Taranaki.</hi><lb/><hi rend="i">Front</hi>-Measare Beasley (Dist. Engineer) and Mackin (I. P. W., Stratford): <hi rend="i">Centre</hi>-(driver); <hi rend="i">Back</hi>-Mesars Gillespie (I. P. W., Aramoho) and Hopkirk (F. O. W., East Town).</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
          <p>Which was what happened. All went well-for me-untill we slowed at Rinaker Station, to pick up an order, then started down through the curved and highly graded stretch known to Alton railroad men as “Macoupin Hill,” and the bottoms. For twelve miles it is one severe turn after another. We shot out upon the long reverse twist that reaches its climax at Beaver Dam Lake Station. I watched this bit of track race back under the locomotive. We pitched and lurched. The flexibility of the engine astounded me. A curve would show up in front of us. To all appearances, the locomotive was done following rails. Track and all would disappear. It would look like curtains. And, the track sat on a high hill. Crunching, grinding, groaning and roaring, the locomotive would rush staggeringly toward the abyss, then grudgingly start jerking itself about-until track was visible ahead again. And so on, with each curve.</p>
          <p>I noted the little lake station shanty where, as a boy, I used to loaf between fishing excursions to Beaver Dam Lake, and watch trains pass. It fairly jumped at us from out the darkness, as the engine's penetrating headlight glare snatched it from the deep, murky darkness of the night. We had scarcely attained the first series of descents before fog enveloped us again. Sid Bean merely redoubled his vigilance.</p>
          <p>The next three towns were-to me-substantial blanks. I realised, from the contact with switches and the plunging of the huge locomotive that we were in areas characterisd by yards, sidings and the like, but the fog obliterated details. We rushed on. Soon after we passed through Godfrey-I knew the place because Ed Parker very courteously identified it-we slowed down perceptibly. The fireman, after tending his fire, went to the passage-way between engine and tender, let himself down and shortly crawled back up again, calling “O.K.” to the engineer as he returned, carrying what looked to me like a piece of rubber hose eighteen inches to two feet in length.</p>
          <p>“What's that thing?” I inquired, when Parker returned to the seat behind me.</p>
          <p>“They call it a ‘spann,”’ replied the fireman. “We usually dub it ‘the stick.”’</p>
          <p>“What do you do with it?” I pursued.</p>
          <p>“Drop it off at Wann,” Parker informed me. “That is part of the signal system on this stretch, and while that spann is out of its socket and here in our cab, a derail is thrown at Wann that keeps any train from coming up the hill and running into us. We drop it off at Wann, then the next train picks it up and carries it back. We don't have to worry about block signals while we've got the ‘stick’ with us.” At Wann, where we met train No. 78, companion to ours, though northbound, we slowed down while the fireman leaned out and tossed the spann into a canvas sack near the track. I pondered that transaction until we got going strong again, just before entering Granite City whence the Merchant's Bridge across the Mississippi led us to the Missouri side.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d4-d8" type="section">
          <head>Entering St. Louis.</head>
          <p>St. Louis is a city of many terminals and the home of perhaps the greatest ‘puzzle-switch’ interlocking system-entering Union Station-in the world. The river front we had negotiated at a comparatively slow rate of progress. We traversed the elevated stretch, turned abruptly to the right a little way beyond the bridge-Eads Bridge-and rested for a moment out in front of the station. I looked back as we stopped and observed that our train was being cut almost in two.</p>
          <p>“They take those southern sleepers off of us before we back in,” explained Parker. “They go out in a little while on another train.” I gazed at the apparently confusing batteries of semaphores, set high and showing a multiplicity
<pb xml:id="n14" n="14"/>
of lights; and wondered how in the name of Mike Sid Bean could tell when one of those lights blinked at him. But, he and Parker were not long in figuring it cut, and after backing for a quarter of a mile, we sat under the shed at Union Station.</p>
          <p>Reluctantly, I took leave of those unconcerned, yet plucky and faithful, chaps who kept 79 rushing toward its destination.</p>
          <p>“Hope you enjoyed the ride,” remarked Sid Bean cordially as I got up from in front of the fireman's seat, stretched and made ready to climb down out of the cab. I hadn't had time to chat with Sid. Besides, it is against orders to bother the engineer.</p>
          <p>“I'm due for a thick steak,” observed Ed Parker, as I was shaking hands with Bean. I didn't wonder. He had earned a whole hindquarter. A fellow who, twice every 24 hours, when on duty, shovels coal every 20 seconds for 160 miles, and moves at least 10 tons from tender to firebox in so doing, merited a broiled steer, so far as I was concerned. Both men invited me to ride on out to the round-house and join them at their favourite restaurant, but family and friends, who had come down in a Pullman on the rear of 79, I knew would be awaiting me at the station gate, so those engine heroes and I parted company.</p>
          <p>“Ride with us again, sometime,” chorused the twain, to whom 80 miles an hour through a fog is mere routine.</p>
          <p>“First chance I get,” I called back-I, who wonder still why a locomotive, making that speed, stays anywhere near two rails.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d4-d9" type="section">
          <head>Action-and Eternal Vigilance.</head>
          <p>Back in comfortable cushion seats, with the long, gently swaying coach riding as smoothly as a giant ocean liner on a level sea, one cannot grasp the picture up front. There it is nothing but action, action, action! And, eternal vigilance. And all because a speed-demanding public has forced the evolution of locomotive-building from the early wheelbarrow type and size to the present elephant-like proportions. Yet, speed-demons that many of these fast trains are, they are safe. A tenderfoot, up in a cab for the first time, gets the impression that a pile-up is almost inevitable. Back in the coaches, one rarely thinks of accident, while riding. He basks in a feeling of security and comfort. Even a receding track, observed from the rear end of a parlour car, is unimpressive. But, up front, the right-of-way, the towns, the switches, the bridges, the curves-they all come at you. The old difference, I presume, between attack and retreat.</p>
          <p>We made the hundred miles that dismal, murky, depressing night, from station-stop to station-stop, in two hours and fifteen minutes, gross time consumed. And, in addition to the other hazards I mentioned, we passed through 18 towns and 9 miles of slow-going terminal, entering St. Louis.</p>
          <p>It will take a worse crab than I, hereafter, to smirk when the parlour-car conductor on a fast train comes through to collect my extra fare.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail014a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail014a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail014a-g"/>
              <head><hi rend="c">Making Night Luminous on the Steel-Shod “Milky-Way.”</hi><lb/>
Otahuhu Yard (Auckland district) by night.</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n15" n="15"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d5" type="verse">
        <head>
          <hi rend="c">Journey.</hi>
        </head>
        <p>
          <hi rend="b">The following charming poem by Harold Munro, one of our present-day poets, shows the romance of train travel, the human interest attaching to train trips, and gives reasons for the lure of the rail. The metre at times is artfully contrived to give an impression of the tunes played by the wheels as they pass over the rail-joints.</hi>
        </p>
        <lg type="verse">
          <l>How many times I nearly miss the train</l>
          <l>By running up the staircase once again</l>
          <l>For some dear trifle nearly left behind.</l>
          <l>At that last moment the unwary mind</l>
          <l>Forgets the solemn tick of station-time;</l>
          <l>The muddy lane the feet must climb-</l>
          <l>The bridge-the ticket-signal down-</l>
          <l>Train just emerging beyond the town:</l>
          <l>The great blue engine panting as it takes</l>
          <l>The final curve, and grinding on its brakes</l>
          <l>Up to the platform-edge… The little doors</l>
          <l>Swing open, while the burly porter roars.</l>
          <l>The tight compartment fills; our careful eyes</l>
          <l>Go to explore each other's destinies.</l>
          <l>A lull. The stationmaster waves. The train</l>
          <l>Gathers, and grips, and takes the rails again,</l>
          <l>Moves to the shining open land, and soon</l>
          <l>Begins to tittle-tattle a tame tattoon.</l>
        </lg>
        <lg type="verse">
          <l>They ramble through the countryside,</l>
          <l>Dear gentle monsters, and we ride</l>
          <l>Pleasantly seated-so we sink</l>
          <l>Into a torpor on the brink</l>
          <l>Of thought, or read our books, and understand</l>
          <l>Half them and half the backward-gliding land</l>
          <l>(Trees in a dance all twirling round;</l>
          <l>Large rivers flowing with no sound;</l>
          <l>The scattered images of town and field;</l>
          <l>Shining flowers half concealed).</l>
          <l>And, having settled to an equal rate,</l>
          <l>They swing the curve and straighten to the straight,</l>
          <l>Curtail their stride and gather up their joints,</l>
          <l>Snort, dwindle their steam for the noisy points,</l>
          <l>Leap them in safety, and, the other side,</l>
          <l>Loop again to an even stride.</l>
        </lg>
        <lg type="verse">
          <l>The long train moves: we move in it along,</l>
          <l>Like an old ballad, or an endless song,</l>
          <l>It drones and wimbles its unwearied croon-</l>
          <l>Croons, drones, and mumbles all the afternoon.</l>
          <l>Towns with their fifty chimneys close and high,</l>
          <l>Wreathed in great smoke between the earth and sky,</l>
          <l>It hurtles through them, and you think it must</l>
          <l>Halt-but it shrieks and sputters them with dust,</l>
          <l>Cracks like a bullet through their big affairs,</l>
          <l>Rushes the station-bridge, and disappears</l>
          <l>Out to the suburb, laying bare</l>
          <l>Each garden trimmed with pitiful care;</l>
          <l>Children are caught at idle play,</l>
          <l>Held a moment, and thrown away.</l>
        </lg>
        <lg type="verse">
          <l>Oh, the wild engine! Every time I sit</l>
          <l>In any train I must remember it.</l>
          <l>The way it smashes through the air; its great</l>
          <l>Petulant majesty and terrible rate;</l>
          <l>Driving the ground before it, with those round</l>
          <l>Feet pounding, eating, covering the ground.</l>
          <l>The piston using up the white steam so</l>
          <l>You cannot watch its rapid come-and-go;</l>
          <l>The cutting, the embankment; how it takes</l>
          <l>The tunnels, and the clatter that it makes;</l>
          <l>So careful of the train and of the track,</l>
          <l>Guiding us out or helping us go back;</l>
          <l>Breasting its destination: at the close</l>
          <l>Yawning, and slowly dropping to a dose.</l>
        </lg>
        <lg type="verse">
          <l>We who have looked each other in the eyes</l>
          <l>This journey long, and trundled with the train</l>
          <l>Now to our separate purposes must rise,</l>
          <l>Becoming decent strangers once again.</l>
          <l>Our common purposes made us all like friends.</l>
          <l>How suddenly it ends!</l>
          <l>A nod, a murmur, or a smile,</l>
          <l>Or often nothing, and away we file.</l>
          <l>I hate to leave you, comrades. I will stay</l>
          <l>To watch you drift apart and pass away.</l>
          <l>It seems impossible to go and meet</l>
          <l>All those strange eyes of people in the street.</l>
          <l>But, like some proud unconscious god, the train</l>
          <l>Gathers us up and scatters us again.</l>
        </lg>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n16" n="16"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d6" type="verse">
        <head>
          <title level="a">
            <name type="work" key="name-408855"><hi rend="c">For the Children.<lb/> The Story Of Sniff.</hi><lb/> Series One</name>
          </title>
        </head>
        <lg type="verse">
          <head>1</head>
          <l>This is Sniff, the sinner,</l>
          <l>Waiting for his dinner.</l>
        </lg>
        <lg type="verse">
          <head>2</head>
          <l>Not getting it, he growls,</l>
          <l>And sings and barks and howls.</l>
        </lg>
        <lg type="verse">
          <head>3</head>
          <l>Till Pater says “Sniff you must beg”-</l>
          <l>At which he stands on one hind leg.</l>
        </lg>
        <lg type="verse">
          <head>4</head>
          <l>“Good dog,” says Pater, “Here's a bone”-</l>
          <l>Two seconds more and Sniff is gone.</l>
        </lg>
        <lg type="verse">
          <head>5</head>
          <l>Upon the mat he cranches small</l>
          <l>Until there is no bone at all.</l>
        </lg>
        <lg type="verse">
          <head>6</head>
          <l>And then he goes to sleep you see</l>
          <l>And dreams fair dreams like you or me.</l>
        </lg>
        <lg type="verse">
          <head>7</head>
          <l>Of what does he dream, the sinner?-</l>
          <l>Of what he'd like, of course, for dinner-</l>
          <l>Of far more big bones, you may bet,</l>
          <l>Than he will ever, ever get.</l>
        </lg>
        <byline>S. H. B.<lb/>
F. W. P.</byline>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n17" n="17"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d7" type="section">
        <head>Current Comments</head>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d7-d1" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Patriotic Railwaymen.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>During his search for new business for the Railways in South Auckland territory, Mr. A. W. Wellsted, business agent, recently found a community where railwaymen had applied the proverb “Charity begins at home” in practical form, states the “New Zealand Herald.” On learning that local storekeepers were not patronising the Railway for the carriage of commodities (in spite of a reduced rate) they quietly severed their patronage from all local stores and arranged for a continuous supply of goods, including groceries, from Auckland, stipulating that all such goods must be sent by rail. The storekeepers are reported to be making overtures for the resumption of the lost patronage, which was worth about £300 a month.</p>
          <p>* * *</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d7-d2" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Railways and Commerce.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Some very favourable comments were passed, at a meeting of the South Canterbury Chamber of Commerce recently, regarding railway activities.</p>
          <p>Mr. J. Anstey said that the Department was to be congratulated on its action and also on providing better passenger services. He had travelled on the suburban services on the main lines and most of these had been speeded up, and he understood that the same applied to the Fairlie line. The Department had gone further than expected and was even stopping the trains at cross-roads, when passengers were waiting. He hoped that even if a loss was incurred during the first month or so that the Department would not feel discouraged, but that they would give it a lengthy trial, for he was sure that it would justify itself in the long run. They should give credit where credit was due, for the Department was certainly trying to meet the requirements of the public.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d7-d3" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Cleaning Passenger Cars.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Great improvements have been registered on the Home railways in recent years in the methods adopted for cleaning the exterior of passenger carriages (writes our London correspondent). In days gone by all the railways followed the old system of washing the exterior of their carriages with water by the aid of long brushes handled by comparatively inexperienced men. To-day this method is common only at the less important centres.</p>
          <p>At the more important carriage cleaning points, extensive covered cleaning sheds have been provided, a better type of man is employed for cleaning duties, and the supervision of the work is now particularly keen. Instead of water, oil is to-day used for cleaning passenger carriage exteriors, should the paint-work be too dirty to admit of thorough cleaning by dry cloths. After the dust has been wiped off with a dry rag, the cleaning cloths are soaked in oil and the paint-work thoroughly rubbed, the surplus oil later being removed from the carriages with a clean rag. In the case of particularly dirty vehicles, a special oil-scrubbing process is followed, which effectively removes all dirt, and is usually succeeded by dry-rubbing with soft cloths.</p>
