SUBJECT INDEX
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SUBJECT INDEX
Figures in bold type indicate illustrations
Advertisements for emigrants, 8, 70–72, 76
Agent General for New Zealand in London, see Vogel, (Sir) Julius; Featherston, Dr Isaac Earl
Agricultural labourers, see Farm labourers
Allington, George (N.A.L.U. executive member and delegate), 77, 130–31, 168, 270, 329
Allotments, 115, 123, 168, 175, 178, 192, 335
Arch, Joseph (President of National Agricultural Labourers' Union), 1, 9, 66–7, 91–2, 123–4, 131, 133, 172–4, 181, 330, 348; earlier career, 18–19; called to lead the ‘Revolt’, 31–3; visit to Canada (1873), 46, 51, 108; and New Zealand authorities, 33, 45–7; and emigration to New Zealand, 51–2; and 1874 lock-out, 74; and decline of N.A.L.U., 91–2
Ashby, Joseph, (English village labourer), 170–72
Atkinson, (Sir) Harry, 88–9, 293–4, 297; as Minister for Immigration, 95, 346–8
Attenborough, Revd F. S. (English Congregational Minister), 124
Auckland Province, 90–91, 96, 284; see also Index of Places
Australia, emigration to, 43, 67–8, 86, 97, 108, 179, 192–4, 230, 374n; tin mining in depresses Cornish mining, 221–3
Bakewell, Dr. R. H. (ship's surgeon-superintendent), 41
Banks, William (Secretary of Lincolnshire Labour League), 76, 153
Baptists, 111, 114, 130, 307, 309, 314, 326
Bathgate, John (New Zealand settler and politician), 80
Bedfordshire, 74–5, 77, 179–82, 180, 256, 281, 308, 323, 326; see also Index of Places
Berkshire, 16–17, 176–8, 253; see also Index of Places
Berry, Revd Joseph (New Zealand emigration agent), 99, 207, 343
Birch, Thomas (New Zealand emigration agent), 39
Bonar, James (Superintendent, Westland), 86
Brazil, emigration to, 43, 45, 73
Brewer, J. N. (English topographer), 105–6
British Ladies' Female Emigrant Society, 239
Brogden, John & Sons (English railway contractors), 5, 312; negotiations with Julius Vogel, 7; emigration drive of, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14–16, 44–5, 116, 167, 172, 176; James Brogden, 7, 10; Alexander Brogden M.P., 9; relationships with their navvies, 10, 12, 14; differences with N.Z. government, 11
Brown, Charles Henry (Lincolnshire farmer), 152
Buckinghamshire, 94, 109, 120, 273; see also Index of Places
Burton, William (New Zealand emigration agent), 39, 89, 94, 96, 157–9, 161–3, 246, 294, 299–302; background of, 159
Bush districts (New Zealand), 87–9, 116, 158, 167, 254, 261–2, 289–326, 339–343 passim; see also Sawmilling
Cable communication between England and New Zealand, 98–9, 355
Canada, see North America
Canterbury Journal and Farmers' Gazette, 206
Canterbury Province, 83–5, 97–8, 262, 342; general description, 264–5, 265; immigration (1871), 37; (1873), 39; see also Index of Places
Carrington, Frederic (Superintendent, Taranaki), 88–9, 293, 296–8, 301
Carter, Charles Rooking (New Zealand emigration agent), 44, 72, 75; career and appointment, 8, 36; in Cornwall (1871), 8, 38, 227; selecting Brogden recruits, 9, 15–16, 116, 167, 374n; meets Joseph Arch, 9, 33; varied duties, 39, 63–4; addresses recruitment meetings, 49–50, 71, 105, 125, 128; negotiates Holloway's N.Z. trip, 48–9; works with Kent Union, 64, 69; resigns from emigration staff, 93
Carter, Revd W. E. D., 121–2, 125
Castle, Isaac, 114, 125, 128, 131, 133
Chain migration, 116–17, 130, 233–5, 250–51, 285–6
Charities (rural England), 171, 196, 209, 245
Cheviot Hills, 272
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Child labour, in rural England, 22, 31, 142–3, 146, 175, 190; in Cornish mining, 215–16
