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London Missionary Society
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Non-denominational missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and Nonconformists.

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Figure 112.—Mangaian multiple lozenge lashing pattern. a, length of shaft and foot, 26 inches; height of foot, 6.3 inches; high heel with no lateral or posterior projections; shaft proximal end diameter, 1.2 inches; long narrow adz head with posterior median edge rounded off, marked shoulder, conforms to a Mangaian type; some ornamental turns of braid pass over end of heel and then lashing in series of spiral turns forms lozenges, which are not filled in the figure (British Mus., 55/12/50-172, Tahitian case). b, top of heel of a forming triangular surface with apex (1) to back and notches on sides to hold decorative turns passing over it, as in Mangaian technique. c, small specimen, haft length, 13.5 inches; shaft diameter near proximal end, 13 mm. but expanded at end to 22 mm., well polished; adz head of black basalt: blade length, 65 mm.; width at shoulder, 32 mm., at cutting edge 36 mm.; thickness at shoulder 17 mm.; conforms to a Mangaian type; lashing in multiple lozenge pattern and a couple of turns pass over top of heel (British Mus., L.M.S. 382) Figure 163.—Mangaian carved gong (British Mus., L.M.S. 488): length, 647 mm.; height, 220 mm.; greatest width, 207 mm. a, upper flat surface defined at ends by raised bands (3) and at sides by horizontal lines of carved panels, width 80 mm.; opening into interior hollow is triangular at each end (1, 1) with the bases outward, sides slightly curved and apices connected by a narrow slit (2) which is 127 mm. long; base of left triangle is 52 mm. and length from base to apex, 195 mm.; right triangle base is, 56 mm. and length, 200 mm.; parts of upper surface not occupied by opening are uncarved. End bands (3, 3), encircling gong, are 50 mm. wide, corresponding to thickness of end walls and are divided by thin slits into small rectangular spaces for carving. End knobs (4), projecting at a lower plane than end bands, are 28 in number, evenly spaced, forming small rectangular surfaces 13 mm. long, b, side view: same numbering as a. c, end view: shows triangular section of knobs (4) with apices inward, also black painted circle for ornament, d, enlargement of one end: end knobs (1) with upright K and notched bar motif; raised end panel (2) divided by two vertical slits into three panels which in turn are divided into small rectangular spaces by horizontal slits, each space carved into two K-motifs facing each other with stems horizontal. Body (3) of gong is divided into horizontal panels (4) by wide grooves (5); panels are subdivided into small spaces by cross slits; each rectangular space is carved with double K-motif with stem horizontal as in end panels (2); bottoms of dividing grooves (5) are stained in black to form light lozenges of natural wood color Figure 172.—Atiu and Mauke clubs: a-e, Atiu; f, Mauke. a, narrow blade with blunt unflanged point (Fuller coll., 318). b, very narrow blade, with straight flanged point (Fuller coll., ?). c, shortest club with widest part of blade near tip; blunt point with faintly incised double chevron (Fuller coll., L.M.S.). d, long point with fairly wide blade; double flanged chevron point (Fuller coll., L.M.S.). e, narrow blade with triple chevron motif (1); two sets of four barbs (2, 2); slight enlargement (3) of shaft near proximal end (Bishop Mus., C2918). f, wide paddle-shaped blade; unflanged point accidentally split (Bishop Mus., C2922). Measurements in millimeters. Length Blade width and thickness Shaft a 2,395 46 × 19 32 × 32 b 2,575 40 × 19 33 × 27 c 1,500 56 × 19 36 × 30 d 2,895 59 × 18 39 × 33 e 2,305 52 × 23 26 × 25 f 1,947 99 × 31 32 × 32 Figure 185.—Flanged butt points of Mangaian clubs, a, triple serrated club (fig. 183): straight based flange; diameters of base, 21 mm. by 16 mm. b, spade club (fig. 181, a): four-pointed flange; base, 37 by 37 mm.; length of point, 39 mm. c, paddle club (fig. 181, d): length of point, 45 mm. d, serrated club (fig. 181, c): length of point, 40 mm. e, serrated club (Fuller coll., L.M.S.): base diameters, 42 by 35 mm.; four sets of incised lines following form of flange Figure 191.—Fisherman's god (British Mus., L.M.S.): height 440 mm.; head width above ears 184 mm.; width at ears 240 mm.; width at shoulders 240 mm.; narrowest width of body 111 mm.; penis amputated and navel protuberance broken off. a, front; b, back; c, right side Figure 194.—Image with smaller figures (British Mus., L.M.S., 42). a, front: total height 690 mm.; width of head with projecting ears 127 mm.; length of head 115 mm.; shoulder width 162 mm.; abdominal width at navel 127 mm.; hip width 160 mm., showing three figures on breast. The rectangular feet are notched on upper and lower front edges. b, side: showing projection outward of 3 breast figures, and 2 figures carved on flat on outer side of arm; middle part of arm uncarved for length of 43 mm., covered with thin white tapa over which sennit braid 3 mm. wide is wrapped with close transverse turns; remains of feathers indicate that the braid turns formed lashing for feather decoration; hand similar to fisherman's god but 4 fingers; side of foot ornamented with alternating angular notches to form zigzag decorations; nose well shaped, c, back: continuation of jaw line across the back of head defines distinctive neck, longer than in fisherman's god; shallow gluteal region distinctive, d, middle breast figure: flanged eye with brow flange, and mouth defined by three notches; protruding abdomen with circular navel, but navel absent in other two breast figures; all 3 have penis (1); arms (2) are represented by raised ridge; flexed lower limb (3) notched, e, arm figure: large ears formed of rectangular panels with corners rounded off; eyes without brow flange; mouth defined by two curved lines; arms (1) represented by horizontal ridge, abdomen (2) by knob, and flexed legs (3) by angular projections; vertical mesial element (4) represents penis; upper arm figure 63 mm. high and lower 55 mm Figure 195.—Rarotongan large staff god (British Mus., L.M.S.), figured by Williams (81, p. 100): total length about 13 feet, a, full figure: 1, head length 102 mm., greatest width at back 46 mm., tufts of feathers attached to left ear (see fig. 196, d); 2, upper set of five small figures, arranged as in figure 197, c; profile figures with phallus decorated with feathers (fig. 195, d); 3, bundle of tapa cloth wrapped around middle staff section and tied with bands of cloth, red feathers and pearl shell were next wood; 4, lower set of five small figures; 5, phallic terminal, b, over 30 small pieces of pearl shell figured by Williams, said to be "manava or soul of the god." c, feather ear ornament: four split black feathers 96 mm. long tied to each of four holders of a loop carrier with same technique as in war cap; two-ply cord of loose white fiber threaded through loops of six carriers and tied through hole in ear. d, feathers tied to phallus below chin of profile figures with fine sennit, 3 mm. wi'de, passing in transverse turns over feather quill and tied to neighboring turn with overhand knot; feathers, single, split, black, and 90 mm. long Figure 199.