          <p>Apart from the desirability for constant cleansing of the exterior wood-work of passenger carriages with a view of increasing their life, attractive train exteriors undoubtedly have a considerable value from a traffic-securing and advertising point of view. Carriages which are dirty outside are usually equally dirty inside, and the modern passenger soon acquires the habit of shunning routes over which there are run filthy rolling-stock.</p>
          <p>* * *</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d7-d4" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">A Slogan That Pays.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>In spite of the fact that the world seems divided upon the idea of whether use of coined epigrammatic phrases to sell merchandise is or is not valuable, “Eat more fruit” has effected a radical change in British fruit markets. It cost the Fruit Traders' Federation about £40,000 to say “Eat More Fruit” to the British public last year, but the publicity was worth while, as £2,000,000 more was spent on fruit than in 1925, when the buying amounted to about £30,000,000. Meaningless phrases have no value, but this slogan with good health at a background bored into the minds of many and prompted action to buy and eat more fruit.</p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n18" n="18"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d8" type="section">
        <head><hi rend="c">London Letter.</hi><lb/>
(From Our Own Correspondent.)<lb/>
<hi rend="c">The Spirit Of Christmas.</hi>
</head>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d8-d1" type="section">
          <p>
            <hi rend="b">“Scrooge became as good a friend, as good a master, and as good a man, as the good old city knew, or any other good old city, town or borough, in the good old world. He had no further intercourse with Spirits, but lived upon the Total Abstinence Principle ever afterwards; and it was always said of him that he knew how to keep Christmas well, if any man alive possessed the knowledge. May that be truly said of us, and all of us! And so, as Tiny Tim observed, God Bless Us, Every One!”-Dickens “Christmas Carol.”</hi>
          </p>
          <p><hi rend="c">Christmas!</hi> How magical a word is this: how wonderful its power in awakening happy recollections and dormant sympathies. Railway folk the world over are ever eager to welcome the coming of Saint Christmas, with all his bluff and hearty honesty. This age-long season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness may bring with it much arduous labour for the railway worker, but where is the platelayer, the clerk or the superintendent who would dream of offering resistance to the spirit of Christmas?</p>
          <p>Do you remember how dear old Bob Cratchit, general factotum to the miser Scrooge, trotted off to his humble home on Christmas Eve? Advanced in years though he was, and worn by the struggle of making ends meet on a beggarly salary, he leaped and sang, and raced down the slippery slides with the best of them. Eternal, indeed, is the spirit with which Dickens saturated his Christmas stories. North, south, east and west, goes out the magic message to the tune of Christmas bells. Happy, happy season, that can so melt the hear of mankind that the simplest of pleasures are steeped in pure and unalloyed delight, and for a while, at least, the world resounds to the sacred call: “Peace on earth; good-will toward men.”</p>
          <p>The Home railways have not, as yet, this year been troubled greatly by severe snowstorms and similar seasonable obstacles to train movement. Normally, the British winter is less severe than that experienced in other parts of Europe. Norway, Sweden, Russia and Switzerland are proverbially bad-weather lands at this period. In these northern countries snow at times plays terrible havoc on the railways: for the snow-plough gangs there, Christmas often brings trouble in abundance.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d8-d2" type="section">
          <head>Winter Troubles.</head>
          <p>It is now many years since Scotland was visited by a really heavy snowstorm sufficient totally to suspend railway services for any considerable period. As for the green lands of Southern England, there are many children of school age in the Home Counties and the West Country to whom the sight of the glistening snowflakes fall is as yet an unknown ecstacy. On the Scottish and Scandinavian railways, snow fences are a common sight along the line. Three types are favoured-the “double,” the “sloping” and the “covered.” The first consists of two parallel lines of upright fencing, formed of stout wooden sleepers, placed about twenty yards apart alongside the track. Plan number two makes allowance for the undulating motion of the wind, by sloping the fence to deflect the air currents, thus assisting the wind to catch up drifted snow and carry it away from the track. Stout corrugated iron, which virtually converts a cutting into a tunnel, is employed for the covered type of snow fence.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d8-d3" type="section">
          <head>Rate Fixing for British Railways.</head>
          <p>The close of the present year marks the passing of an era in the history of railway rating at Home. For five years the railways have been wrestling with the rates ploblem allotted to them by the grouping Bill of 1921, which called for the fixing of conveyance rates on such a basis as to yield to each group a net standard revenue comprising the net receipts for the year 1913, with certain allowances, in respect of capital expenditure incurred after 1913, capital expenditure which had not fully fructified in 1913 (and was consequently not reflected in the receipts for that year), and economies effected as a result of grouping. Now the rating experts have completed their task, and the Government Tribunal has decided that the new standard charges shall come into operation on January 1st, 1928.</p>
          <p>First the net standard revenue had to be established, and then the expenditure had to be ascertained for the first year in which the new rates would operate. This proved an especially difficult matter, for the expenditure, including
<pb xml:id="n19" n="19"/>
provision for the renewal of rolling-stock and track, had to be related to the estimated traffic of a future year. The addition of the net revenue and the estimated expenditure gave the gross receipts. Standard rates for twenty-one classes of freight, in place of the existing eight classes, next had to be prepared, which, when applied to the estimated carryings of the normal year, would yield, with the product of the exceptional rates and the receipts from passenger traffic, a figure representing the gross receipts.</p>
          <p>The sum of £196,632,901 has been agreed upon as the total standard revenue to be raised by the four group lines, with net revenue £50,075,847. To secure this revenue, Home goods rates are to be approximately sixty per cent. above the base rates operative on January 14th, 1920, or roughly the same rates as are at present being levied, and which were introduced last February to meet the heavy losses sustained through last year's labour troubles. On the passenger side, the existing fares of 2½ d. per mile first-class, and 1 1/2d. per mile third-class, are to be standard. (These are higher than the New Zealand standard first and second class fares. -Ed., N. Z. R. M.)</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d8-d4" type="section">
          <head>The Caprotti Valve Gear.</head>
          <p>Refinements are constantly being introduced in locomotive design, and every year sees some new item of equipment brought into use to increase locomotive efficiency and economy. The latest development in this direction at Home is the experimental utilisation by the London, Midland and Scottish Company of the Caprott. valve gear on its engines. The main difference between the Caprotti and the familiar Walschaert gear is the employment in the Caprotti equipment of poppet (or automobile type) valves for the admission and exhaust of the steam. These valves, of which there are sixteen (one admission and one exhaust for each end of each cylinder) are operated by two valve boxes, worked by a short cross shaft under the smoke-box, bevel gears driving this cross shaft from the longitudinal shaft which is housed in an oil-tight gear box. The drive of the cross shaft is taken from the intermediate wheels of the locomotive, on the same principle as the back axle and propeller shaft of a motor car.</p>
          <p>Revolving cams operate the valves through a series of rocker arms, which depress the valve
<figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail019a"><graphic url="Gov02_08Rail019a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail019a-g"/><head><hi rend="c">The First Touch of Winter.</hi><lb/><hi rend="b">Heavy anowfalls only occasionally hamper railway operations in Britain. Further north, however, in snow-bound Scandinavia, much more severe climatic conditions are experienced at Christmas time. Above is depicted the first snowfall of the season on the newly electrified tracks of the Swedish State Railways between Stockholm and Gothenburg. This electrification operates on single-phase current at a frequency of 16⅔ with 16,000 volts on trolley line.</hi></head></figure>
<pb xml:id="n20" n="20"/>
spindles, a single cam operating the exhaust, and double cams operating the admission. These double cams are so arranged that their largest diameters can be revolved so as to more nearly coincide, or the reverse, by movement of connected scrolls along a quick left-handed threaded shaft, which runs on ball-bearings, this movement being under the control of the driver. The action of these two cams is such that while the “lead” is always constant, the time period during which the valve is open can be altered without changing the amount of lift, this having the great advantage that “notching up” does not result in wire drawing, nearly full boiler pressure being secured in the cylinders to an early point of cut off.</p>
          <p>Results achieved to date on the London, Midland and Scottish Railway show that the Caprotti equipment possesses great possibilities for fuel consumption economy and reduced maintenance costs.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail020a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail020a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail020a-g"/>
              <head>Manchester-Bury (L. M. &amp; C.) Electric Division.</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d8-d5" type="section">
          <head>On Time!</head>
          <p>“Punctuality,” said Louis XIV., “is the politeness of kings.” It is also, as Samuel Smiles told us in that wonderful volume “Self-Help,” “the duty of gentlemen, and the necessity of men of business.”</p>
          <p>In the railway world the necessity for punctuality is ever present. A railway that runs its trains to time speedily earns the good-will of the traveller, and a reputation for efficiency. The Home railways have an enviable record in this regard, and by far the bulk of the long and short-distance trains here operated arrive at their destinations on time, or comparatively near booked time.</p>
          <p>From the Southern Railway headquarters at Waterloo Station, London, there have recently been issued some especially interesting statistics bearing on passenger train punctuality month by month. During a typical month, some 102,090 week-day steam trains were operated on the system, and 81,070, or 79.4 per cent. of these ran absolutely to time. Only 68 trains lost more than 20 minutes on the journey, and for the whole of the 102,090 steam trains run, the average late arrival at destination was only 64 minutes per train. During the same month 67,731 electric trains were operated on week-days, and 58,568 of these ran absolutely to time.</p>
          <p>On the freight side, during the month in question there were run 15,695 goods trains, and 89.5 per cent. of these left at booked time. The average late arrival at destination was only a trifle over seven minutes per tain, a truly remarkable performance of which the Southern Railway may well be proud.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d8-d6" type="section">
          <head>Rebuilding Stations.</head>
          <p>Paris has for long ranked as the most important of all railway centres in Europe. The great passenger stations of the French capital are almost all built on commodious lines, but the growth of traffic now necessitates improvements of one kind and another, and these works are gradually being put in hand as the financial position improves.</p>
          <p>The biggest rebuilding plan now being tackled is that at the Gare de l'Est. The original station was opened seventy years ago. Today the terminal covers 20 acres, and has some eighteen platforms under cover. An additional ten acres of land has been acquired for the extension scheme, and a further twelve platforms are being provided. Main-line and suburban booking-offices are to be provided on elegant lines, with luggage offices and an under-ground luggage hall similar to that recently installed at Victoria Station, London. Subway connection is also to be given with the Paris underground railways. The approach lines are being considerably widened, and the complete scheme will occupy something like five years to finish.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d8-d7" type="section">
          <head>Brake Equipment.</head>
          <p>International goods traffic working across the Continent of Europe has for some time been hampered by reason of the lack of uniformity in the type of brake employed in the respective countries parties to through movement. Under the Treaty of Versailles, there was aimed at the standardisation of freight train brakes throughout the whole of the Continent, and satisfactory progress effected towards this end is already facilitating very largely the haulage of through merchandise.</p>
          <p>The Westinghouse automatic brake has been adopted as standard in Britain, Belgium, France, Italy, Greece, Roumania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Jugoslavia. In Germany an effort has been made to adhere to a German product-the Kunze Knorr brake-and for the time being this brake is utilised throughout Germany. Although not of the standard type, this brake is capable of
<pb xml:id="n21" n="21"/>
operating in conjunction with the Westinghouse, and wagons so fitted now are able to travel in through goods trains across Europe.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d8-d8" type="section">
          <head>The Smoking Car.</head>
          <p>Smoking compartments to-day form so large a proportion of the passenger accommodation provided on the Home railways, that it is difficult to realise in the early days of our railways passengers who sought the solace of the fragrant weed met with scant sympathy either from the railway authorities or their fellow-travellers. It was the old Great Eastern Company, now part and parcel of the L. &amp; N. E. group, which first enabled the railway traveller to enjoy a comfortable smoke, by introducing smoking carriages more than seventy years ago. Later, in 1868 to be precise, a clause was introduced into the Railway Regulations Bill, making it imperative on the part of all the Home railways to provide special accommodations for smoker in each class of carriage on every train.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d8-d9" type="section">
          <head>Better Publicity.</head>
          <p>Familiar to all travellers at Home are the notices regarding smoking in non-smoking compartments, porterage arrangements, hotel facilities, and so forth, displayed in the passenger carriages and in the railway time-tables. Time and again the uselessness of many of these hoary notices has been commented upon, and now the Great Western Railway is taking a lead in the modernisation of its public announcements, and cutting out many of the awesome warnings that have for so long featured in their passenger carriages and timetables.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d8-d10" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Importance of Safety Activities.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>All available evidence supports the view that an increase or decrease in safety activities reflects itself in a corresponding decrease or increase in the number of personal injuries incured by the employees, says Sir Felix Pole, General Manager of the Great Western Railway.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail021a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail021a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail021a-g"/>
              <head><hi rend="c">An Aid to Passenger Train Punctuality.</hi><lb/>
Train Departure Indicator, Southern Railway, Waterloo Station, London.</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n22" n="22"/>
      <div decls="#text-3-bibl" xml:id="t1-body-d9" type="section">
        <head>
          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408856">Glimpses of West Coast Scenery.<lb/> <hi rend="c"><hi rend="i">(Concluded.)</hi><lb/> Greymouth And District</hi>
</name>.</title>
        </head>
        <byline>(By <name type="person" key="name-408377"><hi rend="c">F. S. Dollimore</hi></name>, Tourist Agent, Greymouth.)</byline>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d9-d1" type="section">
          <p><hi rend="c">About</hi> a mile from Punakaiki beyond the bluff where the blow holes and rock formations are situated, lies Pororari Beach. Here excellent surfing is to be obtained and the beach is greatly resorted to during the summer months for this purpose, by holiday-makers. Some five miles distant by bridle track is Brighton (Tiromoana) and Fox's River, where, if time and circumstance permit, the visitor may make an excursion up the picturesque gorge of the Fox to the beautiful Brighton Caves, which, though relatively smaller, compare very favourably with the limestone wonders of Waitomo.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail022a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail022a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail022a-g"/>