Children, sickness and death on emigrant ships, 56–61 passim, 69–70, 155; as immigrants in N.Z., 134, 156–8, 242, 248, 282–3; see also Child labour; Education
‘Chipping Norton Case’, 119–125, 130, 281
Cholmondeley, Revd G. C., 41
Church, George (New Zealand farmer), 84
Church of England (England), and village life, 144–6, 171, 245; clergy and the rural unions, 121–2, 172; hunting parsons, 141; union church parades (Kent), 196–7; and rural education 255
Church of England (New Zealand), 88, 241, 279, 285, 292
Clark, Theophilas (Lincolnshire farmer), 147, 155
Clayden, Arthur (emigration agent, Berks.), 16, 29–30, 99–100, 174, 176, 251, 274
‘Close’ parishes, 142, 146–7, 164, 168–9, 179
Coates, William (Lincolnshire farmer), 147
‘Cockatoos’, 83; see also Yeoman farmers (New Zealand)
Collings, Jesse (English politician), 124
Commissions, Royal, on Employment of Women and Children in Agriculture (1867), 30, 113, 142–3, 146, 175, 349; on ship Scimitar (New Zealand, 1874), 55, 62; on Depressed Condition of Agricultural Interests (1881), 197, 219–20; on Land-tenure, Land-settlement, etc. (New Zealand, 1908) 329–30
Contracting, by immigrants in New Zealand, 12, 14, 78, 81, 89, 283, 337
Cook, John (Lincolnshire rural unionist), 152
Cornwall, 276, 288, 305, 331; (1908) 336–8; description of, 211–31, 225, passim; farming 212–13, 218, 218–20, 275–6; mining, 212–18, 215, 220–30; fishing, 212; china clay works, 223–4, 230; smuggling, 226; 19th Century emigration from, 8, 220–21, 348–8, 374n; emigration to N.Z., 8–9, 38, 116, 217, 220–21, 223–5, 337–8; see also Index of Places
Cospatrick Memorial (Shipton-under-Wychwood) 78
Cottage industries (England), 110–14 passim, 120, 126, 128–9, 133, 179–82; passim, 307, 323
Cottages, see Housing
Craftsmen (rural England), 152–3, 156, 165, 336–7
Cyclopaedia of New Zealand, 117, 217, 329, 338
Daily News (London), 120, 133, 205, 207, 208, 247, 255
Dairy industry (New Zealand), 291, 322, 342
Daniel, Theophilus (New Zealand settler), 80
Depots for emigrants, 238; the case for, 47; at Plymouth, 53–4, 70; Blackwall depot, London, 73
Devon, 274, 276, 281, 331; (c. 1901) 332; description of, 231–3; and emigration to N.Z., 231, 233–5, 276; see also Index of Places
Diaries by emigrants; James Gore, 67; James Beckley, 253; Henry Tomlinson 157, 328
Divine providence, 154, 308, 309, 334
Dixon, Marmaduke (New Zealand squatter), 272–3
Dixon, William (philanthropist, Lines), 143, 272–3
Dorset County Express, 329
‘Drift North’ (New Zealand), 263, 321, 352
Duncan, Andrew (New Zealand emigration agent), 39, 47, 72–7, 85, 115, 179, 181, 307, 330
Education, in rural England, 21–2, 31, 113, 142–7 passim, 159, 179, 190, 255; on emigrant ships, 56, 71; in New Zealand, 254–6, 270, 275, 291, 301, 317, 355
Eight hour day (New Zealand), 11–12, 14, 194–5, 198, 243, 277
Eliot, T. S., 354
Elliot, Peter (New Zealand farmer), 90
Emigrant and Colonist's Aid Corporation, 87, 158
Emigrant guidebooks and pamphlets, 99, 157, 249, 328, 356
Emigrant voyages (with month of arrival in New Zealand),
Adamant (October '73), 382n; (Aug '74), 368n, 77, 181, 303, 307, 310–11
Allahabad (Sep '73), 217
Alumbagh (Aug '75), 133
Assaye (Dec '74), 133
Atrato (Jun '74), 69–71, 73, 129, 242, 277, 363n
Avalanche (Jan '75) 77, 268, 298–9, 302
Ballochmyle (Jun '74), 71, 73, 85, 129–31, 229, 241, 277
Berar (Sep '73), 229; (Jan '75), 77, 169
Blairgowrie (Aug '75), 382n
Boyne (Feb '79), 382n
Carisbrook Castle (Sept '74), 154
Caroline (Jan '76), 227, 374n, 382n
Cathcart (Aug '74), 181