—Smaller staff gods (a-d, British Mus., L.M.S., 306-19); e-f, British Mus., L.M.S., 18-20). a, full-length figure showing head (1), upper series of small figures (2), middle staff (3), lower series of figures (4), and terminal phallus (5); total length 1,640 mm. b, head and upper series of figures: head (1) with eye elements of eyeball, upper and lower lids, and brow; mouth defined by three notches instead of four as in large staff gods; typical ear and no nose; notched arm (2) and hand of the large head forms lower boundary of first figure; first figure (3) is full-face with large ears, poorly carved conventional face, and limbs represented by a horizontal ridge on either side; second figure (4) in profile with secondary figure (5) below it in full face with large ears, conventionalized face, and triangular depressions defining body and bent leg elements; last secondary figure (6) with large ears, conventional face, and two limb elements on either side, has no projecting figure above it. Large head (1), 133 mm. high from chin to vertex and 72 mm. from front back. Upper series of figures extends for 170 mm. beyond chin of large head. Cross diameters of staff part (7) are 38 mm. by 32 mm. c, lower series of figures in upper and lower sets and terminal phallus: upper set consists of two profile figures (1, 1) looking away from a middle full-faced figure (2). Projecting profile figures consist of head with single horizontal element to represent limbs, and each has secondary full-face figure (3, 3) below it; secondary figures (3, 3) have well-marked ears, with conventional faces, and horizontal elements to represent limbs; middle full face (2) has part above one ear broken away, and with the two ears and extremely conventionalized face it occupies projecting part of wood, and part below (4), which, in large staff gods, would be occupied by a secondary figure is here elaborated into elements representing a body and limbs for head above; thus below the face are two horizontal ridges representing upper limbs with a rounded knob for the body between them; below these again are two horizontal elements on either side, representing lower limbs, but one is cut through at knee joint. Two last figures (5, 6) are in projecting profile looking away from each other and with gap between; first (5) has single upper limb element beneath it followed by full-face figure (7) with large ears bounding conventional face and bent elements for lower limbs; second (6) has conventional profile face with upper limb flexed to hand with three fingers and a bent lower limb. First series (1, 1) occupies length of 140 mm. and second (5, 6) a length of 98 mm. Phallus (8) is 110 mm. long, d, under surface, lower end: 1, notched part under first set of figures; 2, notched part under second set of figures; 3, phallus, e, head and upper figure series: head (1) conforms to previous pattern with serrated arm (2) and three-fingered hand, but the figure (3) above arm is in profile instead of full face; next projection (4) is notched on each border without any carved figure; height of head (1) 118 mm., maximum length 68 mm., width 33 mm.; staff (5) is 39 mm. in diameter, f, lower end of e with phallus amputated: first figure (1) in projecting profile with lower part (2) notched instead of secondary figure; last pair (3, 4) in profile facing away; one (3) consists of head only with part below it notched; the other (4) has normal head with upper limb and three-fingered hand, and horizontal ridge for lower limb. Total length of staff god without phallus 1,025 mm Figure 203.—Carved slabs, Aitutaki. a, probably breadfruit wood; total length, 457 mm.; greatest width, 62 mm.; greatest thickness, 18 mm.: top section (1) 112 mm. long with irregular side notches and mesial hole: middle section (2) with serrated sides and triangular depressions opposite alternate serrations; mesial raised longitudinal panel divided into serrated transverse bars: lower plain section (3) 34 mm. wide and 14 mm. thick at bottom end. (British Mus., L.M.S. coll., 112). b, brown wood, 490 mm. long; top width 93 mm.; 24 mm. thick in middle line and 12 mm. at sides: 1, upper carving of three rows of sunken triangles opposite alternate serrations in serrated edge below; 2, two rows of sunken lozenges with holes pierced through two upper, outer lozenges; 3, rest of carving has sunken triangles along side edges with inner sunken triangles opposite alternate serrated points of edge; inner part composed of serrated bands and sunken triangles; 4, lower section plain with thin white tapa wrapped around lower end by two-ply coir cord. (British Mus., L.M.S., 26). c, surface shiny from handling; length 607 mm.; top width 123 mm.; thickness 30 mm.: 1, upper end notched, four projections with chevron-triangle motifs with opposing chevrons below and knobs of uncut wood between, and sunken crescents below. 2, two notched transverse bars. 3, repetition of top pattern (1). 4, rest of carving consists of transverse serrated bars with a median longitudinal panel carved with chevron-triangle motifs in pairs placed sideways. 5, three transverse edges. 6, uncarved lower end, 61 mm. wide at upper end and 32 mm. below, transverse hole, and single side notches, (British Mus., no number), d, back of b, with coir cord ornamented with transverse tufts of coir fiber, 30 mm. long, caught between plies and with lower end doubled around lower edge of slab and covered by thin tapa lashed with bast cord, e, back of c:1, chevron-triangle motifs serrated at base; 2, transverse serrated bars with middle panel of sunken lozenges; 3, crescent motifs; 4, transverse edges. [Catalog states that remains of feathery plumes were formerly attached at lower end.] Figure 206.—Carved slab with arches (British Mus., L.M.S. 28). a, front: upper wide section (1) 180 mm. wide and 120 mm. deep, including three upper projections (4) obscured by feathers; upper edge below projections serrated; five sets of rectangular perforations in three vertical pairs and outer singles with vertical and horizontal grooves between; spaces between vertical pairs and outer singles occupied by four arches formed of two pillars with outward projections carved into lozenge-chevron form; two middle arches broken but lower carved cleat (5) of one remains and two outer arches (6, 6) are unbroken; outer single holes bounded laterally by arches (7); middle section (2) 68 mm. wide at junction and 58 mm. wide at lower end; width with lowest arches 79 mm., depth in middle line 233 mm.; middle vertical raised panel (8) 17 mm. wide, uncarved, with forward projecting arches, of which two upper are broken and three lower intact with feathers attached; on each side of panel, 14 horizontal notched bars (9) on same level as panel; sides bounded by five arches (10) projecting laterally. Bottom staff section (3) plain; length 108 mm., top width 31 mm., bottom width 36 mm. b, back, feather decoration not shown: upper section (1) with three upper projections (4) with constricted neck (5) cut with two or three transverse grooves, middle expanded portion (6) with large circular hole, and an upper crescentic cap (7) pierced by a mesial crescentic hole with a small hole on either side; upper edge below projections unnotched; three vertical grooves take place of front arches between rectangular holes, and horizontal grooves occur between outer pierced holes; relation of outer single holes to lateral arches readily seen; in middle section (2) mesial vertical panel (8) and parts on either side have notched bars; sets of five lateral arches (10) with pillar projections are evident, one broken, c, side view of arch with pillars (1), arch (2), and outward projections (3). d, front view of arch showing pillar projection (3), formed with lozenge (4) and combined chevron (5) Figure 209.