              <head>Pancake Rocks, Punakaiki</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d9-d2" type="section">
          <head>Mitchell's and Lake Brunner.</head>
          <p>“….glory of broad waters interfused….</p>
          <p>And over all the great wood rioting</p>
          <p>And climbing, streak'd or starr'd at intervals</p>
          <p>With falling brook or blossom'd bush-and last</p>
          <p>Framing the mighty landscape to the west,</p>
          <p>A purple range of mountain cones….”</p>
          <p>—Tennyson.</p>
          <p>Lake Brunner can be visited by means of two routes, that is, by going to Moana by rail or motor, or by car direct to Mitchell's on the western shore.</p>
          <p>The twenty-six mile motor drive to Mitchell's is undoubtedly one of the finest excursions that can be made from Greymouth, providing as it does, a wealth of scenic charm with a plentitude of historic interest.</p>
          <p>The tourist travelling by the Old Marsden Road route finds himself, when only two miles out of Greymouth, in the heart of the forest. Upon reaching the township of Marsden, the road commences the long ascent over No Name (Nemona). From a vantage-point on the crest of the rise over No Name there is a magnificent view upon looking back towards the township. This Old Marsden Road, and the grass-grown route over the No Name are unequalled for forest scenery.</p>
          <p>The descent is made into the valley of the Hohonu, thence to almost deserted Greenstone (Pounamu), the ghost of a once populous mining town—a one time rendezvous favoured of the old-time Maori in quest of the prized pounamu from which they fashioned their various tools and weapons of war. It is a remarkable coincidence that at Greenstone, there should be found in fairly close proximity, minerals of which the one was eagerly sought by the pakeha, the other prized of the old Maori.</p>
          <p>From Pounamu to Mitchell's the road lies for the most part through towering forest; the Eastern Hohonu is crossed and after a short climb the descent is made to the lake. The first glimpse of the lake when nearing Mitchell's is a splendid scene—the broad expanse of waters vignetted by the forest trees, and in the blue distance the serried ranks of the Southern Alps.</p>
          <p>The beautiful Mitchell's Falls are within easy distance and are well worth a visit. The track commences immediately opposite the accommodation house, following the course of a bush stream, and the falls which are remarkable for their lace-like beauty, are reached at a distance of less than a quarter of a mile.</p>
          <p>A favourite launch excursion is that to the mouth of the Orangi-Puka River, while energetic visitors will be rewarded with a magnificent panorama upon climbing the wooded slopes of the Hohonu range.</p>
          <pb xml:id="n23" n="23"/>
          <p>Good fishing is to be obtained in the lake and the various tributary streams, notably the Orangi-Puka. Swan and wild duck abound, and excellent sport in the nature of wild pig and goat shooting may also be indulged in.</p>
          <p>The return journey from Mitchell's may be varied by proceeding via Westbrook and the old goldfields of Kumara, thence by the Main South Road to Greymouth, or, launch may be taken to Moana on the opposite shore, and the remaining section of the trip down the Grey Valley completed by rail or motor.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail023a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail023a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail023a-g"/>
              <head>Looking up the Arnold River (near Kotuku), West Coast.</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d9-d3" type="section">
          <head>The Otira and Arthur's Pass.</head>
          <p>“I waited underneath the dawning hills,</p>
          <p>Aloft the mountain lawn was dewy dark,</p>
          <p>And dewy-dark aloft the mountain pine….</p>
          <p>Far-off the torrent called me from the cleft:</p>
          <p>Far up the solitary morning smote</p>
          <p>The streaks of virgin snow.”</p>
          <p>—Tennyson.</p>
          <p>Mere words are inadequate to describe the “glory that is Otira,” but the traveller who chooses the old coach route from Greymouth through the historic old diggings and the Teremakau Valley, is assured of an interesting run through some of the finest natural scenery on the West Coast.</p>
          <p>Leaving Greymouth, the tourist passes through the old mining towns of Kumara and Dilman's, then eastward along the valley of the Teremakau. After passing Dilman's, the road lies for several miles through typical native bush until comparatively open country is reached in the vicinity of Wainihinihi. Beyond Wainihinihi the road passes through magnificent forest avenues to Jackson's. Looking northwards one may discern the silver sheen of the waters of Lake Brunner in the distance, nestling at the base of the rugged, bush-clothed Hohonu Range.</p>
          <p>From Aicken's, the next settlement, the route lies up what may be considered as the lower Otira Valley. To the left rise the steep wooded ramparts of the Alexander Range dominated by Alexander—a symetrical snow-capped peak standing sentinel-like, near the junction of the Otira and the Teremakau, while immediately above the road tower the forest-mantled buttresses of the Kelly Range.</p>
          <p>Leaving Otira, the Westland terminus of the longest tunnel in the British Empire, the road ascends the famous Gorge. Narrow and precipitous it is, and at the bottom of the canyon swirl the turbulent waters of the Otira. Tangled evergreen forest drapes the steep mountain walls, and ultimately gives way to snow-crested crags and pinnacles.</p>
          <p>Through the waist of the Gorge, by leafy cliffs, past the gauzy “Bridal Veil” fall—whose silvery spray bedews the surrounding fern, the road climbs steeply up the famous “Zig Zag” to the summit of the Pass. Hundreds of feet below, the Otira River, now a foaming mountain torrent, roars amid the boulders of its tortuous bed. High up, looms the fissured diadem of Mt. Otira—a desolate giant whose seamy slopes are strewn with loose sliding scree almost from summit to base.</p>
          <p>The mountain road winds up round the base of Philistine, on whose rocky shoulders is draped the Rolleston Glacier, and proceeding, the roar of the now tiny Otira Stream dies away, and the Pass proper is entered. Past tiny glittering tarns until presently the narrow path descends from the “col” through glossy beech forests to the valley of the Bealey. On the right are the wooded spurs of Mount Rolleston (7,453 feet), the alpine monarch of this region. From a coigne of vantage—the “Rolleston Look-Out”—the mountain seen through the parted boughs of the wayside beech trees, presents a wondrous spectacle of sublime grandeur—a superb and lovely picture.</p>
          <p>Presently the gorge of the Bealey opens out upon the lower valley, and the traveller descends to Arthur's Pass settlement. For those who would explore the many beauties of this mountain region, Arthur's Pass township provides a comfortable and ideal base. To the alpinist it offers unlimited attractions in the nature of mountain peak and glacier, and the field for original work is wide. To the nature-lover, and all who appreciate exceptional scenery, it is unparalleled, and with its increasing popularity, Arthur's Pass and the Otira district generally, bids fair to become one of New Zealand's foremost alpine playgrounds.</p>
          <pb xml:id="n24" n="25"/>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail024a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail024a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail024a-g"/>
              <head>Giant Gate River running into Lake Ada, Milford Track.</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n25" n="25"/>
      <div decls="#text-4-bibl" xml:id="t1-body-d10" type="section">
        <head>
          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408857">A Century of Railway Romance</name>.</title>
        </head>
        <byline>
          <hi rend="b">Writing in the “Glasgow Weekly Herald” Mr. <name type="person" key="name-408449">J. Barr-Linney</name> graphically describes some phases in the romantic development of this marvel of modern civilisation.</hi>
        </byline>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d10-d1" type="section">
          <head>The New Toy.</head>
          <p>It was on September 27th, 1825, that the first public railway in Great Britain had its cradling, when, to the open-mouthed amazement of thousands of spectators the engine “Locomotion” with George Stephenson for driver, puffed its gallant way along the new Stockton and Darlington line with a long wake of wagons and trucks behind it. But, though “all the world wondered” at such a revolutionary feat of locomotion, we may be sure that no one-not even the great Stephenson himself-foresaw the colossal dimensions the infant cradled on that historic day a century ago was destined to assume.</p>
          <p>And surely seldom, if ever, has an infant enterprise come to its birth with more difficulty or a longer delay.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d10-d2" type="section">
          <head>Stephenson's Forerunner.</head>
          <p>More than forty years had passed since Murdoch, a pupil of the great Watt, had startled the natives of Cornwall by careering along a road on the outskirts of Redruth in a weird-looking machine on three wheels, vomiting smoke. Little wonder that at such an uncanny spectacle the simple Cornish folk, on their way home from church, either gazed at it in petrified amazement, or took to their heels in panic, assured that the driver of the “snorting abomination” was no other than the Evil One himself.</p>
          <p>But Murdoch could afford to smile at the sensation and horror he had caused, for he had triumphantly proved the possibilities of steam as a locomotive power. For long years stationary engines had done excellent work at the pit-heads, pulling up truck-loads of coal, but, until the adventurous Murdoch drove his crude engine along these Cornish roads, steam had never been used as a means of propulsion.</p>
          <p>And where Murdoch led the way, a rival engineer-Richard Trevithick-was not long in following. Designing an engine on improved lines he soon had his locomotives busy drawing coal-trucks on many a colliery line in South Wales. It is true that they were not very reliable-they had mutinous moods when they refused to work at all, and had frequent breakdowns-but, on the whole, they were a great improvement in speed and economy on horsetraction.</p>
          <p>But Trevithick was by no means satisfied, that his engines should be used only for pulling coal-trucks; his ambition was to employ them for passenger traffic; and, in order to introduce and popularise their use, he took one of them to London, rented a piece of ground on the site now occupied by Euston Station, constructed a small circular railway, and carried curious and excited passengers round it by the thousand at a shilling a head.</p>
          <p>But though the new “toy” naturally attracted considerable attention, it was still regarded as a toy and nothing else. It was too ludicrous to think that it could possibly be of any real practical use. And when, a few years later, it was seriously proposed to construct railway lines for the conveyance of passengers and cargo, the whole country was up in arms. Such a scheme, was seen, would be the ruin of the stage coaches and canals, which had hitherto served all the needs of locomotion, and in which large sums of money were invested. Hundreds of coaching-houses would have to be closed. Land owners declared, purple-faced, that the engines would utterly spoil their game preserves and set fire to their stacks, and the railway would cut up their lands and parks; while the people at large pictured all kinds of horrors from the blowing up of the engines to terrible collisions.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d10-d3" type="section">
          <head>Parliament's Opposition.</head>
          <p>Thus it was that, when bills were introduced into Parliament for the construction of railways, they were ignominiously defeated one after another by the powerful forces arrayed against them; and a whole generation had elapsed after Trevithick had startled and entertained London by his “railway circus” before at long last the Stockton and Darlington Company succeeded in getting their bill, and the first sod of the first railway was cut.</p>
          <p>Even then the world remained sceptical and derisive, and it was only when George Stephenson's “Locomotion” set out on its pioneer journey that its eyes were opened to the wonderful possibilities of steam traction. And no wonder for this gallant locomotive made light work of pulling a train of six loaded wagons, a passenger coach, and no fewer than twenty-one trucks packed with half-a-thousand passengers. Not only did it pull this heavy load, but it
<pb xml:id="n26" n="26"/>
actually attained a speed of twelve miles an hour, thus doing the work of at least fifty horses.</p>
          <p>But in spite of this convincing success it is strange to record that for sometime the line was used almost exclusively for the carriage of coal. while passengers had to be content with a solitary coach, which made a few daily journeys drawn by horses.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d10-d4" type="section">
          <head>“At Least Ten Miles per Hour.”</head>
          <p>As a matter of fact “Locomotion” and her sister engines proved to be scarcely equal to their task. On the level they behaved excellently; but some of the gradients proved too steep for them and in two sections of the line it was found necessary to instal stationary engines to haul the trains by means of ropes.</p>
          <p>It was not long, however, before a more powerful locomotive was designed by a clever mechanic named Hackworth, who introduced several important improvements; and soon Hackworth's engine-the “Royal George”-had supplanted the two feeble locomotives on the Stockton and Darlington line.</p>
          <p>Meanwhile-in 1826-a bill had been passed by Parliament for the construction of a railway between Liverpool and Manchester involving that stupendous feat of engineering skill, the bridging of Chat Moss-four miles of treacherous and changing bog twenty feet or more in depth-a feat which was so brilliantly executed under the direction of George Stephenson. It was at Stephenson's suggestion that a prize of £500 was offered for the best type of locomotive for the new line, the stipulation being that the engine must not weigh more than six tons, that it must have a speed of at least ten miles an hour, and be able to draw a load of twenty tons; and it must consume its own smoke.</p>
          <p>For this competition a section of line near Liverpool was chosen, and five engines were entered appearing at the “starting post,” as many hued as Joseph's coat.</p>
          <p>As ill-luck would have it, in these tests-which took place at Rainhill in October, 1829-four of the entrants failed rather disastrously. Hackworth's “Sanspareil,” a really fine engine, burst a cylinder and was obliged to retire from the contest; and Ericsson's “Novelty”-in spite of a very promising start, in which she attained a speed of thirty miles an hour-had to be withdrawn through boiler trouble, while the other two failed absolutely.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d10-d5" type="section">
          <head>The “Rocket” Wins.</head>
          <p>The field was thus left to Stephenson's “Rocket,” which passed all the tests satisfactorily, reaching a maximum speed of 24 miles and an average speed of 13½ miles an hour. Whatever doubts remained as to the superiority of steam over horse haulage, they were finally dispelled by the performance of the “Rocket” on that occasion.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail026a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail026a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail026a-g"/>
              <head>The above ticket was recently sent to The Rt. Hon. The Minister of Railways, by Mr. U. W. Budden, Riwaka, Nelson, as an interesting historical railway souvenir. The ticket was issued over 53 years ago to Mr. Budden's father (the late Henry Budden), and was the first ticket issued on the line.</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
          <pb xml:id="n27" n="27"/>
          <p>Thus in spite of every conceivable difficulty and obstruction, we find Britain's first two railways-Stockton and Darlington, and Liverpool and Manchester-successfully established, the pioneers, small as they were, of the vast system which to-day spreads its tentacles of steel over the whole of Great Britain, with a total mileage more than equal to two circuits of the equator, and a capital exceeding a thousand million pounds.</p>
          <p>Quick on the heels of these modest pioneers came a third railway linking Birmingham with London, opened in 1834, with curiously, a thirty mile gap which had to be covered by coaches until, four years later, Kilsby tunnel made the way clear for an unbroken line. Then followed a fourth line connecting Birmingham with Liverpool and Manchester; and the great and revolutionary era of the railway was now well started on its triumphant way.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail027a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail027a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail027a-g"/>