Celestial Queen (Jul '72), 285
Charlotte Gladstone (Feb '72), 227, 374n
Chile (Dec '72), 116, 312, 340; (Oct '74), 303; (Sep '75), 94, 300, 302
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Christian McAusland (Dec '72), 15, 230
Collingwood (Jul '75), 94, 160, 299
Cospatrick (lost at sea, Nov '74), 78, 93, 131–2, 132
Crusader (Dec '74), 77, 130, 270, 273, 280, 320, 382n
Dallam Tower (Mar '75), 235
Douglas (Oct '74), 382n
Duke of Edinburgh (Nov '74), 228
Eastern Monarch (Jul '74), 228, 364n
E. P. Bouverie (Oct '73), 314
Euterpe (Aug '74), 382n
Fern Glen (Apr '76), 311
Forfarshire (Mar '73), 10–11, 172, 176
Gareloch (Feb '75), 77
Geraldine Paget (Dec '74), 77, 157
Halcione (Jul '72), 167; (Jul '73), 228; (Sept '75), 94, 160–61, 374n, 300
Helen Denny (Oct '74), 382n
Hereford (Jul '74), 281; (Jan '78), 288
Hindostan (May '75), 158
Howrah (Nov '74), 298
Hudson (Nov '74), 131; (Feb '76), 201, 326
Hurunui (Feb '76), 94
Hydaspes (Sep '72), 229–30; (Nov '74), 285; (Nov '78), 230
Isles of the South (Feb '74), 227, 382n
J. N. Fleming (May '74), 70, 155
La Hogue (May '74), 253
Lady Jocelyn (Nov '72), 229; (Jan '75), 77, 130, 168, 275
Lutterworth (Apr’ 73), 14, 176
Maraval (Jan '79), 374n
Miltiades (Jul '74), 382n
Mongol (Feb '74), 49–50, 53, 55–62, 59, 79–80, 125, 128, 269, 321
Northampton (Apr '77), 250
Northern Monarch (Feb '79), 374n, 382n
Ocean Mail (Nov '74), 303
Opawa (Jan '78), 230; (Nov '79), 374n
Otago (Aug '74), 282
Peeress (Jul '74), 76, 130, 281
Punjaub (Sep '73), 167
Queen Bee (Oct '72), 374n
Rakaia (Apr '74), 85; (Oct '78), 251; (Sep '79), 227
Rangitiki (Oct '79), 50, 374n, 382n
Rooparell (May '74), 70
St Lawrence (Aug '74), 382n
St Leonard (Sep '72), 239–40, 247
Schiehallion (Jul '72), 3, 7, 9–10, 14, 228
Scimitar (Mar '74), 50, 50, 52–3, 55, 61–2, 81, 128
Stad Haarlem (Apr '79), 99–100, 206, 247, 251, 255, 320, 322
Tintern Abbey (May '75), 382n
Tweed (Sep '74), 277
Varuna (May '74), 85
Waikato (Jul '74), 70, 89, 223, 294–6, 298, 382n
Waitangi (Oct '78), 382n
Wellington (Feb '75), 382n
Wennington (May '74), 69, 167, 365n; (May '75), 382n
Wild Deer (Jan '75), 177
William Davie (Apr '74), 69, 194–5, 199
Winchester (Jul '74), 315
Zealandia (Jan '73), 81
Emigrants, see Selection of emigrants; Medical examination of emigrant applicants; Farewells for emigrants; Railways (England) emigrant journeys to ports; Letters by emigrants; success stories of earlier emigrants
Emigration, assisted; N.Z. records of, 102, 103; N.Z. government regulations for, 8, 38, 41–3, 46, 99–100; development of N.Z. recruitment organisation (1871–2) 37–40; English sub-agents, 39–40, 71–3, 76–8, 93–5, 148–63 passim; free passages, 42–4, 46, 48, 86, 99, 117, 127; policy vacillations (1875-), 95–100 passim; phasing out of assisted passages, 100; emigrants bringing capital, 209, 268; quality and composition of, 103, 345–53; see also promissory notes from emigrants; nominated immigration
Emigration from England: pre-1870, 193–4, 220–21; effects of economic conditions on, 8–9, 36, 40–41, 47, 166, 211; the seasons and, 40, 47–8, 73, 96–7, 153–4; ‘best men are going’, 161, 174, 205, 207, 255, 348–9; effects on English villages, 174, 353; decline in popularity of (1875), 93, 197; unprecedented numbers offering (1879), 100
Employers (England), see Farmers (England)
Employers (New Zealand), solicitude for employees, 242–3, 271; social attitudes of, 156–7, 244–5, 257
Employment of newly-arrived immigrants, 10, 85, 157, 269; how arranged, 242–3; see also Railways (New Zealand); Roadmaking (by immigrants)