—Aitutaki god (British Mus., L.M.S., 95). a, front view: light wood, poor carving, total height 1,282 mm.; head length 148 mm.; head width 168 mm.; lower end 180 mm. by 145 mm.; forehead and nose on same plane with wood cut away to form lower plane for eyes and face, eyes and mouth formed by simple excisions, no ears, chin pointed, simple bust, without arms, column cut in transverse levels as shown. b, side view: showing transverse cuts coming around to sides but not reaching back, square cut across upper shoulder level continued around back Figure 210.—Aitutaki goddess (British Mus., L.M.S., no number), a, front: total height including pedestal 525 mm.; head height 162 mm.; pedestal height 60 mm.;shoulder width 155 mm.; hip width 171 mm.; forehead with curved transverse line, with similar line below for eyebrows; nose formed by vertical mesial edge due to meeting of inclined planes of cheeks and bounded below by transverse cut; eyes and mouth formed by simple elliptical excisions; hands without fingers clasped on body; rectangular protruding navel; two legs join pedestal; separate vertical mesial support (1) present; curved excisions and zigzag line carved on front of pedestal, b, side view: showing poorly shaped ear with pierced hole, square shoulder, upper arm attached to body throughout, forearm flexed, protruding abdomen and navel, acutely flexed thighs, foot and toes roughly shown on side of pedestal, c, back: shows perforation of ears, square cut across shoulders, mesial gluteal groove, and mesial support (1) Figure 215.—Wooden god from Atiu (British Mus., L.M.S., 94/35). a, wooden figure: height 350 mm.; width of head 105 mm. by 108 mm.; width lower end 113 mm.; head (1) dome-shaped with six vertical elliptical slots (2) crossed by middle bar (3), dividing head into six elliptical panels (4) which are carved on outer side; constricted neck (5) followed by vertical arches (6) on same vertical lines as head panels and radiating equally from common center to form upper series; upper ends of arches have projecting cleats carved in lozenge-chevron motif (7); lower end of arch projects downward like two legs (8) with hole (9) pierced below them; interior of arches completely hollowed out; upper series followed by thick interspaces (10) before lower series of arches (11) which resemble upper but are reversed with legs (8) above and lozenge-chevron motif (7) below; interior of second set also hollowed out. Lower part, destroyed by rats, probably was a spatulate staff similar to those in the Mitiaro gods. b, braid decoration (12) in position, tied to crossbars in head slots and hanging down in inter-arch spaces; with lozenge-chevron motifs of arches showing (7). c, upper end of head, showing slots (2) with crossbars (3) and panels (4); head is hollow. d, side of head showing slots and panels with carved motifs on middle wider parts of panels; the six panels are alternately wide and narrow. e, carving motifs on panels: 1, chevrons on all three wide panels; all narrow panels with two horizontal raised bars on lower end but motif in middle varies; 2, notched triangle-chevron; 3, transverse bar and chevron; 4, bar-double triangle-chevron Figure 217.—Staff with uncarved arches (British Mus., L.M.S., 295). a, full figure: 1, upper terminal; 2, upper set of four arches with no central rod; 3, central rod between sets of arches; 4, lower set of arches, showing upper knobs (5) and lower knobs (6); 7, lower rounded terminal with transverse edge (8) and bottom end (9) iractured; length from upper end to lower transverse edge (8) 455 mm. b, set of arches: 1, 2, side arches; 3, back arch; 4, front arch removed to show back arch; 5, upper arch projection; 6, lower projections; length of arch between ends of upper and lower projections 108 mm.; width across the middle of opposite arches 72 mm Figure 218.—Sennit and feather god (British Mus., L.M.S., 36). a, full figure: thick sennit covered with folded strip of coconut stipule folded longitudinally to roughly form rounded head (1), long body (2), arms (3) 167 mm. long, and legs (4) 130 mm. long; waist width, 121 mm.; total length, 555 mm.; outer folds covered with thin bark cloth from 9 to 14 mm. wide; head and neck formed by constricting with cord and so with arms and legs. b, tropic bird tail feathers (1) with small red feathers (2) tied to quill of long feathers. c, coir cord holder (1) with small red feathers (2), split black (3) and tropic bird tail feathers (4). d, sennit holder (1) with small red (2) split back (3), tropic bird (4), and wing and tail feathers of parakeet (5). e, sennit holder (1) with feathers similar to those in c but upper end (6) of holder projects above red feathers; other end doubled back so that turn of spiral thread (7) fixes holder to sennit length. f, spiral thread (7) takes turn around some of feather holders (1). g, ring carrier (1) with seven cord holders (2) each carrying red feathers (3) and tropic bird feathers (4). h, ring carrier, g, hunched up to form rosette which will be kept in position by spiral thread as in e. i, tuft of human hair, 120 mm. long, with spaced seizing by single coir fiber to form eyelet hole Figure 219.—Large sennit feather god, Atiu (British Mus., L.M.S. coll., 572). a, total length 450 mm., circumference at top (1) 330 mm., at middle 520 mm., lower end (2) 415 mm.; foundation sennit thick and coarse, ranging from 10 mm. wide and 4 mm. thick to 25 mm. wide and 12 mm. thick; strands of fiber used in plies bound together by single coir fiber before plaiting; some of internal braid lengths covered with feathers on one side in same manner as outer sennit, evidently due to more braid being covered with feathers than required for outer lengths and hence covered in. b, top end: sennit lengths doubled back at top end (1) and closely bound with fine cord; feathers attached to top bend; three lengths (2) have free ends 420 mm. long which projected beyond end but were turned back to outside of body and tied to it with trade string (evidently came loose). c, lower end: sennit lengths end in free ends not connected with each other for a distance of 421 mm., and last 85 mm. had feathers attached on both sides of sennit by spiral method; interior turns forming solid body evidently ended some distance from lower end, while insertion of a vine loop (1) with its ends overlapping for 9 mm. kept outer layer of sennit in form of a hollow cylinder, the free braids attached to circumference of hoop by threads. d, technique of connecting outer feather-covered length of sennit: two neighboring lengths (1, 2) with continuous spiral turns here made from left to right; a thread (3) passes down between braids and at intervals of 43 to 47 mm. under two adjacent turns of feather fixation thread (4, 5) and around standing part to form an overhand knot which is drawn taut; a thread passed down every interval between sennit lengths for whole circumference, and all outer sennit lengths were bound together Figure 220.