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New Zealand's Burning — The Settlers' World in the Mid 1880s

Wellington as the main interprovincial node

Wellington as the main interprovincial node

In The Southern Octopus8 Gavin McLean has described the rapid rise of the Union Steamship Company under the guiding hand of James Mills. Formed in 1875, the company had within a few years established a dominance over all the main interprovincial routes, by taking over existing concerns and their ships, and adding a fine fleet of new purpose-built steamers. Of the nine Union steamers that ‘Touchstone’ reported seeing in Wellington Harbour all but one had been built for the company since its 1875 founding, by William Denny and Bros of the Clyde. When setting up the company, Mills had achieved something of a coup in enlisting the support of the industrial and financial experience of Peter Denny of this Scottish shipbuilding firm. As the new railways opened up the back country and its timber and produce flowed down to the ports, Mills had the ships there to handle its colonial distribution or its movement to the export ports. There was a growing flow of passengers too, for most interprovincial travel was still done by sea.

The company's steamers were able to maintain a reliable timetabled service regularly linking all the colony's main ports. The routes they followed can be conveniently grouped into three sectors. There was a steady shuttle of steamers linking the main east coast ports from Dunedin to Auckland. These included intercolonial liners such as the Rotomahana and Manapouri which touched at all the main east coast ports before crossing the Tasman from either Auckland or Bluff. Then there were services which linked the South Island east coast with the North Island west coast passing through Cook Strait on each voyage. One steamer designed especially for this route was the Takapuna, built in 1883. She was an express mail steamer picking up the mails from the transpacific steamers at Auckland and delivering them to New Plymouth, Wellington and Lyttelton within 36 hours. Finally there was the service provided by such ships as the Mahinapua and Koranui, shuttling between the South Island's east coast and west coast ports. The steamers on all these routes called regularly at Port Nicholson. Clearly Wellington was the main entrepôt of the colony's coastal shipping network. As page 207
James Mills 1847–1936

James Mills 1847–1936

Union Steamship Co's Te Anau in a gale. Built for the company by William Denny and Bros in 1879, she served for over 40 years

Union Steamship Co's Te Anau in a gale. Built for the company by William Denny and Bros in 1879, she served for over 40 years

page 208 well, she received vessels working more in the tramp tradition, with cargoes such as kauri timber from the Kaipara, specially ordered for city building projects, or sheep from Napier for the rising freezing industry. It is not difficult to see why ‘Touchstone’ found electric lighting on Wellington's wharves to allow cargo handling to continue into the night.9