Enclosures, 20, 106, 112, 138, 169–71, 218
England, regional diversity of, 102, 164–6, 183; county origins of emigrants, 102–4; as
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the colonists' ‘Home’, 354–7; see also individual counties
English Labourer, 67, 91, 108, 133
Eviction of cottagers, 178, 178, 204–6
Farewells for emigrants; at railway stations, 52, 69, 70, 168, 207–8, 221; by union branches, 69–70, 181, 206; special occasions for large parties, 68–9, 207–8
Farm labourers (England), main source of navvy recruits, 3, 15, 17; reluctance to emigrate, 16, 18, 41, 159; social degradation of, 19–21, 23–4, 27, 197, 335; poverty of, 21, 27–8, 28, 42, 45, 153, 165–6, 188, 190, 193, 303, 334; popular images of, 27, 52; regional variations, 27–8, 183, 188; hours of work, 119, 156, 190, 195, 273; hiring fairs, 108–9, 153; confined men (yearly agreements), 153, 160–61; in gangs, 142–3; ignorance of, 159, 255; foremen, 154, 158, 161, 244, 333; labour productivity of, 165–6; clothing of, 166; health of, 165–6; migratory, 183, 349; perquisites of, 29, 191–2; condition and outlook of, c.1901, 333–4 see also Housing (England); Wages (England)
Farm labourers (New Zealand), 156–7, 275–6, 280–81, 343; on sheep stations, 127, 271–2, 274–5, 282–3, 321
Farm managers (New Zealand), 273–4, 288, 311
Farmers (England), 23–5, 138, 147–8; economic position of, 23–4, 25, 203, 332–3; rising social aspirations of, 25, 139, 141, 192; wives as social pace setters, 25–26; an ‘old style’ example, 191; attitudes to labourers, 23–4, 26–7, 152–3, 191–2, 255; discourage emigration, 41, 51–4, 72, 161–2, 208–9; Defence Associations of, 45, 74, 115–16, 151, 201–3, 373n; unionists victimised by, 67, 116, 151, 156–7, 200–1, 206–7, 209, 256, 330–31; disrupt union meetings, 125, 200; assaults on unionists, 152, 201; philanthropy 143–4, 147–8, 196; sought as N.Z. immigrants (1879-), 99, 355–6; emigration of, 219, 232–5, 268–9, 348; see also Yeoman farmers (England)
Farming (in England), West Oxfordshire, 109; North Lincolnshire, 137–40; Vale of the White Horse, Berkshire, 175; Kent, 187–90; Cornwall, 218, 218–20; Devon, 231–2; c. 1901, 331–4
Farming (in New Zealand), 267, 343, 345; see also Squatters; Yeoman farmers (New Zealand)
Featherston, Dr Isaac Earl, 7–9, 37; becomes Agent-General, 36–7; directing of emigration drive, 16, 36–9, 42–3, 71, 95–6, 364n, 374n; courts the rural unions, 44–5, 48, 63, 71, 77; sickness and death of, 95–6
Federal Union of Agricultural and General Labourers, 34
Firewood, abundance of in New Zealand, 92, 195, 286, 291, 308
Fitzherbert, William (Superintendent, Wellington), 87
Food, in English villages, 27–9, 31, 127, 165–6, 189, 193, 198, 244, 335; of Cornish miners, 217; on immigrant ships, 61–2, 154, 239; in immigration barracks, N.Z., 240; in New Zealand, 10, 51, 82, 118, 127, 134, 155–6, 172, 177, 199, 209, 243–4, 248, 303, 309
Game, plenitude in New Zealand, 11, 51, 61, 127–8, 167, 176, 195, 199, 210, 245–6, 252, 285, 302, 341 hunting and shooting, England, 141–2, 192, 199, 233
Game Laws (England), 29–30, 210
Gentry, see Landowners (England); Squatters (New Zealand Pastoralists)
Germany; emigration from; 37, 90, 299
Gilligan, J. H. (Mayor of Palmerston, N.Z.), 82
Girdlestone, Revd Edward, 30
Gloucestershire, 41, 77, 94, 241, 245, 305; emigration to Brazil, 43
Gloving, 110–11, 112–14, 120, 126, 128, 129, 133
Graphic, 75
Gold fields (New Zealand), 2, 7, 167, 263, 304
Gretton, May Sturge (English writer), 332