—Mitiaro gods, head section. a: 1, vertex; 2, panels; 3, transverse bar, uncarved; 4, neck; 5, first arches of middle section (Cambridge University Mus., 104). b: greatest width 36 mm., neck width 21 mm., transverse bar (3) with single zigzag pattern (British Mus., 7050). c: greatest width 53 mm., height 85 mm., neck width 24 mm., transverse bar (3) with single zigzag pattern; shows upper ends of coir decoration attached to middle section; transverse lines (4) (British Mus., L.M.S., 107). d: greatest width 41 mm., height 73 mm., neck width 17 mm.; transverse bar (3) with double zigzag pattern (British Mus., + 2060). e: greatest width 60 mm., height 75 mm., neck width 36 mm., panels 57 mm. high and 18 mm. at widest part; transverse bar (3) with double zigzag pattern; vertex with knob on top (British Mus., L.M.S., 106). f: greatest width 69 mm., height 68 mm., neck width 33 mm.; five panels instead of four, panel height 50 mm., panel width 12 mm.; transverse bar (3) with double zigzag pattern; neck incised with transverse lines (4) (British Mus., L.M.S., no number) Figure 222.—Middle section, formation of continuous arches. a, column of wood cut into radiating ridges which number seven: one ridge is shown with holes pierced through but none cut through to surface; holes numbered 1 correspond to those for true arches (fig. 221, c,4), and alternate holes (2) correspond to those which reach surface in separate arch technique (fig. 221, c, 5). b, wood over alternate holes (1) of a shaped to form true arches by a technique similar to that in separate arches (fig. 221, c,7), but outer extensions of pillars remain fused because other alternate holes were not cut through to surface at points 2. Carving motif retains the chevron toward true arch but has a broad distal end instead of a pointed one and becomes a triangle instead of a lozenge. Carving motifs of adjacent motifs are separated from each other by a square notch at 2, and artist utilized square cut to form base of a triangle motif and to keep up proportion of parts; an angular notch on either side results in a double triangle with chevron fused to apex of triangle next to it. In series shown on ridge (3) facing observer, each true arch corresponding to those marked 1 on side has two pillar motifs with chevron toward arch. In uppermost arch, upward projection of first pillar is free and is carved with lozenge-chevron motif (fig. 221, d), but downward free projection of lower pillar of lowest arch retains general double triangle-chevron motif. Total length of carved ridges, 220 mm. (British Mus., L.M.S. 106) Figure 223.—Mitiaro gods, broken arches and feather decoration. a, central column (1), 8 mm. in diameter; perfect arch (2) 38 mm. between upper and lower pillars, and broken pillars (3) of other arches on same level may be seen; lozenge-chevron motif (4) used (British Mus., 2060). b, only specimen of series which has sennit braid decoration still attached to it; feathers and braid with transverse tufts of fiber are placed vertically in grooves between carved ridges and then tied in position by transverse turns of thin white tapa (1); black feathers (2) project about 145 mm. above tapa; braid with cross tufts, which may be seen in middle of figure, projects beyond binding for 160 mm. (British Mus., L.M.S., 107) Figure 224.—Lower staff ends of Mitiaro gods. a, staff (1) commences immediately below lowest arches (2) and widens, but part of length evidently cut off, as shown by cuts on either side with a middle fracture of wood; length 97 mm., width at top 14 mm., width, widest part, 32 mm. (British Mus., L.M.S., no number). b, other view of a: top thickness 13 mm., bottom thickness 12 mm. c, narrow view of staff (1) which has a distinct shoulder (3) below last set of arches (2); shoulder 22 mm. in diameter, just below it staff is 12 mm. in diameter and at lower end 9 mm.; on side not shown, staff is 14 mm. in diameter below shoulder and 20 mm. at lower end; lower part of staff also cut off (British Mus., L.M.S., 106) Figure 225.—Staff ends with tufted sennit decoration (fragments in Cambridge University Mus., numbered group Z6045, but each bears an old London Missionary Society number). a (107): length of wooden part 135 mm., lower end 14 mm. by 8 mm.; one long cord with cross tufts with lashing of turns of thin white bark cloth commencing just below last broken arches. b (106): length of wooden part 130 mm.; lower pillars of arches left with lozenge-chevron motif; two lengths of tufted braid each 540 mm. long; tuft technique different than a, in that they are added as plies, and free ends of each braid are ornamented with a tassel (fig. 226); wrapping of white bark cloth covers part attached to staff. c (105): length of wooden part including lowest arch 142 mm.; one cord and one braid with transverse tufts each 530 mm. long; two tufts of fiber slightly overlapped and cord or braid ply crosses over overlapped part, this technique creating longer tufts; tuft on one side 80 mm. long, on other side 130 mm. long; no bark cloth wrapping, which enables technique of lashing cords and braids to staff to be seen; staff end of cord or braid is without tufts, and a knot (overhand) is tied a short distance from end; cord and braid ends laid against staff just below lowest arch, and a, lashing of transverse turns of continuous thread are made above knot and then carried below knot Figure 227.—Feather decoration, Mitiaro gods (a, b: British Mus., L.M.S., 107; c-e: British Mus., L.M.S., 49). a, four pieces of braid (1-4) successively combined by fraying out lower ends and combining them as plies with others, forming branched figure combined into one braid (5); small bunch of black feathers (6) tied together at quill ends (7) added to upper braid ends by lashing (8); upper ends of braid (9) frayed out to form part of decoration; some branches without feathers but transverse turns of coir fiber remain around end of branches, showing feathers had been in position; feathers restored in figure. b, black feathers with quill ends doubled into loop (1), seized with single coir fiber, end passed around between two parts (2) and tied to protruding commencement end with reef knot. c, side view of top end of top pillar showing further shaping of lozenge-chevron motif (1) which forms a cleat. d, side view showing feather bunch (2) lashed to cleat (1) with turns around constricted neck of lozenge (3) and turns around chevron end (4). upper view of d, showing turns around lozenge neck (3) and figure-of-eight turns around arms of chevron (4), lashing material of single coir fiber (5) which passes on to be used on lower arches Figure 229.