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Society Islands
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Figure 258.—Polynesian stone pounders: pestle form (a-c); medium form (d-e), flared form (f-i). a, Cook Islands, lateral projecting head with three low ridges (Bishop Mus., 6531). b, Mangareva, rounded circular head (Bishop Mus., C7632). c, Society Islands, laterally expanded head with three high ridges (Bouge coll.). d, Mangaia, head with lateral projections, flat upper surface, concave longitudinally; calcite (Bishop Mus., B3489). e, Austral Islands, head similar to d but with upper surface rounded; basalt (Bishop Mus., B4677). f, Society Islands, head projected laterally with two side ridges very high (Bouge coll.). g, Society Islands (Maupiti), head with long, horizontal side projections, upper surface concave longitudinally and convex transversely; lower surface flat (Bouge coll.). h, Marquesas, head forms rounded knob carved with two human heads back to back (Bouge coll.). i, Hawaii, rounded head more pronounced than h; bottom surface markedly convex (Bishop Mus., C1929) Figure 269.—Distribution of haft types, with literature citations. References for Polynesia are as: 1, toe haft: New Zealand (6, pp. 383, 393); Hawaii (11, pl. 60); Marquesas (47, pl. 48, A); Tuamotu (Emory ms.); Easter Island (Bishop Mus. Hafts); Manihiki-Rakahanga (75, pp. 144, 145); Tongareva (74, p. 180) Niue (48, pl. 8, A); Samoa alternate form (73, p. 362); Austral Islands alternate form (1, pp. 158, 159). 2, medium haft: Samoa (73, pp. 360, 361); Tonga (Bishop Mus. Coll.); Pukapuka (3, p. 165); Futuna (17, pl. 128); New Zealand, specialized form in some jade adzes (13, p. 16, fig. 8). 3, heel haft: Society Islands (13, p. 153, fig. 134); Austral Islands (13, pl. 13, fig. 5, d); Cook Islands (figs. 106, 111). For the neighboring parts of Oceania, the type hafts were obtained from specimens in Bishop Museum Figure 271.—Evolution of the Mangaian triple triangle. a, b, double loop technique, Austral Islands; c, d, triple triangle, Cook and Society Islands; e, f, Mangaian triple triangle, Mangaia. a, front: lower (1) and upper (2) loops. b, side: lower and upper loops crossing on side to form one large triangle. c, front: lower loop (1) continued throughout; upper loop (2) continued for a few turns and then split (3) as shown by crossings in middle line. d, side: split loops in their vertical turns (4) around shaft work inward and by alternately crossing with upper and lower oblique turns create an upper and lower triangle in addition to front triangle. e, front: lower loops (1) persist but upper loops (3) split immediately so that full upper loops of previous two lashings (2) are eliminated. f, vertical turns around shaft that are parallel in d are diverged into two bands (4, 5) and cease to cross with lower oblique series (6) which eliminates lower triangle seen in d; diverging two series (4, 5) cross alternately and create a new triangle (7) below upper original triangle of d Figure 273.—Polynesian drums. a-d, direct upper attachment; e-h, indirect upper attachment. a, Aitutaki, Cook Islands, see figure 168: lower slot attachment. b, Tahiti, Society Islands (Cambridge University Mus.): lower slot attachment; height, 20.5 inches; upper diameter, 7.75 inches; lower diameter, 8.5 inches. c, Raivavae, Austral Islands (British Mus., L.M.S. coll.): lower attachment to rectangular slots with another row of unused rectangular slots above engaged slots; lower third carved; height, 49 inches; diameter, 14.25 inches. d, Raivavae, Austral Islands (Cambridge University Mus.): lower attachment to carved knobs (1); woodwork carved below knobs and ends in lower row of rectangular slots (2), no longer used for attachment. e, Mangareva (Museé de St. Germain): indirect upper attachment to loops of single circumferential braid and lower attachment simply looped around short projecting knobs (1) on lower rim; height, 41 inches (for details see 77, p. 401). f, Fagatau, Tuamotu (Bishop Mus., B3692): shark-skin cover missing but single circumferential braid (1) remained in position with tautening braids looped over it; lower attachment to hoop (2) and lower ends of braid carried down in some pattern which has become disarranged; height, 47 inches. g, Marquesas (Bishop Mus., 8001): upper band (1) of circumferential braid which passes through alternate slits in skin cover in ten courses to form continuous band, five braids externally and five beneath cover; tautening braids (2) passed through loops so formed and lower ends attached to hoop (3) fastened to body of drum through large (4) and small (5) slots: turns of flat coir plaiting (6) used to cover knots to hoop have slipped out of position, h, Hawaii (Bishop Mus., 4849): tautening braids passed around lozenge-shaped loops (1) formed of olona fiber cord and attached below around vertical parts (2) of open woodwork; height, 15 inches; top diameter, 12 inches

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