Grigg, John (New Zealand landowner and farmer), 275–6
Guidebooks for emigrants, see Emigrant guidebooks and pamphlets
Haggard, H. Rider (English novelist and agricultural writer), 166, 187, 331, 332–6
Hambidge, Robert (Oxfordshire farmer), 120–1, 124–5
Harris, Revd Thomas, 121–2, 125
Harvesting, New Zealand, 60, 156, 266, 269, 276, 277, 282, 322
England, 24, 63, 134, 135, 139, 145, 146, 244, 270
Hasted, Edward (Historian of Kent), 183
Hawke's Bay Herald, 116, 315, 318
Hawke's Bay Province, 38, 96, 116, 129, 262, 283, 311; general description, 312; see also Index of Places
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Heath, Richard (English journalist), 115
Holdenby, C. (English writer), 334–5
Holloway, Christopher (N.A.L.U. delegate to New Zealand, New Zealand emigration agent), 105; 125, 330; earlier career, 49; leads ‘Revolt’ at Wootton, Oxon., 115; and Oxfordshire district of N.A.L.U., 119–20; 123; N.Z. visit arranged, 49; recruiting Mongol/Scimitar party, 49–51; journey to N.Z., 52–60; in Otago and Southland, 79–83; in Canterbury, 83–5, 280; in Westland, 85–6; in Nelson Province, 86; in Marlborough, 86; in Wellington Province, 86–7; in Taranaki, 87–90; in Auckland Province, 90–91; meets Vogel, 86–7; report on New Zealand to N.A.L.U., 91–2; union activities in England (1875) 91–2, 94; appointed N.Z. emigration agent (1875), 93; work as N.Z. agent (1875–80), 94, 96–7, 98–9, 133, 207; services dispensed with (1880), 100; subsequent career, 100
Honi Pihama (Maori chief), 88
Horses, class significance of in England, 141–2, 152, 246; ready availability of in N.Z., 10, 60, 118–9, 126–7, 158, 178, 246–7, 253, 282, 300, 303
Hours of work, England, 156, 190, 194–5, 243, 271, 273; New Zealand, 10, 11–12, 13, 156, 194–5, 243, 271, 277
Housing (England), of village labourers, 28, 28, 115–6, 119–20, 139, 142, 146, 160–1, 175, 190, 191; tied cottages, 115–6, 178, 204, 335; of Cornish miners, 214; and domestic fuel, 166, 171, 174, 217;
Housing (New Zealand), improvised housing of immigrants, 126–7, 177, 280, 299; lack of provision for families on N.Z. stations, 82, 85; easy access to ownership in N.Z., 88, 155, 248, 254, 258–9, 269, 277–8, 281, 287, 297, 302, 308
Hunt, Joseph (New Zealand farmer), 83
Immigration and Public Works Acts (New Zealand), 6; (1870), 37; (1871), 38
Immigration barracks (New Zealand), 80, 85, 240–2, 277, 280–1, 296, 299
Immigration officers (New Zealand), 96, 100, 209, 239–40, 242, 250, 253, 258, 280, 296, 299, 303, 305, 307, 350
Imperial Gazetteer, 164
Ireland, emigration from, 55, 72
Jefferies, Richard (English author), 26
Keen, J. (of Palmerston, N.Z.), 82
Kent, 183–210, 184, 250; description of, 183–90; hop gardens, 70, 183, 189, 189, 190, 199, 206, 207, 209, 320; brickmakers, 69, 194, 198, 206, 326; orchards, 189–90; the Weald, 183, 185–7, 189–90, 202, 205; Romney Marsh, 183, 187; North Downs, 183, 185, 187–9, 198, 206, 208; pre-1870 emigration to N.Z., 193–4; emigrant parties for N.Z. (1870s), 68–70, 98–9, 194–5, 198, 205–10
Kent and Sussex Labourers' Union, origins of, 64–5; growth, 65–6, 97–8, 203; constitution of, 65–6; and N.A.L.U., 34, 66–7; and emigration, 43, 67–70, 192–3, 195–6; anniversary ‘Demonstrations’, 67, 77, 195; boycott tactics of, 67, and emigration to N.Z., 68–70, 77, 89, 97–8, 192–3, 295; wages movement of, 77, 196; Sick Fund of, 196–7; church parades of, 196; Land and Cottage Fund of, 197; Hospital Fund of, 197; fosters rural education, 255; see also Simmons, Alfred (Secretary of K. & S.L.U.); Roots, George (Chairman of K. & S.L.U.).