—Wooden god (British Mus., L.M.S., 66?): total length, 812 mm.; divided into upper perforated part in three sections, lower staff part covered with sennit. a, front: upper section (1) with pointed end, curved sides, and two large openings; wood on sides and middle, perforated with spaced small holes; base width, 121 mm. and base thickness, 29 mm.; second section (2) with sides curved from narrow upper junction and four large openings as shown; five wooden limbs and base perforated with spaced small holes; bunch of split black feathers lashed to outer limb (8) on left and feather lashing devoid of feathers also on right limb (9); middle limb has mesial edge from meeting of two planes; third section (3) with straight parallel sides and two longitudinal slots with lower ends covered by sennit wrapping; transverse lashing (10) of two-ply cord across three limbs for attaching white tropic bird tail feathers. Sennit wrapping in form of cuff (4) extends downward for 205 mm. with lower part covered by a band of white bark cloth (5) covered with red and yellow parakeet feathers secured by spiral turns of fine thread; wrapped part, 56 mm. in diameter at top, 70 mm. in middle, and 56 mm. at bottom. Below wrapping, transverse turns of thick braid (6), 8 mm. wide and 5 mm. thick, extend downward for 180 mm. Remaining 60 mm. of staff covered with black bark cloth (7). b, back: sennit cuff (4) is wrapped over inner layer of longitudinal lengths of thick sennit, 8 mm. wide, which is laid against wood and thickened in middle; ends of cuff (5, 5) made to meet on back and laced together with a length of sennit passing through loops on either end of cuff; cuff gapes at upper end and shows part of the sennit inner layer (6). c, cuff technique: cuff, made separately and applied after completion, consists of longitudinal elements or warps each composed of two strands of sennit, 2.5 mm. wide, which are looped at upper ends (5) to form four elements in each, warp; below free loops (5), compound warps appear to be seized with other sennit material; weft element (6) consists of single sennit length (6) which passes around first warp (1), crosses two warps (1, 2), around second (2), across next two warps (2, 3), around third (3), and so continues to cross two warps in front and around right element of pair; above technique with one weft element constitutes wrapped technique and differs from twined work which has two weft elements. d, successive rows of wrapped work are continued for width of cuff, each succeeding row being made close to one above as shown in the six rows (1-6) until depth of cuff is reached; warps (7). e, feather work: tropic bird tail feathers (1) are decorated in front at quill end with six tiers of small red parakeet feathers (2), commencing above and ending below with transverse lashing turns (3). f, back view, showing spiral turns of thread to keep red feathers in position; quill so covered is 41 mm. long Figure 23.—Rarotongan fan handles (a, plain, attributed to Rarotonga but probably from Aitutaki; b-e, carved with two heads in profile, looking outward from midline of junction): a, round wood, uncarved, 28 mm. in diameter at proximal end, and uncovered part, with shoulder (1) where sennit braid wrapping in lozenge pattern commences; total length of handle including tang, 390 mm. (Cambridge Univ. Mus., Z.6100). b, 1, double head with narrow notch to mark division, eyes formed by five incised curves and mouth by four curves; 2, raised curved flange with square hole in depressed interval between it and heads; 3, raised area pierced by large hole forming segment of circle, and with round hole in interval between it and flange 2; handle beyond for 39 mm. seized with fairly fine two-ply coir cord arranged alternately in two turns of a cord dyed red and an undyed cord; length of carved part 76 mm.; greatest width of heads, 38 mm., and thickness, 19 mm. (British Mus., 6851). c, 1, double head with curved hole marking cranial division; eyes formed by wider incisions than b, and mouth formed by single notch on one side and double notches on other; 2, curved flange closer to heads and notched on either side to form zigzag bar; mesial hole between 2 and 1; 3, raised area with proximal side notched, and large square hole with proximal side also notched; round hole between 3 and 2; 4, extra raised flange with middle part notched to form a zigzag bar, carved part of handle 70 mm. long and greatest width 26 mm.; handle beyond last flange (4) wrapped with fine braid 2 mm. wide, for distance of 40 mm. on diameter of 17 mm.; braid in two sets, one dyed dark red (stippled), other undyed; wrapping arranged in lozenge pattern so that two sides of lozenges in different colors; total length of handle including tang, 342 mm. (British Mus., L.M.S. 218). d, 1, double head divided vertically by narrow groove; eyes and mouth roughly formed by incised curves; 2, curved flange without ornamentation, and round hole between it and heads; 3, plain raised part with large hole, and also hole between it and flange 2; 4, flange with distal edge notched; 5, additional smaller flange with vertical incisions on distal edge; length of carved part 85 mm.; greatest width of heads, 45 mm. due to greater outward inclination of chins; handle beyond carving wrapped with red and yellow sennit in lozenge pattern (Cambridge Univ. Mus., Z.6101). e, 1, double head with eyes and mouth formed by curved incised lines and separated by single vertical line; 2, series of four bilateral angular projections with triangular depressions to the inner side pierced at bottom with round holes; 4, distal raised flange with zigzag raised bar; length of carved part 89 mm.; greatest width of heads, 41 mm.; width of distal flange (4) 32 mm.; handle beyond carving wrapped in red and yellow sennit in lozenge pattern (Cambridge Univ. Mus., Z.6102) Figure 230.—God attributed to Mauke (British Mus., L.M.S., 66 or 99): cylindrical body (1), composed of thick five-ply coir braid, dark red in color, folded into lengths of 100 mm. to reach a diameter of 30 mm.; evidently unbraided coir fiber, which projects at one end, was also added inside to thicken body; braid foundation wrapped with white bark cloth and tied at each end with fine oronga thread; split black feathers tied in bunches and seized with single coir fiber added at each end; upper end ornamented also with three red tropic bird feathers Figure 232.