              <head>
                <hi rend="c">When Winter Comes.<lb/>
Snow Scenes In Ohakune Railway District.</hi>
              </head>
            </figure>
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n28" n="28"/>
      <div decls="#text-5-bibl" xml:id="t1-body-d11" type="section">
        <head>
          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408858"><hi rend="c">The New Zealand Railways Cheered Him Up</hi></name>.</title>
        </head>
        <byline>(By <name type="person" key="name-408480"><hi rend="c">K. Robert Law</hi></name>, Wanganui).</byline>
        <p><hi rend="c">I</hi> stood on the deck of a great ship, alone in the midst of all the bustle of excited people, who were frantically waving hands and handkerchiefs to their friends on the wharf below, where men were already putting up the gangways. I was a stranger arriving in a strange place. I had no friends-I was alone. All the thrills and joyous feelings I thought I would experience on arriving in this beautiful place had vanished. I was solitary, yet surrounded by happy people eager to set foot on land.</p>
        <p>Eventually I got ashore and after collecting my bags, I was soon on the way to the hotel.</p>
        <p>I was going to travel-but not on the railways. I made up my mind regarding this; but strange to say, as quickly as I made up my mind I changed it and decided to give them a fair trial. How pleased I am now to know that I made such an adventurous (as I first thought) move! I expected to find something vastly different from what I actually did-in fact the whole concern exceeded all my expectations. The moment I was seated in a comfortable “smoker” I became joyful, I knew that my loneliness was definitely gone. I was certain that my trip would be a success and yet the express was still standing at the station. I marvelled at my own self. Five minutes previous I was gloomy, and walked towards that train with a real pessimistic view of things. That was the commencement of my trip, and as each mile of the smooth steel way was covered I grew louder in my praises for the New Zealand Railways.</p>
        <p>The passenger cars, comfortable, and fitted with every convenience, were all one could wish for. The dining car I missed until I discovered the popular dining rooms situated in convenient portions of the station buildings along the line. Here high grade meals, to suit the most particular taste, were expeditiously and courteously served, for a sum I did not in the least begrudge paying.</p>
        <p>When one sees some of the wild rough country the railway passes through, one must admire the strong-hearted men who worked with such strength and determination to build the line through hills, over rivers, gorges, and along many seemingly impassable places. Nothing seemed too big for these men. They were optimists and they have succeeded.</p>
        <p>Many of the views from the carriage window, were, without doubt, awe-inspiring. Scenery-from mountain and river, to green fields and sea-scapes-something that most travellers enjoy and something that remains fresh in their minds for many long days, was viewed and admired as the train bore me on.</p>
        <p>I am sure that the New Zealand Railways gave me a greater impression of New Zealand than I could have obtained in any other way.</p>
        <p>Although there are hundreds of other interesting items that could be discussed from the traveller's point of view, I feel I should conclude by saying that the Railways are a go-ahead business enterprise. With their diligent and conscientious employees they will quickly rectify any little things that are now below standard, the time being not far distant when the New Zealand Railways will be a model system.</p>
        <p>
          <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail028a">
            <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail028a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail028a-g"/>
            <head>
              <hi rend="c">Scene At Lambton Station, Wellington.</hi>
            </head>
          </figure>
        </p>
        <pb xml:id="n29"/>
        <p>
          <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail029a">
            <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail029a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail029a-g"/>
            <head><hi rend="c">At Railway Headquarters, New Zealand.</hi><lb/>
Shewing portion of Lambton railway station and yard (near site upon which Wellington's new station is to be built).</head>
          </figure>
        </p>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n30" n="30"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d12" type="section">
        <head>
          <hi rend="c">Cricket Thrills.</hi>
        </head>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d12-d1" type="section">
          <p>
            <hi rend="b">The return of the New Zealand cricketers from England, where they established the Dominion's reputation on the flanneled field, has caused a great revival of interest in the national summer sport. It is therefore seasonable to produce the following vivid description of a thrilling and memorable cricket match, written by an “Aussie on his toes” to a New Zealand railwayman.</hi>
          </p>
          <p><hi rend="c">In</hi> 1924 the Third Test played in Australia was a heart thrill from start to finish—particularly the last innings, when the Englishmen, with 8 wickets down, were within 32 of the Australian total, when stumps were drawn at 6 p.m. on the sixth day of the match.</p>
          <p>The Cricket Board of Control decided not to make a charge for admission the following day as play was not expected to last more than an hour. You can imagine the crowd that assembled on the Adelaide Oval. Practically every place in the city suspended business, and it is estimated that at 12 noon, 100,000 persons were within the boundaries of the Adelaide Oval.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail030a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail030a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail030a-g"/>
              <head><hi rend="c">Watching The Game.</hi><lb/>
Lady supervisors (Miss B. R. McQueen and Mrs. A. M. Haslam), Head Office, N. Z. R.</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
          <p>Gilligan (captain) was one of the not–out–men, and that little chap (I cannot recall his name) the other.</p>
          <p>J. M. Gregory took the ball, and after performing a number of kangaroo bounds to get his muscles supple, measured off his bowling distance. By this time the huge crowd was silent and holding its breath. The day was warm, clear, and cloudless, with not even the slightest zephyr to disturb the flight of the ball. Gregory, as if conscious of the fact that the match would not last many minutes, abandoned all care for his “gammy” knee and let himself go—reminiscent of the Gregory of 1920–1921. The first ball was not seen by either the batsman (Gilligan) or wicket—keeper (Oldfield) and, to the horror of the spectators, went for four byes—thus materially reducing the margin. Gilligan survived two more balls and scratched off a few runs, eventually “skying” one from a mishit. This Vic. Richardson caught—the simplest of catches, yet in the excitement he jumped three feet into the air. If he had dropped that ball the crowd would have leapt the pickets and rushed him, for although Vic. was a South Australian and a good man, he was not at that period popular with the crowd, who did not conceal their delight when he was put out for a “duck” or failed in some other way.</p>
          <p>Strudwick—last man in—got a great reception, and swung his bat to the first ball from Gregory, but did not get within a yard of it and was the most surprised man in the place to see his wicket standing. Arthur Mailey was the bowler from the other end, and every ball from him was different and full of wile. At last one more deceptive than the other tricked the batsman, who flicked it. Oldfield gathered it in with his mighty reach, and before the crowd dared believe their eyes, he was halfway to the stand. Old Fox that he was, Oldfield knew that it was the fatal ball and he had it in safekeeping. Australia had won, but only just—about 11 runs to the good. It was then that the huge crowd surged over the pickets and across the ground, grabbing Mailey and carrying him shoulder high to the dressing room amidst volleys of cheers. An effort was made to grab Gregory, but he frustrated it, and his 6ft. 5in. of athletic manhood forbade the more daring element using force.</p>
          <p>It was a great finale to a great match, and I do not think any 20 minutes has held me so spellbound before or since.</p>
        </div>
        <pb xml:id="n31" n="31"/>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d12-d2" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">The Runaway.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>The recent press announcement of the death of Mr. James Sherbrook Hansen, formerly proprietor of the New Zealand Tribune, calls to mind some incidents in his career as a railway man in New Zealand; but none is likely to stir old memories more than that which occurred during the period between 1882 and 1885 when he was Stationmaster at Auckland.</p>
          <p>The little “C” shunting engine was standing at the water tanks on the main line, when the locomotive intended to run the Waikato train came out of the siding with all cocks blowing. The steam from the cylinders obscured the view of the driver on the Waikato engine, and, not seeing the little “C” ahead of him, he bumped into it rather hard. At the time there was only the enginedriver (Mr. Bennett) on the “C” and the sudden jerk threw him out of the cab on to ground.</p>
          <p>In falling he reached out suddenly for something to save him, and his hand fell on the regulator which although he failed to hold, he pulled over sufficiently to throw open. The result was that the “C” started off at a good pace towards Newmarket, with no one on board.</p>
          <p>Mr. Hansen, who spied the incident from afar off, was nothing if not a man of action. He was interested in racehorse and had done some good riding in his time. He rushed out to the back of the station, seized a saddle-horse that was tethered there, and set off full tilt along the main line, chasing the run-away shunting engine.</p>
          <p>The steed showed good mettle; the rider was keen, and, riding like Tod Sloan, it looked as if this novel method of dealing with the emergency might meet with due reward, when their course was suddenly held up by the Parnell overhead bridge which, not being planked, it was beyond the skill of man and horse to negotiate. The result was that, in spite of his resource, the rider was left at one end of the bridge while the run-away locomotive passed over beyond the other. Consternation existed, as the Onehunga train was due to come in on the same track.</p>
          <p>Fortunately, although the two engines certainly came together in the Parnell tunnel, there had not been much steam up on the “C” and the work of climbing the hill had rather exhausted it, so that when the collision occurred the impact was not serious.</p>
          <p>It is, of course, unthinkable that such an incident should recur. But if by any mischance an engine should break away nowadays on the same section of line, the automatic signalling would warn the driver of any oncoming train and he could take the necessary precautions to prevent anything serious happening. In that respect, present day working conditions, although perhaps less thrillingly romantic, are infinitely safer than in the days gone by, which, after all, is the main objective in transportation.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d12-d3" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Lifting A Railway Bridge.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>No undertaking in our day is apparently too big to be carried through successfully by the engineer. Whether it be the construction of a great ship canal, the boring of a tunnel a dozen miles through a mountain, shifting a skyscraper intact to a new site, or building flying machines of a speed capacity of 300 miles per hour, the engineer is the man responsible for these wonderful achievements.</p>
          <p>An engineering feat surpassing in magnitude anything of the kind previously attempted in the Southern Hemisphere, and one of considerable interest to railwaymen, was recently satisfactorily carried out at Kafue, in Northern Rhodesia, some 2,000 miles from Cape Town.</p>
          <p>In order to protect the Kafue Railway Bridge from the floods which threatened its safety every year it was decided to raise the entire structure -1,398 feet in length and weighing 910 tons-five feet above the foundations on which it had rested for twenty years. The bridge consists of thirteen spans and is one of the longest in Africa. Twenty-eight hydraulic jacks (placed in position under saddling girders which joined the spans together) were employed to lift the bridge. Each jack was manned by two natives under the guidance of a European. At a given signal the huge bridge was raised to the required height in individual lifts of ten inches. Great wooden wedges were employed to take the weight off the jacks after each lift, these being removed after a concrete block had been cemented in position on each pier. The lifting operations were so arranged that traffic was able to pass over the bridge after each lift of ten inches had been completed-the permanent way being raised the required distance for this purpose.</p>
          <p>The work was carried out under the direction of Mr. Rigley, the bridge engineer of the Beire Mashonaland and Rhodesian Railway and its successful accomplishment is a remarkable testimony to the efficiency of modern engineering methods.</p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n32" n="32"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d13" type="section">
        <head>Extending The Range of Non-stop Trains.</head>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d13-d1" type="section">
          <p><hi rend="c">The</hi> introduction of track troughs in Scotland by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway recalls some of the pioneering work done in providing this aid to rapid transport.</p>
          <p>About 70 years ago John Ramsbottom introduced this system in England on the London and North Western Railway. Of course he had cruder mechanism than that of to-day for the purpose, but his was essentially the idea on which the later-day engineers have worked in evolving the modern perfected system. The process is the same. A water-trough is fixed between the two rails, and as the train passes over it a hinged scoop is released under the locomotive. With the speed of the engine the water caught by the scoop is thrust through an upright pipe, which discharges it, syphon-like, into the tender tank.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail032a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail032a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail032a-g"/>
              <head>Group at D. T. M's. office, Christchurch, 1902.<lb/>
Back Row-J. C. Schneider, H. P. West, B. R. Sword, H. Chapman, J. A. McCaskey, L. H. Pugh.<lb/>
Front Row-C. S. Johnston, J. W. Pedler, E. A. Smart G. H. McLean, I. W. Blackmore, L. E. B. Edwards.</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
          <p>The new troughs to be used in Scotland are about one-third of a mile in length. They are of concrete construction, less than 18 inches wide and about six inches in depth. The trough is raised slightly above the rail level, and the scoop of the locomotive, which is manipulated by the fireman, dips about an inch and a half into the water. The trough ends in easy gradients, and the scoop works clear of it, even if the fireman does not lift it immediately the water supply has been secured.</p>
          <p>The volume of water forced up the pipe and into the tank depends, of course, on the speed at which the locomotive is travelling. The scoop works most effectively with a locomotive speed of about 35 miles per hour. The water channel requires to be on a dead level throughout its length, and to secure this condition the portions of line selected as sites for the troughs have had to be reconstructed to some extent. The water is fed into the troughs from storage tanks, into which ample supply is pumped from the river Clyde in one case and from the river Esk in another.</p>
          <p>The replenishing of the trough after a passing train has scooped up a tankful is effected automatically by means of valve mechanism, the channel being refilled in a minute or two. It is here that the modern engineer has improved most notably on the Ramsbottom system, under which there was a continual leakage of water from the storage tanks, except when the troughs were being refilled. In the Scottish installation, which is claimed to be the most up-to-date of its kind in the world, all leakage of this nature is eliminated.</p>
          <p>The provision of the three water troughs in Scotland extends the chain which the L. M. S. have already established on their lines south of the Border. The first new link of this extended chain is at Floriston, about a mile and a half south of Gretna Junction. It will serve trains both on the Carlisle to Glasgow route via Dumfries and on the Carlisle to Edinburgh and Glasgow routes via Beattock. The second link is also on the main line passing through Beattock, and is situated at Strawfrank, a little over a mile south of Carstairs, where the Edinburgh and Glasgow lines join. The third link is on the old Glasgow and South-Western route, the site in this case being to the south of New Cumnock Station. In this chain the troughs are spaced along the main lines about 45 miles apart.</p>