Kent & Sussex Times, 201, 379n
Kent Messenger and Maidstone Telegraph, 64
Labour demand in New Zealand, (1873) 40, 46; (1875), 95; (1876), 96; (1878), 97–9; (1879), 99, 280; (1880), 100
Labour League Examiner, 76, 152, 153
Labourer (Boston, Lines.,), 157, 158, 159, 161
Labourers, see Farm Labourers; Brogdens' navvies
Labourers' Union Chronicle, 47, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 63, 70, 71, 76, 78, 81, 83, 91, 92, 117, 122, 127, 132, 133, 173, 177, 178
Lacemaking, 179, 180, 181, 182, 307, 323
Land (New Zealand), purchase by immigrants, 14, 62, 84, 128, 159, 174, 178, 256, 267–75; passim, 281–2, 303, 318–19, 322; easy access to freehold, 92–3, 127, 154–5, 158, 208, 267, 297; varied quality of, 265, 340; in N.Z. emigration propaganda, 74–5, 92, 158; settlement associations, 264, 304–11, 312–19
Landowners (England), 137–8, 140–1, 164, 232, 332; as a rural oligarchy, 23–4, 202–3
Laslett, Peter, 356
Leggett, Joseph (N.A.L.U. Oxford District Secretary 1872–74), background of, 105, 114, 365n; and the ‘Revolt’ in Oxfordshire, 114, 123, 125; recruits party for New Zealand, 63, 70–1, 129–30; as N.Z. settler, 85, 248, 250, 251, 275, 278–9, 329–30
Letters by emigrants, 10, 11, 51, 60–2 passim, 92, 117–8, 126–8, 154–63 passim, 167, 172–4, 176–9 passim, 182, 193–201 passim, 209–10, 239–59 passim, 266–87 passim, 296–303 passim, 306–11 passim, 315–18
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passim, 376–7nn; their effect on recruitment, 16–17, 63, 68, 77, 116, 128, 155, 157, 162, 167, 176–7, 193–4, 195, 209–10; adverse letters, 77–8, 155, 163, 277–8; letter series: Michael Cook, 154–5, 266; Helena Barker, 158; Joseph and Ann Leggett, 248, 250, 275, 278–9; George Morgan, 209; George Mumby, 160, 241, 245, 252–3; William, George and Ann Philpott, 61–2, 173–4, 251; John Piper, 199–201; James Pratt, 244, 245, 246; Thomas Rathbone, 133–4, 248; Henry Tomlinson, 157, 249–50, 273
Lincolnshire, 74, 75, 94, 102, 135–63, 136, 246, 301, 323; the wolds, 135–41 passim, 160–1, (c.1901) 333; the coastal marshlands, 137, 140; see also Index of Places
Lincolnshire Labour League, 151, 154; origins, 75–6; and N.A.L.U., 34; and 1874 lock-out, 48, 74, 76; and emigration to New Zealand, 75–6, 153, 155–6, 161; tactics of, 153; see also Banks, William (Secretary of Lincolnshire Labour League)
Literacy, of English rural labourers, 30, 54, 148; of N.Z. immigrants, 118, 352–3
Liverpool Albion, 96
Livestock, acquired by recent immigrants, 60, 126, 155, 257–8, 279, 314; see also Horses
Local emigration agents, 40, 71–2; see also White, John H.