—Tapa and feather gods, Mangaia. a: length of body and legs, 330 mm.; middle body width, 100 mm.; two arms (1, 1), 50 and 60 mm. long; legs (2, 2): body of folded lengths of sennit and wrapped with white tapa and tied with spiral turn of fine thread; tropic bird tail feathers kept in position by thread lashings (Cambridge Univ. Mus., Z.6094). b: smaller than Cambridge figure and without arms; length of body and legs 142 mm.; body width 22 to 24 mm.; legs (2, 2), 36 and 34 mm. long and 11 and 10 mm. thick; body formed of sennit folds and wrapped with continuous strip of white tapa which covers up end in transverse turn, descends in oblique turns, and divides at bottom to wrap each leg separately; bunches of split black feathers seized with single coir fiber, arranged around top outside tapa, and tied with turns of fine oronga thread; red and green feathers added to body in layers from above down with spiral thread; small black feathers on body at back; tropic bird feathers attached at sides to lean forward; tufts of small red feathers tied to legs (British Mus., L.M.S., no number). c, formation of body of b with thick sennit, 9 mm. wide, doubled three times at top (1) and twice at bottom of body, with two free ends (2) projecting down to form legs Figure 233.—Spiked god (British Mus., L.M.S., 287), upper section. a, front: 1, upper row of five straight points, one broken; top width 168 mm.; 2, horizontal bar carrying upper and lower row of five curved spikes, some broken, width 155 mm., thickness 97 mm.; 3, second transverse bar connected at sides and middle with upper bar (2) and carrying heads of three spaced figures; heads with shaped brows and nose, eyes and mouth formed by rectangular depressions, heads pointed except middle one; 4, bodies with pendent arms poorly defined and straight legs which fuse with bar below; 5, lowest bar which supports figures and also two rows of six divergent curved spikes, width 147 mm., thickness 109 mm.; 6, neck formed by narrowing in from sides; showing turns of sennit braid tied around it, width 76 mm., thickness 54 mm.; 7, pair, of front spikes curved at ends and framing upper part of single figure (8) with similar, head to upper figures. b, back: similar in all respects to front but one of upper figures (3) has head broken off; 6, mass of braid material tied to neck; 7, downward point from curved spike; 8, figure similar to one on front; 9, legs of single figure. c, left side: numbering same as a: bodies of upper row of figures (4) separated by width of bars, lower single figure in profile; length from top spikes to neck 400 mm Figure 238.—Carving of pillars and arches (British Mus., L.M.S., 31). a, front: pillars and arches show up in side view of end arch; 1, 1, spaced notches; 2, pillars; 3, arch section; 4, arch perforation; 5, actual arch; 6, lozenge-shaped hole; three sets of holes between four front ridges, each horizontal set on same level as arches; four front ridges (7) shown with geometrical carving, smaller areas on pillars and larger on arches. b, end, showing carving on two end ridges (8, 8) and side views of neighboring front and back ridges (7, 7); carving on pillar (9) forms a bar and chevron which unite to form a K, while opposite edge of pillar space defined by a bar notched in middle; in wider space above arch (10) pattern is bisymmetrical with a notched bar at each end and a free chevron separated from the bar with the open angles toward each other; end holes (6) also opposite the arches and communicate with nearest fore-and-aft holes Figure 239.—Tops and bottoms of carved slabs. a, top front (L.M.S., 30): carving commences with arches (1) above which ridges (2) are cut down for short distance to top; top border plain with slight concavities (3) between ridges (4); this slab has three front ridges (4), middle ridge shown without pillars and arches. b, top front (L.M.S., 31): similar to a with four front ridges (4). c, top front (L.M.S., 32): above top complete arch (1), a pillar (2) projects beyond outer plane of ridge, with free arch (3) projecting upward and terminating in a pillar (4) with an inner projecting free point (5); all ridges similarly treated and both pillars with arch carved. d, bottom front of a: no outward projection of arches beyond general plane; feather decoration (1) projecting upward from top end of shaft. e, bottom front of b: two arches (1, 2), without intervening pillar, project beyond plane of last normal arch (3) also without intervening pillar; thickened part denned by two lowest arches (1, 2) and lozenge-shaped holes in ridge interspaces of two lowest arches do not pierce through to opposite side, whereas lozenges (4) opposite last normal arch (3) go right through; transverse seizing (5) of shaft with feather holders (6) denuded of feathers projecting upward. f, end view of e, showing greater projections of two lowest front and back arches (1, 2) as compared with lowest normal arch (3); two end ridges with intervening lozenges (4), lowest two not pierced through. g, bottom front of c, showing outward projection of two lowest pillars (1, 1) and intervening arch (2) which define thickened lower part of slab: four front ridges with three sets of lozenge-shaped holes (4) of which those in thickened section on level of lowest arch (2) are not pierced through. h, end view of g: outward projection of lowest pillars (1, 1) and arch (2), inter-ridge lozenges on level of lowest cut (2) not pierced through Figure 24.—Cook Islands fan (British Mus., L.M.S.). a, outline; length of plaited part, 395 mm.; base width, 430 mm.; length of external handle, 130 mm. b, front, showing short butt knobs (1, 1), raised flange (2) divided in middle line, rounded body (3) with large perforation, bilateral curved flanges with lower end (4) incised with chevrons and upper end (5) notched, terminal flange (6) with perforation below it, and plain lashing (7) of fine cord. c, side view with same numbering as b; upper end (5) of curved flange has a geometrical pattern resembling carving of Atiu and Mauke Figure 240.—Decoration of shafts (L.M.S., coll.: a,30; b,31; d,32): a, shaft seized with flat sennit 2.5 mm. wide for 45 mm. and bunches of split black feathers seized with single coir fiber caught under turn of shaft seizing; feathers, including occasional tropic bird white tail feathers, directed upward as in figure 239, d; three succeeding rows spaced successively 61, 58, and 69 mm. apart with effect shown (1); lowest feather row (2); 16 mm. below, two tufts of human hair (3) caught under seizing; at lower end whole black feathers in two rows pointing upward and downward with quills together were tied in position over shaft seizing by four turns of sennit (see fig. 241, a). b, cord holders (1) projecting 44 mm. above seizing turn of fine braid in four groups of 5 or 6 holders, succeeded lower down by short single holders (2); seizing braid changes to coarser, 3 mm. wide, which lower down fixes 4 sets of 7 holders (3). c, lower end of b: lower sennit-covered end of shaft covered by turns of doubled thick braid 5 mm. wide, wrapped with human hair of brownish color (1); top end buried under subsequent turns and lower end (2) pushed through under last turn; pedestal (3). d, lower end of shaft with multiple lozenge inaere design (1) worked in fine sennit; upper end (not shown) with sennit seizing supporting coir cord holders in groups of four; four lengths of thick sennit 4 mm. wide were seized together with human hair and looped around upper part of shaft, hair on hanging part had evidently unwound Figure 241.