          <p>The non-stop range of trains is of course largely extended by this supersession of the old order under which the locomotive tanks had to be replenished by means of the water columns at stations and running sheds. The average amount of water raised from the troughs by an engine in motion is about 1,500 gallons, a quantity sufficient to operate an express locomotive for a distance of about 50 miles.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d13-d2" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">To Beat the Bus.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>The London, Midland and Scottish Railway Company recently placed, on its Airdrie-New-house branch, a luxuriously fitted light steam carriage, by the use of which it is hoped to defeat the keen bus competition on the route. Of the vestibule type, the carriage has a built-in-engine and is capable of travelling at a maximum speed of 45 m.p.h. It has accommodation for 44 passengers, and combines all the advantages of the bus with the comfort and safety of a railway train.</p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n33" n="33"/>
      <div decls="#text-6-bibl" xml:id="t1-body-d14" type="section">
        <head>
          <title level="a">
            <name type="work" key="name-408859">“To-day”</name>
          </title>
        </head>
        <lg type="verse">
          <l>“To-morrow!”-</l>
          <l>Choke the word-</l>
          <l>What of To-day?</l>
          <l>Its joy or sorrow</l>
          <l>Is quite enough</l>
          <l>For man or beast or bird.</l>
          <l>So</l>
          <l>If has begun</l>
          <l>The morning sun</l>
          <l>Of happiness to shine.</l>
          <l>Go,</l>
          <l>Run.</l>
          <l>Like wanton boy;</l>
          <l>Take Nature's Cup,</l>
          <l>Test well her wine,</l>
          <l>And sup and sup</l>
          <l>The elixir of joy.</l>
          <l>Drink deep, drink long,</l>
          <l>And sing a song;</l>
          <l>Be happy man</l>
          <l>Just while you can;</l>
          <l>Leave unto Sorrow</l>
          <l>Un-born To-morrow;</l>
          <l>Grateful and gay</l>
          <l>Enjoy <hi rend="c">To-Day</hi>.</l>
          <byline><hi rend="i">-<name type="person" key="name-408213">Samuel Hulme Bridgford</name>.</hi><lb/> (Decoration by Frederick Walter Perry).</byline>
        </lg>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n34" n="34"/>
      <div decls="#text-7-bibl" xml:id="t1-body-d15" type="section">
        <head>
          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408860"><hi rend="c">The Machine Tool</hi></name>.</title>
        </head>
        <byline>By <name type="person" key="name-408445"><hi rend="c">Herbert G. Williams</hi></name>, M. P., M. Sc., M. Eng., A. M. I. C. E.<lb/> Secretary and Manager of the Machine Tool Trades Association, London.</byline>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d15-d1" type="section">
          <p><hi rend="c">Modern</hi> civilisation in the material sense depends very largely upon the machine tool. With the aid of the machine tool every other tool and machine is made and, without such, civilisation as we know it would speedily collapse.</p>
          <p>Great Britain is the home of the machine tool. While it is true that tools are to-day made in many other countries, Britain shares with the United States and Germany the bulk of world production.</p>
          <p>A quarter of a century ago every existing machine tool was rendered more or less obsolete by the discovery of high speed steel, which made it possible to increase enormously the rate at which metal could be cut. This rendered necessary the re-designing of all machine tools because of the very much higher stresses which were involved in the higher rate of working.</p>
          <p>The gigantic home market of the United States, which was so effectively secured for American Industry by the Tariff policy of that country, led there to an earlier and more extensive mass production than elsewhere, with the result that the American Machine Tool industry was producing certain classes of machine tools to a far greater extent than either this country or Germany.</p>
          <p>The War and its demand for munitions naturally had a very stimulating effect on the production of machine tools in Great Britain, and, in particular, of those suited for mass production. In consequence, at the end of the War, the British Machine Tool industry occupied a much more powerful position than it had done for many years. The rate of production had been so high however that there were in existence enormous quantities of machine tools no longer required for the production of munitions. The great bulk of the tools were suited for peace time work, but the general depression of trade which began in 1920 rendered the absorption of the country's surplus stocks of tools a most difficult matter. Faced with such a situation the British Machine Tool industry has passed through a time of very great difficulty. The industry, however, did not allow itself to be daunted but set to work to improve still further its designs, so much so that when the last Machine Tool Exhibition was held in London in 1924, there was assembled at the great exhibition hall at Olympia, the finest show of machine tools that the world had ever seen. Since then further developments have taken place in many directions and it is fully expected that when the next exhibition is held in London, in September of 1928, fresh advances in design, just as striking as those in 1924, will be available. The industry recognises to the full that it has to meet the very keenest competition from Germany and the United States, but it has one advantage over its competitors in that it has always been the practice of the British machine tool makers to use the highest and most durable class of materials in the construction of their machines with the result that, generally speaking, the life of the British machine tool is much longer than that of its competitors. In addition, because of their general rigidity, the British machine tool preserves its accuracy for a very long period.</p>
          <p>Before the War many of the British machine tool makers were in the habit of producing a very great range of types, but the War has led to a greater degree of specialisation. This is one of the causes of the great improvement in the design, quality and efficiency, of the present day British machine tool. It is, however, the case that in addition to large demands for certain standard types of machines, there is also a small demand for machines of special character. The British Machine Tool industry is fortunate in that, included in its ranks, are one or two firms who undertake to design and manufacture these specialised machines; and though increased specialization has taken place generally, this does not mean that customers are unable to obtain special machines for special purposes.</p>
          <p>Three years ago the British Machine Tool industry undertook the interesting enterprise of producing a collective catalogue. Nearly one hundred firms co-operated in this effort, and copies of the catalogue were printed in English, French and Spanish, and the volume (which was exceedingly well printed) was distributed, free of charge, to every traceable potential buyer of machine tools all over the world.</p>
          <pb xml:id="n35" n="35"/>
          <p>Generally speaking the machine tool buyer is naturally an infrequent customer. For this reason he is often unacquainted with the best sources of supply, and one of the services which is rendered by the Machine Tool Trades Association is to place prospective buyers in touch with the most suitable source of supply of the machine that may be required. If anyone in New Zealand is at any time desirous of obtaining quotations for certain classes of machine tools and they are not acquainted with the names of the leading manufacturers of these types, I shall always be pleased to place them in touch with the manufacturers if they will write to me at the address of the Association, 70, Victoria Street, London, S. W. 1. As above mentioned, the industry will be holding its next Exhibition in London in September of next year, when a very cordial welcome is extended to any New Zealand Engineers who may be visiting Great Britain at that time to see the Exhibition, and the Machine Tool Trades Association, which is organising the Exhibition, will be delighted to present a Session ticket, free of charge, to any New Zealand Engineer who cares to apply for one.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d15-d2" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Memories.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>The scenes depicted below will bring back vivid memories to all New Zealanders who went overseas to play their part in the Great War:—</p>
          <list type="simple">
            <label>1.</label>
            <item>
              <p>At Sierra Leone. Natives selling fruit to those on the vessel. The practice was to lower baskets containing money from the deck to the dug-outs of the natives, who would then fill the baskets with fruit to be hauled up, and disposed of in quick time, by the keen-set soldiers.</p>
            </item>
            <label>2.</label>
            <item>
              <p>Approaching England. The Devonshire hills are seen in the background. Near at hand is a destroyer making for Plymouth harbour, whilst overhead hangs a captive balloon from which watch was being kept for submarines. The small dot beneath the baloon is the cage containing the lookout man.</p>
            </item>
          </list>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail035a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail035a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail035a-g"/>
              <head>
                <hi rend="c">1. At Sierra Leone.</hi>
              </head>
            </figure>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail035b">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail035b.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail035b-g"/>
              <head>
                <hi rend="c">2. Approaching England</hi>
              </head>
            </figure>
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n36" n="36"/>
      <div decls="#text-8-bibl" xml:id="t1-body-d16" type="section">
        <head>
          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408861">Middleton and Modern Marshalling</name>.</title>
        </head>
        <byline>(By <name type="person" key="name-408559"><hi rend="c">W. H. H. Grapes</hi></name>, Auto. Signal Inspector).</byline>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d16-d1" type="section">
          <p><hi rend="c">The</hi> name Middleton as far as Railway history goes had, up to the 12th October, 1927, been associated with an unpretentious flag station on the outskirts of Christchurch.</p>
          <p>From the date mentioned it has become identified with one of the most modern of marshalling and rail traffic parking places in Australasia. This yard -the outcome of years of experience and experimenting in New Zealand and overseas countries-has been designed for the complete handling of the longest goods trains.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail036a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail036a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail036a-g"/>
              <head>View of main marshalling yard, taken from No. 1 flood-light tower.</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
          <p>The division of a train from the time it arrives till its different parts are stored away in the various roads, is controlled by an important feature of the yard known as the “Hump Track” which is situated between the arrival and classification yards.</p>
          <p>It is the aim in the design of a big marshalling yard such as Middleton, to bring the movements down to the lowest minimum possible. This end is attained by the “Hump” principle.</p>
          <p>The operation of the “Hump” will perhaps be of interest to readers. Briefly, then, the “Hump” operation of trains is as follows:— A goods train arrives and is brought to a stop in one of the arrival sidings at the south end of the yard. The train engine is then uncoupled and taken to the depot and the “Hump” engine (although called the “Hump” engine it signifies merely that it supplies the power for pushing trains up to the crest of the “Hump” track,) is at once attached behind the train.</p>
          <p>The wagons, in the meantime, have been examined for destination points, chalk marked, and the couplings (excepting the hooks) are unfastened. The whole rake is then moved up to the crest of the “Hump” where hooks are lifted and the wagons allowed to run down the incline-gathering momentum on the way to take them beyond fouling points in the yard- This latter movement is controlled by an electric indication signal which, by means of colour lights, conveys to the driver of the “Hump” engine the movements required.</p>
          <p>This signal is controlled by the shunter in charge by means of a selective radial arm fixed in a part at the “Hump” crest giving the following indicators: (Red-“stop”) (one yellow-“Go away”) (“Come” two yellow) (“Slack up” three yellow.) The destination of the wagons running down the “Hump” can be seen by the chalk marks on their ends, and the shunter on the points lever at the controlling neck, and his assistants directs them accordingly.</p>
          <p>The indication signal is repeated so that the crew of the “Hump” engine can see it when working at a distance, as with a long rake.</p>
          <p>The yards are 84 chains in length and at their widest part carry 31 roads.</p>
          <p>One of the main features of this yard is its signalling and power interlocking system. Running adjacent to the main south lines and having entrance and departure routes from both directions as well as a departure route from the middle, it was necessary, whilst observing “Safety first,” to give as much flexibity as possible so as not to hamper movements within the yard.</p>
          <p>The signalling system chosen is the now popular and up-to-date three position colour light system of signalling which is already installed at various places in each island and working satisfactorily.</p>
          <p>The Signal Cabin is situated in the centre of the yard opposite the “Hump” track, and is built of brick. It is the only brick structure of
<pb xml:id="n37" n="37"/>
its kind in New Zealand, and makes an imposing setting for this all important yard.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail037a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail037a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail037a-g"/>
              <head>No. 1 Flood-light tower, looking towards Christchurch.</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
          <p>It has two stories, the upper half housing (in its handsome cabinet of maplewood) the 64 electric lever frame relay racks, and the yard-master's office-the latter being partitioned off. The lower half is the Shunters' Mess Room. Other conveniences (wash basins, etc.,) are provided in the adjacent out-buildings.</p>
          <p>All single and crossover points, double and single slips and trap point movements, are operated by points motors. Moreover, all signals are detected through the points. Every movement between the arrival and classification yards is controlled by the cabin, and every possible signalling route has been arranged for. Some of the points movements are over half a mile away from the cabin and could only be controlled by a power system capable of giving reliable indication to the signalmen. The levers operating points in the cabin frame cannot be placed in their full “Reverse” or full “Normal” position, as the case may be, unless the points switch has moved over to its required position and this, in turn gives the proper signal indication to the driver.</p>
          <p>The lighting of Middleton Yard has, in view of the large area of the yard and steady volume of work required to be dealt with throughout the night, received special consideration. The latest system of flood lighting has been installed and is quite a special feature of the yard. The lights are grouped on three towers 90 feet in height (one at each end of the yard and one in the middle) and are of 6,000 c.p., 5,000 c.p. and 2,000 c.p. respectively. The highest candle power is directed on that portion of the yard where the heaviest work is done. The flood-light towers impress one when seen and resemble immense “Meccano” structures. They were made by a Canadian Company and are built of mild steel, set in concrete foundations. They have been designed to stand very high wind pressures.</p>
          <p>The lamps are from the Pylo National Company and are of the “non glare” type. A most remarkable feature of the lamps is that one can stare into any of them and then, immediately afterwards, read a newspaper. On the opening night the whole illumination resembled that of the daylight hours and was acknowledged by experts to be the finest yet seen. Passengers from passing trains had their faces to the windows wondering what new phenomenon was visible. This lighting system is the same as that now installed at Timaru, Greymouth, Thorndon, Frankton, Otahuhu, Westfield and Auckland.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail037b">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail037b.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail037b-g"/>
              <head>Arrival of First Train at Middleton.</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
          <pb xml:id="n38" n="38"/>