Lousley, Joseph (Oxfordshire farmer), 127, 367n
Lyttelton Times, 238, 241, 348
Macandrew, James (Superintendent, Otago), 79, 93
McPherson, ___ (‘Anti-emigration agent’), 93
Maidstone and Kentish Journal, 196
Main, D. F. (New Zealand squatter), 82
Maning, Frederick (Pakeha-Maori), 90
Maoris, 61, 87–8, 90–1, 176, 263, 264, 284, 286, 293
Marlborough, Duke of, 49, 111, 115–6, 123–4
Marlborough Province, 2–3, 262, 282; see also Index of Places
Marlborough Sounds, 2, 3–4
Medical examination of emigrant applicants, 16, 307, 349
Meetings on emigration, 8, 48–50, 71–3, 75–6, 91–2, 94, 99, 116, 125, 129, 132–3, 154, 155, 159–63
Menlove, Edward (New Zealand squatter), 82
Methodist Church and Methodism (England), 53, 111, 114, 144–8, 150–51, 159–60, 169, 174, 179–81, 186–7; and training of union leaders, 34, 49; and Cornish miners, 214, 224–5, see also Primitive Methodists; Methodist Church and Methodism (New Zealand), 84, 292, 302, 315–17, 319, 341; and English immigrants, 60–2, 118–19, 151, 173, 241, 269, 271, 279–80, 285; Primitive Methodists, 155, 241, 316, 319
Middlemiss, John (New Zealand squatter), 271–2
Mulgan, Alan (New Zealand writer), 356
National Agricultural Labourers' Union, origins (Warwicks., 1872), 31–3; founding of, 33–4, 114–15; emigration policy of, 33, 43–5, 48; and emigration to Brazil, 43; and emigration to Australia, 43; memorialises New Zealand government, 45; and 1874 lock-out, 48, 73–5; and emigration to New Zealand, 51, 70–71, 76–7, 128–33; conflict with Kent & Sussex Labourers' Union, 34, 65–6; in Lincolnshire, 75–6; disunity and decline (1875-), 91; see also Arch, Joseph (President of N.A.L.U.); Taylor, Henry (Secretary of N.A.L.U.)
Navvies, see Brogdens' navvies
Nelson Province, 86, 96, 97, 303–11; see also Index of Places
New Zealand, general description of, 13, 261–3, 342–4; social attitudes, 80, 92, 156, 195, 242–5, 248–9, 343–4; attitudes to immigration, 83, 95–7; as pictured in emigration propaganda, 72, 74, 83–4, 92–3, 125, 301; good living reported by immigrants, 10–11, 60–61, 167, 172–4, 178–9, 194–5, 238, 243, 286; defects reported by immigrants, 78, 275; ‘Good Samaritan’ approach to charity, 155, 249, 252–4; Friendly Societies in, 254; parochialism in, 344, 355, 357
Nominated immigration, 47, 71, 100, 117, 250, 258–9
Noncomformity, 111, 114, 141, 164–5, 174, 180, 187, 279; see also Baptists, Methodist Church and Methodism, Primitive Methodists
North America, emigration to, 8, 40–41, 76, 86, 108, 148, 153, 176, 202, 220–3, 228, 230, 285, 288, 337, 348; recruitment advantages over N.Z.; Joseph Arch's visit (1873), 45–6, 51, 108; affected by depression (1873-), 47, 222; as source of rural myth, 260
‘Open’ parishes, 105, 135, 140, 144, 167, 168, 169, 175, 181
Ormond, J. D. (New Zealand squatter and politician), 283, 312, 315, 318
Otago, 37, 39, 79–83, 98, 262; finances extra emigrant ships, 39; see also Index of Places
Overton, Revd I. G., 146
Oxfordshire, 51, 75, 94, 104–34, 287; (c.1901) 333; general description of,
– 399 –
104–5; Wychwood Forest district, 105–14, 107, 116–34 passim, 326, 330; Otmoor district, 105–6; and N.A.L.U., 49; emigrant parties for N.Z., 44, 52–3, 60, 125–33 passim; see also Index of Places
Parents of emigrants, 161, 173–4, 208, 249–52
Parris, Robert (Civil commissioner, Taranaki), 88
Peterborough District Union, 74
Plymouth Brethren, 292, 322, 326
Poaching, 29, 106, 111, 166, 198–9
Poor Laws, 20–21, 28–9, 156–7, 170–1, 249, 277; Boards of Guardians, 99