—Pedestal of carved slabs, Mangaia (L.M.S. coll.: a,30; b,31; c,32). a, pedestal concealed by feather ornamentation; height 54 mm., base diameter 72 mm.; divided into 7 radiating ridges, carved into two pillars with intervening arch; outer surface of top pillar (1) with K-motif, top of arch below it with two K's facing each other, and lower pillar concealed by feathers. b, base diameter 85 mm.; nine ridges each with two arches (1, 2) and no intervening pillar; sunken lozenge in inter-ridge spaces on level of upper arches, transverse bar with upper and lower edges notched with three triangles on level between two arches; lower arch free through cutting out part of under surface; sennit wrapped with human hair (3) wound around shaft. c, diameter of shaft (1) 50 mm., diameter of base (2) 100 mm., about 12 ridges each with two pillars (3, 4) and intervening arch (5); sunken lozenge in inter-ridge space on same level as arch; continuous lozenge pattern (inaere) on shaft (6) Figure 248.—Wooden artifact (British Mus., L.M.S., 55). 1, middle staff: length 447 mm.; perfectly round in section with diameter of 35 mm. 2, blade: curved, sharp end edge; length, 156 mm.; greatest width near staff, 105 mm.; thickness, 30 mm. 3, blade: curved sharp end edge, like 2; length 152 mm.; greatest width 152 mm. and thickness 28 mm., chip depressions on blade visible Figure 249.—four feather objects (British Mus., L.M.S.). a, bunch of eight split black feathers (1), fairly stiff, projecting 154 mm. above lashing (2) of single coir fiber with seizing, 18 mm. long, and thickness at upper edge, 5 mm. b, coir cord holder: 1, three-ply cord, 135 mm. long to feather lashing (5); 2, end of coir fibers of cord (1), unraveled and projecting 172 mm. above lashing; 3, split black feathers, 108 mm. long from lashing; 4, outside layer of short white feathers, 37 mm. long above lashing; 5, lashing of fine oronga thread, extending 10 mm. c, pearl-shell holder: 1, unique pearl-shell holder, 80 mm. long, 8 mm. wide, 6 mm. thick, with half holes on one edge where evidently broken off after drilling holes, lower free part 44 mm. to feather lashing (6); 2, three tropic bird tail feathers and long black feathers (3) tied to holder by separate lashing (4); lower layer of short red feathers (5) tied over other feathers by a separate lower lashing (6). d, double braid holder: 1, sennit doubled at lower end, 13 mm. wide, 11 mm. thick; 2, white tapa wound around sennit, which is separated into two ends (3, 3) above and divided tapa wrapped around each limb, 9 mm. wide; 4, unraveled sennit fibers fluffed out for 195 mm. to form part of decoration; 5, tropic bird tail feathers added to each limb; 6, lashing of feathers and tapa to each limb; 7, lashing of lower end of tapa which includes a few small feathers. There was another coir cord holder similar to b, carrying two red and one white tropic bird tail feathers and a few small red feathers mixed with the white (b, 4) Figure 250.—Sennit and feather bundle (British Mus., L.M.S., 63). Bundle formed of thick sennit, 9 mm. wide by 5 mm. thick, folded in lengths of 144 mm., with top and bottom turns (1) kept level; inserted in center of upper end is a plume (2) of five feathers, three narrow split black, one wide split black, and one tropic bird white tail feather, with upward projection of 170 mm.; bundle compressed into cylindrical form by close transverse turns (3) of same sennit; split black feathers and tropic bird white tail feathers (4) arranged around upper periphery and fixed by close transverse turns of coir two-ply cord, and below, another layer of feathers attached in same way (5); piece of black tapa (6), 126 mm. deep, wrapped around cylinder to conceal lower ends of feathers; about 18 mm. below upper edge of tapa, red feathers tied in tufts with two-ply oronga thread or single coir fiber, arranged in rows (7) on outer surface of tapa and fixed by spiral turns of single, thick coir fiber, fresh fibers being joined by reef knots; small green feathers alternated in rows with red; feathers cover a depth of 13 mm. but probably reached to top edge of tapa originally; rest of cylinder, 91 mm. in depth, covered with sennit worked in Rarotongan multiple lozenge design (8) in two colors, natural and red stained; some tapa wrapping (9) projects below lozenge design; diameter of completed cylinder at top, 70 mm. and bottom, 60 mm Figure 251.—Tapa and human hair bundle (British Mus., L.M.S., 64): bundle composed of cylindrical folds of white tapa, 235 mm. long, with black frizzy hair (2) enclosed by upper end of tapa and fixed by transverse turns of sennit at top, middle, and bottom; top diameter 38 mm.; middle diameter 58 mm.; bottom diameter 30 mm.; hair length above bundle 240 mm.; a few white feathers and a tropic bird white tail feather are caught under top lashing; in top lashing (3), sennit commencement end is bent upward and a number of turns made over thumb laid vertically against bundle, sennit after last turn at top is passed downward under turns, thumb removed, and turns drawn taut from below upward which covers and fixes commencement end; sennit is pulled downward to remove slack and a complete top lashing; sennit is car ried down to middle lashing (4) where three turns are made from below upward over thumb, sennit passed down under turns, turns tautened from below upward, and slack removed by pulling sennit free end downward as in upper lashing; bottom lashing (5) is made in exactly same way and sennit, after pulled downward to remove slack, is cut off below lashing. The technique is like that used on some adz shafts (fig. 116, a) Figure 252.—Feather shield (British Mus., L.M.S., 579). a, wooden framework three longitudinal rods (1, 2, 3), 715 mm. long; the two lateral rods (1, 3), 7 and 9 mm. thick and middle rod, 13 mm. thick, all slightly thinner at top; middle rod has handle (4) on back, about 93 mm. long and raised 35 mm. above rod plane; five crossbars about 7 mm. thick but lowest 9 mm. thick, spaced against front of rods, and lashed to them with oronga cord. A piece of dark tapa folded to right dimensions lies on front of crossbars between outside rods and upper and lower bars, b, front: eight lengths of sennit, 10-13 mm. wide, 732 mm. long, covered on outer surface with tropic bird red tail feathers, attached by continuous spiral turns of an oronga thread from above downward, over front surface of frame; lower ends of sennit lengths hang below lowest bar and thread passes between individual lengths to keep lower ends together braid ornament (1) with coir side tufts hangs down free from the top bar. c, back nine lengths of braid similar to those in front but covered with white and with black feathers attached to framework, spiral thread fixing feathers also passing around crossbars as it reaches them; sennit lengths at each side edge are attached to lateral rods; braid length in line with the mesial handle (4) is cut off above handle and another short length is attached below it thus leaving handle clear; lower free ends are also connected by a thread passing between their ends. d, some tropic bird tail feathers. (1) lashed at a slant to separate short lengths of sennit (2) which were lashed to longitudinal lengths as extra ornaments; bunches of small red feathers were attached; to quill end of some tail feathers. e, sennit streamer technique: long free tufts of coir fiber (1) were added on either side to braid fibers (2); streamers 660 mm. long Figure 253.