          <p>Full telephone conviences have been provided at Middleton. There are six yard telephones (connected with a hand speaker) from any of which an order can be given to the signalman who can answer, if necessary, by switching on to the cabin telephone. A connection is also made with the Christchurch-Oamaru train control system, with Christchurch Railway, Addington saleyards and Show grounds.</p>
          <p>The power for operating and lighting the yard is taken from the Addington substation (Lake Coleridge supply) and is fed to the Department's high tension wires at Cutler's Road. Three transformers 3300–110 volt supply the signalling requirements and are of 20 K. V. A. capacity.</p>
          <p>The lighting supply is 3300–230 volts for which three transformers are used varying from three to seven, K. V. A. capacity. (This also includes power for pumping plant etc.) The whole installation is an up-to-date job and will be a memorial to a progressive policy.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d16-d2" type="section">
          <head>Football Challenge Cup Winners.</head>
          <p>The great interest associated with the annual football match (for the Challenge Cup) between teams representing the locomotive staffs of Canterbury and Otago was more than ever manifest when the teams met a few weeks ago for the thirteenth year in succession.</p>
          <p>The match this year (played in Dunedin) was won by the Otago boys (whose photograph appears below) by six points to nil. Despite the fact that adverse weather conditions prevailed throughout the match, a fine exhibition of rugby was given by both teams.</p>
          <p>Following the usual custom a reception was given to the visiting team in the evening. Speeches appropriate to the occasion were delivered by Mr. W. Pullar (chairman), and by Mr. L. Woodford (manager of the Canterbury team), and a programme of varied items was enjoyed by all present. The enthusiasm and goodfellowship which characterises these annual matches (and the subsequent receptions) has a lasting influence for good on the morale of the service.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail038a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail038a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail038a-g"/>
              <head><hi rend="c">Dunedin Locomotive Football Team</hi>, 1927.<lb/><hi rend="i">Back Row</hi>-D. Townley, R. Thomson, E. Lynch. A. Beaven. R. G. Maddox<lb/><hi rend="i">Middle Row</hi>-J. Mceneany, J. Stackhouse, V. Clark. R. Hughes, R. Kilgour, J. Eathorne<lb/><hi rend="i">Front Row</hi>-R. Gibb (Hon. Sec.), R. Budgen, H. Clydesdale (Capt.), Mr. G. A. Pearsen (Loco. Foreman) T. Richardson (Vice-Capt.), H. Elliott, Mr. P. Ibbotson<lb/><hi rend="i">Sitting in Front</hi>-J. Dowall, E. Robertson</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n39" n="39"/>
      <div decls="#text-9-bibl" xml:id="t1-body-d17" type="section">
        <head>
          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408862"><hi rend="c">In The Waikato.<lb/> Workers' Educational Association</hi></name>.</title>
        </head>
        <byline>(By <name type="person" key="name-408469"><hi rend="c">J. T. Dwyer</hi></name>, Clerk, Frankton Junction.)</byline>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d17-d1" type="section">
          <p>“<hi rend="c">It</hi> is not at all impossible that a man, always studying one subject, will view the general affairs of the world through the coloured prism of his own atmosphere.”</p>
          <p>The above quotation is taken from a speech in the House of Commons, in 1847, by the Earl of Beaconsfield.</p>
          <p>With a view to widening their knowledge of current affairs and acquiring a broader outlook on life, forty-five members of the Railway Department at Frankton Junction and Hamilton (including members of all branches of the service) formed a class under the auspices of the W. E. A. The class was thoroughly democratic and cosmopolitan, embracing salaried and wage earning employees, the men who deal with trains and the tradesmen, also employees from the sawmill and house factory.</p>
          <p>Owing to the abnormal irregularity of the hours of work prevailing at Frankton Junction it was not easy to fix suitable times to suit all for meetings, but by a spirit of compromise and goodwill on the part of all concerned, movable dates and times were adopted which gave the greatest facilities that were possible under the circumstances.</p>
          <p>This was the first experience that our members had of the movement and consequently the W. E. A. was on its trial. The interest and enthusiasm which was aroused, however, grew in volume as the season progressed, and all were sorry when the end came. Our members are looking forward with keen anticipation to next season's meetings and discussions.</p>
          <p>Two series of lectures were given, the first by Mr. T. N. Pemberton, M. A., F. R. E. S. on economic questions-dealing with “General Economics,” “Land,” “Labour,” “Wages,” “Co-operation and Co-partnership,” “Banking and Foreign Exchange.”</p>
          <p>It has been said that economics is a dismal science, but the skilful and interesting manner in which Mr. Pemberton handled the matters dealt with showed that it need not be so. Question time gave evidence of careful following of the lectures and study.</p>
          <p>Six lectures by Mr. N. M. Richmond, B. A. on matters of current history, followed. He dealt with the situation in Russia (past and present), various problems of the Pacific area, affairs in China and Japan (showing their bearing on the problems of to-day, of the future, and how we in New Zealand and Australia are concerned).</p>
          <p>Mr. Richmond proved himself to be an able lecturer and possessed of a good grasp of his subjects. The class again, during question times, showed its interest and evidence of wide reading.</p>
          <p>We regret very much that we are losing the services of Mr. Richmond who is moving to Auckland to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr. L. A. Mander, M. A. who has accepted an appointment in U. S. A. He takes with him our very best wishes in his new sphere of labour.</p>
          <p>The Department, in consideration of the good work done among the railway men in this district, has very generously donated ten pounds towards the funds of the Association.</p>
          <p>Hamilton is the centre and headquarters of the Waikato District of the W. E. A. whose activities extend northward to Huntly, southward to Te Kuiti, and to Cambridge, Matamata, Waihi, Thames, and intermediate towns. In some localities classes of over one hundred were formed, a wide range of subjects being covered.</p>
          <p>The season having now closed we are looking forward to the holding of the Summer School which, this year, will be held in Hamilton during the last week of December.</p>
          <p>Several prominent and able lecturers from Auckland will deliver lectures on economics, history and literature. Visits to various places of interest and industrial concerns will be arranged, also excursions on the beautiful Waikato River, to Arapuni (the site of the big hydro-electric power scheme) and the wonderful Waitomo Caves, are possible. As anything of an academic or theoretical nature will be avoided in the lectures they should appeal to all sections of the community and a large attendance is confidently anticipated.</p>
        </div>
        <pb xml:id="n40" n="40"/>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d17-d2" type="section">
          <head><hi rend="c">A Peculiar Locomotive.</hi><lb/>
(N. Blake, Hamilton Railways.)</head>
          <p>The sketch drawing reproduced on this page shows a queer type of triple-boiler locomotive built for the Belgian State Railways many years ago. Presumably the object of the design was to obtain added efficiency by employing three separate boilers instead of one big one. The engine was of the tender type and had outside frames.</p>
          <p>When built the engine ran very well. The wheel arrangement was of the 2–4–2 type, the cylinders being arranged inside between the frames. The highest speed attained was from 60 to 62 m.p.h. on the level, and a fair load was hauled for an express engine in those days.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail040a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail040a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail040a-g"/>
              <head>Triple-boiler locomotive as built by the Belgium State Railways.</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
          <p>As might be expected, however, trouble soon arose when the engine was tried on general service work. Unequal temperatures in one or other of the boilers would cause it to expand or contract irrespective of the other two boilers. The result was leaky tubes, boiler plates and strained fireboxes.</p>
          <p>The cost of building and maintenance was also very much higher than a steam locomotive of normal type, nor was there any apparent gain in either thermal efficiency, horse power or speed over the regular type of railway engine. It is not surprising therefore, that the engine was scrapped after a few years' service, and, needless to say, no more of this class were built.</p>
          <p>A twin boiler locomotive of similar design was built for a Continental railway at a later date. It also was a failure, so the type was not perpetuated.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d17-d3" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Making up Lost Time.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Attention has again been focussed on the question whether or not locomotive engine drivers should be issued definite instructions to make up lost time on the road. It is contended by some who claim to speak with authority in these matters, that late train running is a possible cause of accidents. This view was, however, characterised by the Chairman of the London and North Eastern Railway Company (Mr. William Whitelaw) as “nonsense from top to bottom.”</p>
          <p>Replying on behalf of his Company to the questions asked by Lord Monkswell, as to whether drivers would be given definite orders to make up time, and whether the speed of all express trains serving the principal points of the system would be increased to sixty miles per hour, the Chairman answered both questions in the negative.</p>
          <p>“We will,” he said, “as we do, leave to our magnificent engine drivers, than whom there is no finer body of men in this country, the decision as to whether or not they should make up time. They will take into consideration whether they are running up-hill, or down-hill, whether they are approaching a severe curve, or going on a straight road; whether the section that they are on is a long section or a short section, what is the state of the weather, and so forth; matters upon which the engine drivers alone can at the moment form a sound and proper conclusion… If he (Lord Monkswell) were correct in saying that late trains cause danger of accidents (and he is hopelessly wrong), it would follow that no special train could ever be put upon the line without causing danger to the travelling public. I say deliberately that in my judgment he is talking nonsense from top to bottom.”</p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n41" n="41"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d18" type="section">
        <head>
          <hi rend="c">By Those Who Like Us</hi>
        </head>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d18-d1" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Farmers' Excursions.<lb/>
Departments Efforts Appreciated.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>The inauguration of farmers' excursions between the different provinces during the winter months has, in addition to stimulating passenger traffic, given farmers a much needed opportunity of meeting and comparing notes regarding the various problems of their calling.</p>
          <p>The excursions have been freely patronised, and the following letter, received by the Minister of Railways, expresses the appreciation of a comprehensive section of the farming community:—</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d18-d2" type="section">
          <opener>New Zealand Farmers' Union.<lb/>
West Coast Province.<lb/>
3rd October, 1927.<lb/>
<salute><hi rend="b">Hon. Minister of Railways,<lb/>
Wellington.</hi></salute>
</opener>
          <p>On behalf of the Provincial Executive, and the eleven branches of the Farmers' Union of the West Coast, I have been requested to ask you to convey to Mr. H. Chapman, District Traffic Manager, Christchurch, and Mr. Pawson, Business Agent, their thans for many kindnesses shown to the West Coast Farmer Excursionists during their trip to Canterbury and that the Railway Board be congratulated on their skilful inauguration of this very fine scheme, providing as it does both pleasure and education for those availing themselves of it. I feel sure that next year larger crowds will avail themselves of this fine opportunity of visiting Canterbury.</p>
          <closer rend="right"><salute>Yours faithfully,</salute><lb/>
(Sgnd.) <signed><hi rend="c">F. W. Baillie</hi>,</signed>
<lb/>
Secretary.</closer>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d18-d3" type="section">
          <p>From the Secretary, Westland Rugby Sub-Union, Hokitika, to Mr. W. Craw, Stationmaster, Hokitika:—
<q>At the last meeting of the Westland Rugby Union I was directed by the Executive to write and convey to you their sincere thanks and appreciation for your efforts in securing suitable train arrangements for the supporters of the code on the occasion of the representative fixture, Ashburton versus Westland, held on August 17th.</q>
</p>
          <p>From the Secretary, Methven Trotting Club, Methven, to the Railway Board:—
<q>I am instructed by the Committee of the above Club to express our keen appreciation of the Railway facilities arranged for our recent Race meeting on the 8th October by Mr. McAloon (Stationmaster, Methven), Mr. S. F. Pawson and the Traffic Manager's Office, Christchurch. The Officers concerned are entitled to the highest commendation.</q>
</p>
          <p>From J. E. Watson and Company Ltd., Invercargill, to the District Traffic Manager, Invercargill:—
<q>We cannot permit the opportunity to pass without congratulating yourself and Transport Officers on the excellent work done at Bluff in the discharge of our cargo of Saychel Guano ex the s.s. “Epsom,” and this despite the fact that there were several other vessels in port discharging and receiving cargo. The discharging of a bulk cargo of 3,100 tons in sacks in something under 6½ eight-hour days, under the special circumstances is, we believe, a record for the port.</q>
<q>We would also like to make special reference to the work of the Bluff staff, and especially the clerk in charge of the weighing. He was most obliging, and put himself to a good deal of inconvenience to give us weights certificates at the completion of each day's work, thus enabling us to get out the necessary invoices to our customers.</q>
</p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n42" n="42"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d19" type="section">
        <head>
          <hi rend="c">Among the Books</hi>
        </head>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d19-d1" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">The Holiday Bookself.</hi>
          </head>
          <p><hi rend="c">Is</hi> it because one is nearing the “span of life” of which Moses sang, that one feels that the best books, like the best friends, are old? I have read, and read (for pleasure, as well as “all in the day's work”), so many new books-novels, biographies, poetry, essays, etc.,—that are more than merely passable, and some that are so excellent as almost to justify a claim to being installed among those select volumes which we like to dignify with the name of “literature” in its very special sense. But we stop to compare them with the work of the masters and that distinctive designation is withheld. It may be that, “stawed” with the frivolity, flippancy and flimsiness of much of our modern fiction, we fail to glimpse (if indeed it exist even in miniature) that seriousness of purpose almost always present in the writings of Scott, Dickens, George Eliot, the Brontés, Thackeray, Walter Besant, Charles Reade, and others, and their immediate successors. At the same time I admit, if only to myself, that quite a considerable quantity of old favourites suffered from a too long-drawn-out prosiness which turned the completing of their pages unskipped, from a pleasure into a task. Personally, I like to dovetail my more serious reading with a good book of adventure. At such times even those despised and rejected of the superior bookish person, the wild west stories, find favour in my sight. Some of these, though but-somewhat magnified-types of the ‘bloods’ with which most of us were wont to while away our idle (and, tell it not in Gathl working) hours in our “teens,” are, when the English is tolerable, a welcome change from the story with a purpose and the eternal, and often neurotic, sex novel.</p>
          <p>I should advise young readers, anxious to form a good taste in literature, not to waste time adventuring among the newest fiction. Ninetynine per cent. of it will be dead and forgotten in less than six months. Note those books which six months ago were being boomed by bookseller and book-reviewer, and inquire at your local bookseller how such books are selling to-day. The result will surprise you. You will find, almost invariably, that the books, in the announcing of which the scribes exhausted the language of superlatives, have been relegated to the stock boxes, not to be brought forth again until the annual cheap sale comes round. If, after the puff preliminary and book notice are forgotten, a book continues to sell, you may take it that that book has the root of the matter in it, and buy. If you can find no such books-and I admit that they are few and far between-I would advise you to turn to some of the earlier books of our older living authors.</p>
          <p>For holiday reading, or for a wet week-end, there is nothing more suitable than a volume of short stories. Here, I think, you had better place Kipling first. “The Day's Work” and “Wee Willie Winkie,” if you have red blood in your veins, you cannot fail to enjoy. Even if you are ignorant of Kipling's youth and upbringing, you do not read far before you feel convinced that your author not only knows the topography of the East, but the mind of the Eastern people, knows it with an instinctive subtility equal to that of the natives themselves. And not only has Kipling this gift, but he has the still greater gift: that supreme gift which by the magic mystery of plain language enables the reader to enter into, and understand the Eastern atmosphere.</p>
          <p>If you are a lover of adventure, and have not read them before, I would recommend that you sample one at least of Jack London's stories. I know he was guilty occasionally, of allowing the propagandist to oust the romancer; but, taking him by and large, he will pass muster in company with some of the best, and will be enjoyed by all lovers of fair play and haters of cruelty in any form. Jack London's knowledge of the world was not got from books. He learned in suffering what he tells in story. He travelled and toiled in every part of the globe, at all kinds of rough work, and in all sorts of wild places. “The Iron Heel,” “White Fang,” and several others are in the first rank, especially “The Night Born,” a volume of short stories, of which “The Wonder of Woman,” a thrilling tale of adventure, touchingly beautiful, stands out as a precious gem among many jewels.</p>
          <p>Most of our readers have read and enjoyed many of Sir Conan Doyle's books other than
<pb xml:id="n43" n="43"/>
“Sherlock Holmes.” The younger men among you, however, may have missed reading “The Lost World,” and its sequel, “The Poison Belt,” or “Sir Nigel” and “The White Company,” all of which can be recommended to hold till the last sentence! Of books by other living writers, one can scarcely go wrong in selecting a book by Arnold Bennett, or John Galsworthy, W. B. Maxwell's “Spinster of the Parish,” C. E. Montague's “Rough Justice,” Eric Sutton's translation of Andre Maurois's “Mape,” W. J. Locke's “Beloved Vagabond,” Christopher Morley's “Parnassus on Wheels,” David Grayson's “Adventure in Contentment” and others of his “Adventures” series, are all peculiarly suited to holiday reading. To these we might add of lately written books (for the sake of those who like up-to-the-minute literature) Sheila MacDonald's two Rhodesian books, Neil Gunn's “Grey Coast,” John Buchan's “Witch Wood,” Maurice Walsh's “The Key Above the Door,” and Dr. Robert McKenna's “Flo'er o' the Heather.” The sales of the last named have now touched close on one hundred and fifty thousand copies.</p>
          <p>Perhaps you do not care for reading novels when on holiday, and prefer lighter and brighter, yet instructive and profitable, reading. Well, those books of David Grayson's and Christopher Morley's will not come amiss. But for that particular type of reading I know nothing to equal the many volumes by E. V. Lucas. You remember that sketch of his in our June number, entitled “Off With the New?” Of course you do! Well, he has a couple of dozen volumes packed full of sketches, essays, and stories, even better than that, good as it was. And not only is his own “stuff” good, but the selections he makes from our best authors past and present, are also of the best. “Good Company: A Rally for Men,” is what its name claims for it. “Old Lamps for New” proves a most profitable exchange. “Listener's Lure,” “London Lavender,” “Character and Comedy,” “The Hambleton Men,” and, please, do not be so unfortunate as to miss getting “Mr. Ingleside” and “Over Bremerton's.” But whichever of Mr. Lucas's volumes you get, once having started to read him, you will find ways and means to get all the others from the same pen. And, what's more: when you have them all, and read them all, you will read them again and again!</p>
          <p>There are others, but I have named enough to provide a satisfactory variety of choice. All the books named have been read by the writer of these presents, and he herewith recommends them to the readers of the “N. Z. Railways Magazine,” confident that the result will be an endorsement of his choice, if not always of his taste, by his fellow workers in the Railways Department.</p>
          <p>H.</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail043a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail043a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail043a-g"/>
              <head>
                <hi rend="c">Lake Okereka, Rotorua</hi>
              </head>
            </figure>
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n44" n="44"/>
      <div decls="#text-10-bibl" xml:id="t1-body-d20" type="section">
        <head>
          <title level="a"><name type="work" key="name-408863"><hi rend="c">Production Engineering</hi>.<lb/> (<hi rend="c">Part</hi> XVII.)<lb/> <hi rend="c">“Safety First” In The Workshops</hi>
</name>.</title>
        </head>
        <byline>(By <name type="person" key="name-408055"><hi rend="c">E. T. Spidy</hi></name>, Superintendent of Workshops.)</byline>
        <p>“<hi rend="b">Safety first</hi>” <hi rend="b">is a habit</hi>. Therefore let us all cultivate the habit of “Safety first.” In order to cultivate the habit of “Safety first,” one must first learn to think “Safety first.”</p>
        <p>We do not sacrifice speed or efficiency because of “Safety first”-it does not mean we must slow up, in the sense that a motorist must stop speeding in the interest of <hi rend="b">Safety</hi>. It simply means that sane, careful and sensible actions must replace the rash, impulsive and nonsensical actions, when the risk involved is considered.</p>
        <p>
          <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail044a">
            <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail044a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail044a-g"/>
            <head><hi rend="c">Ready for Service.</hi><lb/>
Thirty-nine of the petrol carrying tanks shewn are being completed at Addington Workshops for delivery to B. I. O. and Vac. Oil Companies before Christmas.</head>
          </figure>
        </p>
        <p>We owe it to our families, the Department, and the community in general to act sensibly, so the subject admits of no argument.</p>
        <p>What are we doing about it in the Workshops?</p>
        <p>Is the matter being given careful consideration-I mean sincerely, or is “Safety first” looked on as a “fad” or temporary affair soon to die and fizzle out?</p>
        <p><hi rend="b">Indifference</hi> is the biggest obstacle to Safety first-“It's not my job, it's up to the Department,” so many say, or if they don't say so, they think or act so. The Department does not deny any of its responsibility in the matter, but the Department cannot <hi rend="b">force</hi> a man to think and act safely, if through indifference a man will not trouble to do so himself.</p>
        <p>In the Workshops, in order to develop the “Safety first” habit, the following are the instructions and methods employed:—</p>
        <list type="simple">
          <label>1.</label>
          <item>
            <p>Workshop Committees <hi rend="b">always</hi> have “Safety first” matters on their order papers at their regular meetings.</p>
          </item>
          <label>2.</label>
          <item>
            <p>Two members of such Committees are delegated to make an inspection of the shops sometime between meetings, and they present their report for discussion and recommendation at the next meeting. (Two different members each time.)</p>
          </item>
          <label>3.</label>
          <item>
            <p>Any shop employee is invited to make suggestions to the Workshops Manager, or to Committemen who bring same before the Shop Committee.</p>
          </item>
          <label>4.</label>
          <item>
            <p>At Committee meetings previous recommendations completed are first noted, next those recommended but not completed (and why), are noted, then new recommendations are considered. This is so that none fall by the wayside.</p>
          </item>
          <label>5.</label>
          <item>
            <p>Any available literature on the subject is distributed.</p>
          </item>
          <label>6.</label>
          <item>
            <p>Posters, Signs and Warnings are carefully placed to keep the idea in the foreground all the time.</p>
          </item>
          <label>7.</label>
          <item>
            <p>Suggestions on any matters touching safety are invited.</p>
          </item>
        </list>
        <p>A whole lot has already been accomplished by the co-operative action of the Committees; a great many improvements have been effected, but don't leave it to the other fellow all the time. The Committee and the management need constructive help. Safety work goes hand in hand with ambulance work; it is a service to yourself, you benefit by it-and to answer it by “indifference” may help the medical profession, but it won't help you.</p>
        <p>While this has been about “Safety first” I have in mind production as well. The Department is not well served in any respect by those who don't think in terms of “Safety first.”</p>
        <p>
          <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail044b">
            <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail044b.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail044b-g"/>
            <head>Electric truck now in use in railway workshops.</head>
          </figure>
        </p>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n45" n="45"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d21" type="section">
        <head>
          <hi rend="c">Wit and Humour</hi>
        </head>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d21-d1" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">A Plea of Insanity.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Judge (to prisoner): “You are found guilty of meeting the plaintiff in a lonely street, knocking him down, and robbing him of everything except a gold watch which he had with him. What have you to say?”</p>
          <p>Prisoner: “Had he a gold watch, my lord, with him at the time?”</p>
          <p>Judge: “Certainly.”</p>
          <p>Prisoner: “Then, I put in a plea of insanity.”</p>
          <p>* * *</p>
          <p>
            <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail045a">
              <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail045a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail045a-g"/>
              <head><hi rend="c">Shunting Problems.</hi><lb/>
Lorry Driver (to small-car owner who is slightly disorganising the traffic): “Why don't yer bring yer own backyard to turn in?” (Adapted from “Safety First,” London).</head>
            </figure>
          </p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d21-d2" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">The Quick And The Dead.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>“Explain,” said the teacher to the class, “the difference between ‘The quick’ and ‘The Dead.’”</p>
          <p>“Please, ma'm,” answered Johnnie, “the quick is them as gets out of the way of motor cars, and the dead is them that doesn't.”</p>
          <p>* * *</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d21-d3" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Mixed Metaphors.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>This is how a politician got rather mixed just after an election: “Gentlemen, the renown of this glorious victory will re-echo in golden letters through the corridors of rivers of time.”</p>
          <p>* * *</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d21-d4" type="section">
          <head><hi rend="c">Logic</hi>.</head>
          <p>What relation is a loaf of bread to a steam engine? Bread is a necessity. A steam engine is an invention. Necessity is the mother of invention; therefore a loaf of bread is the mother of a steam engine.</p>
          <p>* * *</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d21-d5" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">The Tyranny of Fashion.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>He had a necktie that you wouldn't be caught wearing at twelve o'clock at night at the bottom of a coal mine during a total eclipse of the moon.</p>
          <p>* * *</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d21-d6" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">The Right Spirit.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Scots Lad (to grocer who had just opened new shop): “Could ye gie me twa fardins for a ha'penny?”</p>
          <p>Grocer (to assistants): “Coats off, gentlemen, business has begun.”</p>
          <p>* * *</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d21-d7" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">A Brief Introduction.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Dr. Joseph Parker, introducing lecturer:</p>
          <p>“Having such a man as Mr.-to lecture to us, it is only necessary for me to say, ‘Loose him, and let him go.’”</p>
          <p>* * *</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d21-d8" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">An Acquired Strain.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Admiral Jellicoe of Jutland fame, praising the valor and chivalry of the Maori as a fighting man, relates that he once commended a Maori chief for a singularly chivalrous act during a battle.</p>
          <p>“Oh, that's all right,” the chief assured the Admiral, adding, “I've Scottish blood in my veins.”</p>
          <p>Pressed to explain the genealogy, the warrior said:</p>
          <p>“Well, you see, my grandfather ate a Scotch Presbyterian minister.”</p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n46" n="46"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d22" type="section">
        <head>Of feminine Interest</head>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d22-d1" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Tennis Frock.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Christmas time is usually vacation time and this little tennis frock will prove a welcome addition to a girl's wardrobe. It has a double pleat at each side while the main part is cut down in one. 3yds. of 36in. material is required to make the frock.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d22-d2" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">The Bealm of Dress.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>In the realm of dress there is nothing more persistent than the straight-line frock, which is constantly under discussion because of its diversified presentation. In some of the season's most attractive designs it shows an inclination to feature the normal waist-line.</p>
          <p>For sports wear, black and white combinations are not only youthful but essentially smart. Leaders of fashion had to think a while before endorsing this new ambition of black, but Paris was persistent and -Paris wins, as always.</p>
          <p>Any edge that is irregular is modish, but especially emphasised is the scallop.</p>
          <p>Bows are the symbol of chic, and they are in the height of the mode wherever placed. There is also an amusing variety in their shape and the length of their streamers.</p>
          <p>Coloured embroidery and coloured buttons are important decorative themes on dresses of cotton and linen.</p>
          <p>The sports skirt is a garment about which much fashionable interest centres, and there are unusually smart new versions of this model among the recent arrivals from Paris. There is nothing more delightful than the custume consisting of a slip-on blouse and suspender skirt. The blouse closes in front below the collar, and may be made with either long or short sleeves, while the two-piece skirt, usually of plaid, is dart-fitted in back and has pockets in front. The shoulder straps are supported by a band of self-material arranged across the front.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d22-d3" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">First Aid.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>On 16th August, a First Aid Class (meeting on Tuesday of each week) was organised for the benefit of the young women of the Head Office. Thirty girls joined with the object of adding to their knowledge of First Aid Work.</p>
          <p>Keen enthusiasm was displayed by both the students and the demonstrators, the former showing their interest by asking intelligent questions at the termination of each lecture.</p>
          <p>An examination, practical, written and oral, was held on 1st November. All entrants passed, seven gaining first class honours. For this creditable result we have to thank Dr. Arthur (lecturer), Misses McKnight, Bates and Griffiths and Mrs. Wilson (demonstrators), Dr. Shirer (examiner) and Mr. Martin (secretary), all of whom rendered much assistance and took time and trouble to bring about the success of the classes.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d22-d4" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Fudge Royal.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Ingredients:</p>
          <list type="simple">
            <item>
              <p>2½ cups sugar.</p>
            </item>
            <item>
              <p>1 cup milk.</p>
            </item>
            <item>
              <p>2 squares chocolate.</p>
            </item>
            <item>