—Tapa covered cord bundle with feather cap (British Mus., L.M.S., 576). a, cylindrical body (1) of thick two-ply coir cord folded in lengths of 375 mm., covered with white tapa; near upper end (2), sets of 4 red feathers from wings or tail of parakeet bound together with single coir fiber and kept in position with spiral turns of oronga two-ply thread, feathers with tips downward and lowest layer about 130 mm. from upper end; at top end, small red and yellow feathers set close together; cap of feathers (3) used as cover over upper end of cylinder and kept in position by tapa collar (4). b, upper cap (a, 3) formed of thin white tapa foundation covered with fine net of oronga with closely set small red feathers tied to net meshes and stitched also to tapa foundation; cap folded over upper end of cylinder and tied to cylinder by transverse turns (5) of fine oronga cord about 1 mm. thick. c, collar (4) formed of folded tapa to about 5 mm. wide, with alternate rows of small red and yellow feathers fixed to outer surface of collar by two-ply oronga thread in continuous spiral turns; collar fitted over cord lashing (b, 5) Figure 273.—Polynesian drums. a-d, direct upper attachment; e-h, indirect upper attachment. a, Aitutaki, Cook Islands, see figure 168: lower slot attachment. b, Tahiti, Society Islands (Cambridge University Mus.): lower slot attachment; height, 20.5 inches; upper diameter, 7.75 inches; lower diameter, 8.5 inches. c, Raivavae, Austral Islands (British Mus., L.M.S. coll.): lower attachment to rectangular slots with another row of unused rectangular slots above engaged slots; lower third carved; height, 49 inches; diameter, 14.25 inches. d, Raivavae, Austral Islands (Cambridge University Mus.): lower attachment to carved knobs (1); woodwork carved below knobs and ends in lower row of rectangular slots (2), no longer used for attachment. e, Mangareva (Museé de St. Germain): indirect upper attachment to loops of single circumferential braid and lower attachment simply looped around short projecting knobs (1) on lower rim; height, 41 inches (for details see 77, p. 401). f, Fagatau, Tuamotu (Bishop Mus., B3692): shark-skin cover missing but single circumferential braid (1) remained in position with tautening braids looped over it; lower attachment to hoop (2) and lower ends of braid carried down in some pattern which has become disarranged; height, 47 inches. g, Marquesas (Bishop Mus., 8001): upper band (1) of circumferential braid which passes through alternate slits in skin cover in ten courses to form continuous band, five braids externally and five beneath cover; tautening braids (2) passed through loops so formed and lower ends attached to hoop (3) fastened to body of drum through large (4) and small (5) slots: turns of flat coir plaiting (6) used to cover knots to hoop have slipped out of position, h, Hawaii (Bishop Mus., 4849): tautening braids passed around lozenge-shaped loops (1) formed of olona fiber cord and attached below around vertical parts (2) of open woodwork; height, 15 inches; top diameter, 12 inches Figure 274.—Polynesian wooden images, front and side views. a, Rarotonga, fisherman's god (Peabody Mus., Cambridge, Mass., 53517). b, Aitutaki, goddess (British Mus., L.M.S.). c, Tahiti, sorcerer's image (ti'i) (British Mus., 7047). d, Raivavae, Austral Islands (British Mus., 54-12-29-120). e, Marquesas (Bishop Mus., 3020) f, New Zealand, carved figure with face tattooing pattern (Oldman coll., 14). g, Mangareva, god (La Rochelle Mus., H.498). h, Easter Island, carved figure (moai kava-kava) (Oldman coll., 343). i, Hawaii, goddess (Bishop Mus., 9072). j, Tonga, goddess (Oldman coll., 530) Figure 28.—Painted tapa patterns. a, Mauke: white cloth painted with black bars, black triangles in pairs with apices meeting giving hour-glass appearance and internally blaked with thin parallel lines, and zigzag bars formed by crossing black lines; horizontal bars (1) and triangles (1) painted yellow; rectangles (2) and triangles (2) in red (Bishop Mus., Bloxam ms.). b, shows carved heads (1) and tapa bundle with zigzag pattern (2) at one end and double rows of black lozenges separated by two thin lins (3) at other end (British Mus., L.M.S. coll.). c, carved god (1) with bundle of white tapa (2) painted with wide bars with serrated edges (W. O. Oldman coll., (424) d, coiled coir headdress (1) with tapa cloth (2) painted with wide black bars with serrated edges similar to c (British Mus., L.M.S. coll.). e, tiputa garment from Mangaia with lozenge pattern in black as drawn by Edge-Partington (British Mus.) Figure 54.—Feather headdress (British Mus., L.M.S. case), a, headdress: 1, coiled cap showing one edge of rim; 2, large triangular frame covered with black feathers; 3, large bunches of feathers of cuckoo tied on either side of cap rim; 4, streamers of Black feathers tied to cord; 5, piece of tapa cloth tied to cap rim. b, wooden frame: 1, front median rod 7 mm. thick lashed securely to cap by cord passing through coiled work; 2, back median rod 9 mm. thick, lashed to back of cap; 3, 3, lateral rods lashed at lower ends to cap; 4, top crossbar; 5, lowest crossbar 390 mm. long lashed to lateral rods and front median rod; 6, second crossbar 545 mm. long lashed in similar way as 5. A number of other parallel crossbars and vertical rods entered into frame construction to, brace frame and provide places upon which to hang feather carriers. c, loop holder: cord, doubled to form loop (1) with feathers (2) tied to ends by usual transverse lashing (3) Map II.—Sketch Map Showing Mission Stations of the London Missionary Society, 1797–circa 1845 Plate 13 — Wooden Images of Gods: A, B, Goddess, Aitutaki (British Mus., L.M.S.); C, Staff God, Rarotonga (Cambridge Univ. Mus., 101); D, E, Fisherman's God. Rarotonga (Munich Mus., 191) Plate 14 — Symbols of Gods: A, Aitutaki (British Mus., L.M.S., 28); B, Aitu (British Mus., L.M.S., 572); C, Aitu (British Mus., L.M.S., 94/35); D, E, Mitiaro (British Mus., L.M.S., no Number and 49); F, G, H, Mangaia (British Mus., L.M.S., 30, 32, 31); Mangaia (Oldman Coll., 432) Plate 16 — Tahitian Gods (To'o), A-G, British Museum: A, L.M.S., 377; B, L.M.S., 66 ?; C, L.M.S., 55; D, Tah. 64; E, L.M.S., 1; F, 78-11-1-594; G, Tah. 67. H, Bishop Mus., B1054, a Plate 4 — Fans: A, B, Aitutaki (Bishop Mus., 2167); C, Rarotonga, Back (Cambridge Univ. Mus., Z.6101); D, Cook Islands, Front (British Mus., L.M.S.) Plate 7 — Feather Headdresses: A, Aitutaki (British Mus., L.M.S.); B, Rarotonga (British Mus., L.M.S.); C, Makea-Ariki Family, Rarotonga; D, Probably Aitu (British Mus., L.M.S., 120)

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