              <p>1½ teaspoons butter.</p>
            </item>
            <item>
              <p>½ cup nuts.</p>
            </item>
            <item>
              <p>2 tablespoons raisins.</p>
            </item>
            <item>
              <p>3 pieces candied ginger.</p>
            </item>
            <item>
              <p>1 teaspoon vanilla.</p>
            </item>
          </list>
          <p>Mode:</p>
          <p>Stir together the sugar, chocolate, milk and butter and boil hard for five minutes stirring all the time. Remove from fire and add nuts, chopped raisins and ginger and vanilla. Beat until smooth, pour into a pan and cut in squares when cool.</p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n47" n="47"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d23" type="section">
        <head>Promotions Recorded During November.</head>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d23-d1" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Traffic Branch:</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Porters to Shunters:</p>
          <p>Fitzgerald, G. P., to Wellington Goods.</p>
          <p>Glover, W. C., to Wellington Goods.</p>
          <p>Perkins, V. H. K., to Marton.</p>
          <p>Storeman to Shunter:</p>
          <p>Sheridan, A. R., to Wellington Goods.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d23-d2" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Locomotive Branch:</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Sullivan, T. J., Labourer to Skilled Labourer, Newmarket.</p>
          <p>Hall, H. C., Labourer, Wellington Car and Wagon Depot, to Storeman, Grade 2, Wellington.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d23-d3" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Maintenance Branch.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Surfaceman to Ganger, Grade 2.</p>
          <p>Harkness, T., to Clyde.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d23-d4" type="section">
          <head>
            <hi rend="c">Suggestions and Inventions Commendations.</hi>
          </head>
          <p>Adams, H. E., Stationmaster, Frankton Junction.—Suggestion re locking of wheels of platform barrows.</p>
          <p>Barrett, C. H. T., Tablet Porter, Te Roti.—Suggestion re T-14 forms.</p>
          <p>Bartlett, F. H., Cadet, F. O. W. O., Addington.—Suggestion re supply of goggles to men engaged in chipping concrete or stone.</p>
          <p>Bell, W. E., Leading Fitter, Addington.—Suggested improvement to Wf locomotives.</p>
          <p>Bendall, A. E., Porter, Frankton Junction.—Suggestion re locking of wheels of platform barrows.</p>
          <p>Carroll, R., Enginedriver, Auckland.—Suggested card system for running shed locomotive repairs.</p>
          <p>Ellison, A., Casual Turner, Hillside.—Suggested case hardening of crank pins.</p>
          <p>Lister, D. C., Shift Engineer, Otira.—Suggestion re double heading of electric locomotives.</p>
          <p>Melrose, W. J., Fitter, Taumarunui.—Suggestion re improvement to trailing bogie spring hangers on “Wab” locomotives.</p>
          <p>McBurney, E. A., Casual Fitter, Petone.—Suggested improved dust-box for Westinghouse brakes.</p>
          <p>Taylor, S. A. I., Carpenter, Newmarket.—Suggested improvement to locks on van doors.</p>
          <p>Turner, W. J., Carpenter, Addington.—Suggested fastener for seat in first class carriages.</p>
          <p>Thompson, H. H., Acting Clerk of Works, Hutt Valley Workshops, Petone.—Suggestion re Menno compressed air grease cups.</p>
          <p>Winter, R. G., Guard, Omakau.—Suggestion re working of goods trains on Central Otago Branch.</p>
          <p>Wright, C. G., Shunter, Woodville.—Suggested schedule of engine runs.</p>
          <p>Wright, F., Casual Turner, Addington.—Suggestion re Westinghouse brake emergency taps.</p>
        </div>
        <div xml:id="t1-body-d23-d5" type="section">
          <head>Monetary Awards.</head>
          <p>Hunter, J. J., Casual Boilermaker, Wellington.—Awarded bonus of £2 for suggested method of hinging apron plate between engine and tender.</p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d24" type="section">
        <head>Canterbury Staff Ball.</head>
        <p>“Dixieland,” Christchurch, presented an animated scene on Wednesday, 14th September, when the Railway Combined Staff Ball was held, and if the large number present was any criterion of the enthusiasm which centered in the gathering it is almost a certainty that the ball will again become an annual affair.</p>
        <p>At the top of the staircase the guests were greeted with those well known letters—“N. Z. R.” —set in fernery, and brilliantly illuminated with coloured electric lights, whilst in the lounge the guests were immediately interested with the alternate flicking of an automatic signal.</p>
        <p>The lounge was decorated with elegant tree ferns procured from the West Coast, the supper tables were bedecked with fresh spring flowers, whilst the ball room was adorned with an ample supply of greenery, balloons, and paper streamers of automatic signal colours, tastefully arranged.</p>
        <p>Those responsible for the highly successful function were Messrs. R. P. Patterson (chairman), A. W. Clark, T. R. Cresswell, G. McMillan, P. H. Smith, G. E. Weavers, N. J. Wildermoth, A. J. Williams, and J. O. Williams, with Mr. R. T. Cooper attending to secretarial duties.</p>
        <p>Mrs. H. C. Guinness and Mrs. P. Wilks were the chaperones. The guests of honour at the gathering were Mr. F. Pawson and Miss Pawson. His Worship the Mayor (the Rev. J. K. Archer and Mrs. Archer) were also present.</p>
        <p>Country members from Springfield, Sheffield, Ashburton, Little River and Palmerston, also attended.</p>
        <p>Sharp to time Mr. Pawson lowered the fixed signal, the mellow green light signifying “right away” for Bailey's Orchestra to “strike-up” for the 350 odd dancers.</p>
      </div>
      <pb xml:id="n48" n="48"/>
      <div xml:id="t1-body-d25" type="section">
        <head><hi rend="c">Variations in Traffic and Revenue</hi><lb/>
as compared with last year—1st April to 15th October, 1927</head>
        <p>
          <table rows="12" cols="8" rend="complex">
            <row>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">District</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">Passengers. Number.</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">Season. Number.</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">Bearer-tickets. Number.</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">Cattle, Calves. Number.</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">Sheep Pigs. Number.</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">Timber. Tons.</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">Other Goods Tons.</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Auckland</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−52,976</cell>
              <cell rend="right">8,283</cell>
              <cell rend="right">3,191</cell>
              <cell rend="right">29,996</cell>
              <cell rend="right">70,889</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−8,004</cell>
              <cell rend="right">2,516</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Ohakune</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−28,306</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−425</cell>
              <cell rend="right">49</cell>
              <cell rend="right">5,032</cell>
              <cell rend="right">13,433</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−20,578</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−4,736</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Wanganui</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−40,469</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−441</cell>
              <cell rend="right">51</cell>
              <cell rend="right">21,487</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−12,676</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−1,074</cell>
              <cell rend="right">9,754</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Wellington</cell>
              <cell rend="right">91,844</cell>
              <cell rend="right">5,324</cell>
              <cell rend="right">957</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−15,594</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−48,263</cell>
              <cell rend="right">2,180</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−31,948</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Total N. I. M. L. B.</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−29,907</cell>
              <cell rend="right">12,741</cell>
              <cell rend="right">4,248</cell>
              <cell rend="right">40,921</cell>
              <cell rend="right">23,383</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−27,476</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−1,770</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Westport</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−894</cell>
              <cell rend="right">1</cell>
              <cell rend="right">4</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−39</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−388</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−2,920</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−17,444</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Christchurch</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−65,116</cell>
              <cell rend="right">3,383</cell>
              <cell rend="right">161</cell>
              <cell rend="right">179</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−51,956</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−24,381</cell>
              <cell rend="right">27,232</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Dunedin</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−101,978</cell>
              <cell rend="right">1,604</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−408</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−820</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−13,430</cell>
              <cell rend="right">381</cell>
              <cell rend="right">19,823</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Invercargill</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−57,299</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−328</cell>
              <cell rend="right">6</cell>
              <cell rend="right">1,165</cell>
              <cell rend="right">60,367</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−2,255</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−12,924</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Total S. I. M. L. B.</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−224,393</cell>
              <cell rend="right">4,659</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−241</cell>
              <cell rend="right">524</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−5,019</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−26,255</cell>
              <cell rend="right">34,131</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Grand Total</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−255,194</cell>
              <cell rend="right">17,401</cell>
              <cell rend="right">4,011</cell>
              <cell rend="right">41,406</cell>
              <cell rend="right">17,976</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−56,651</cell>
              <cell rend="right">14,917</cell>
            </row>
          </table>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table rows="12" cols="6" rend="complex">
            <head>
              <hi rend="c">Revenue</hi>
            </head>
            <row>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">District</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">Passengers</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">Parcels.</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">Goods.</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">Miscellaneous.</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">Total increase or decrease.</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell/>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">£</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">£</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">£</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">£</cell>
              <cell role="label" rend="center">£</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Auckland</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−10,503</cell>
              <cell rend="right">1,036</cell>
              <cell rend="right">23,322</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−2,664</cell>
              <cell rend="right">11,191</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Ohakune</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−7,001</cell>
              <cell rend="right">92</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−27,779</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−1,223</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−35,911</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Wanganui</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−8,969</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−462</cell>
              <cell rend="right">1,216</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−2,106</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−10,321</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Wellington</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−14,842</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−906</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−35,085</cell>
              <cell rend="right">7,987</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−42,846</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Total N. I. M. L. B.</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−41,315</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−240</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−38,326</cell>
              <cell rend="right">1,994</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−77,887</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Westport</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−301</cell>
              <cell rend="right">8</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−3,600</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−2,168</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−6,061</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Christchurch</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−16,052</cell>
              <cell rend="right">917</cell>
              <cell rend="right">4,563</cell>
              <cell rend="right">6,786</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−3,786</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Dunedin</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−15,635</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−1,294</cell>
              <cell rend="right">4,314</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−79</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−12,694</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Invercargill</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−17,491</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−999</cell>
              <cell rend="right">10,030</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−262</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−8,722</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Total S. I. M. L. B.</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−49,178</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−1,376</cell>
              <cell rend="right">18,907</cell>
              <cell rend="right">6,445</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−25,202</cell>
            </row>
            <row>
              <cell>Grand Total</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−90,794</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−1,608</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−23,019</cell>
              <cell rend="right">6,271</cell>
              <cell rend="right">−109,150</cell>
            </row>
          </table>
        </p>
        <p>
          <figure xml:id="Gov02_08Rail048a">
            <graphic url="Gov02_08Rail048a.jpg" mimeType="image/jpeg" xml:id="Gov02_08Rail048a-g"/>
          </figure>
        </p>
        <p><hi rend="b">Note:</hi> “Minus” sign indicates decrease. In all other cases the figures indicate the increase in number, quantity or amount.</p>
        <p>It will be seen from the above statement that there is a total decrease in revenue of £109,150, as compared with the previous year. The main factors bearing on this decrease are the extra day in last year's returns (1st April to 16th October), the abnormal traffic during the closing weeks of the Dunedin Exhibition (1st April to 1st May, 1926) and the fact that Anzac Day this year was observed on a Monday as against a Sunday last year.</p>
        <p>These reasons apply more particularly to the passenger traffic, which is responsible for 83.18 per cent. of the total decrease in revenue.</p>
        <p>Heavy consignments of calves to freezing works during the past few months have greatly inflated the livestock returns resulting in an increase of 41,406 to date against a decrease of 18,448 shown in July's statement.</p>
        <p>Under the heading “Other Goods” there is shown an increase of 14,917 tons chiefly in coal, cheese, butter and artificial manure.</p>
        <p>The decrease in timber is due to building trade slackness and greater use of imported timbers at main centres where no railage is involved.</p>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>