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A Popular Vision: The Arts and the Left in New Zealand 1930-1950

Chapter One: The Rise and Fall of the Popular Front

Chapter One: The Rise and Fall of the Popular Front

1A. Blake, quoted in D. Carter, '"History was on our side": Memoirs from the Australian Left', Meanjin, Mar. 1987 (v.46, n.i), p.113
2Reaction to the Spanish Civil War in New Zealand is discussed in S. M. Skudder, '"Bringing It Home". New Zealand Responses to the Spanish Civil War 1936-1939'. DPhil thesis, Waikato University, 1986
3H. W. Rhodes, 'The International Brigade', Tomorrow, 12 May 1937 (v.3, n.14), p.426
4A. T. Palmer, 'Intellectuals and Spain', ibid., 27 Oct. 1937 (v.3, n.26), p.827
5Rhodes, 'The Left Theatre', ibid., 15 Jan. 1936 (v.2, n.10), p.13
6See V. Cunningham, 'Neutral?: 1930s Writers and Taking Sides', in page 248 F. Gloversmith (ed.), Class Culture and Social Change. A New View of the 1930s. Sussex: Harvester Press, 1980, pp.45-69. Winston Rhodes gave a different interpretation of this manifesto in 'Spain and the Writer', Tomorrow, 16 Feb. 1938 (v.4, n.8), pp.241-2
7Quoted in E. Mendelson (ed.), The English Auden. Poems, Essays and Dramatic Writings 1927-1939. London: Faber and Faber, 1977, p.xviii
8Quoted in Rhodes, The Paris Congress', Tomorrow, 9 Oct. 1935 (v.1, n.50), p.12
9H. R. Lottmann, The Left Bank. Writers, Artists, and Politics from the Popular Front to the Cold War. London: Heinemann, 1982, p.107
10See D. Modjeska, Exiles at Home. Australian Women Writers 1925-1945. London, Sydney: Sirius Books, 1981, ch.5; J. Devanny, Point of Departure. The Autobiography of Jean Devanny. Ed. C. Ferrier. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1986, pp.205-7, 215-19
11J. B. Hasler, 'New Zealand Communists, 1920-1945'. BA (Hons) thesis, Massey University, 1983
12N.M.Taylor, The New Zealand People at War: The Home Front. Wellington: Historical Publications Branch, Department of Internal Affairs/Government Printer, 1986, p.211; Hasler, 'New Zealand Communists', p.55
13J. Klugmann, 'The Crisis of the Thirties: A View from the Left', in J. Clark et al (eds.), Culture and Crisis in Britain in the Thirties. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1979, p.27
14Rhodes, New Zealand and the Soviet Union. An Historical Account of the NZ-USSR Society. Auckland: New Zealand-USSR Society, 1979, p.3
15Objects of the Friends of the Soviet Union (New Zealand), quoted in ibid., p.4
16The manifesto was printed in Soviet News, Mar. 1935 (v.3, n.10), p.2
17C. G. Watson, Gordon Watson, NewZea-lander: 1912-45. His Life and Writings. Ed. and with an introduction by E. Locke. Auckland: New Zealand Communist Party, 1949
18 Soviet News, June 1933 (v.1, n.12), p.[2], June 1935 (v.4, n.2), p. [2]
19Ibid., Oct. 1935 (v.4, n.5 & 6), p.20, Feb. 1935 (v.3, n.9), p.14
20Skudder, '"Bringing It Home"', ch.6 & 7; Taylor, The Home Front, pp.10-11
21Carter, 'The Attitude of the New Zealand Communist Party to Foreign Affairs 1930-41'. MPhil research essay, University of Auckland, 1981; '"History was on our side"', p.116
22Hasler, 'New Zealand Communists', p.64; Taylor, The Home Front, p.212
23Ibid., p.223
24Hasler,'New Zealand Communists', p.55
25 New Zealand Soviet Bulletin, Jan.-Feb. 1946 (v.1, n.1), p.4
26New Zealand Society for Closer Relations with the USSR. Constitution. New Zealand Society for Closer Relations with the USSR. Lower Hutt Branch. Records, 1945-1946. Ms Papers 3826. Alexander Turnbull Library
27NZSCR, Wellington branch. Newsletter, 3 Mar. 1948; Christchurch branch annual report, 1947-8. NZSCR. Christchurch Branch. Executive minutes and other papers. H. W. Rhodes. Private collection
28Cecil Holmes was a PSA delegate at the National Film Unit. When a satchel containing a membership card and other papers identifying him, and implicating PSA president Jack Lewin, as Communist Party members was uplifted from his car by a senior public servant in the Prime Minister's department, the papers found their way into the hands of F. P. Walsh and from there to Walter Nash and the press. Holmes was dismissed by the Public Service Commission (he was later reinstated) and Lewin retained his office only through the intervention of the Prime Minister. H. O. Roth, Remedy for Present Evils. A History of the New Zealand Public Service Association from 1890. Wellington: NZPSA, 1987, pp.124-5page 249
29See R.A. Armes, A Critical History of British Cinema. London: Seeker and Warburg, 1978, ch.8, pp.127-41; S. Hood, 'John Grierson and the Documentary Film Movement', and T. Ryan, "The New Road to Progress": The Use and Production of Films by the Labour Movement, 1929-39', in J. Curranand V. Porter (eds.), British Cinema History. London: WeidenfeldandNicolson, 1983, pp.99-128; R. Bond, 'Cinema in the Thirties: Documentary Film and the Labour Movement', and B. Hogenkamp, '"Making Films with a Purpose": Film-making and the Working Class', in Clark et al, Culture and Crisis, pp.241-69; R. Campbell, Cinema Strikes Back. Radical Filmmaking in the United States, 1930-1942. Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1982
30See R. Samuel, 'Theatre and socialism in Britain (1880-1935)', in R. Samuel et al (eds.), Theatres of the Left 1880-1935. Workers' Theatre Movements in Britain and America. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985, pp.3-73; A. van Gyseghem, 'British Theatre in the Thirties: An Autobiographical Record', and Clark, 'Agitprop and Unity Theatre: Socialist Theatre in the Thirties', in Clark et al, Culture and Crisis, pp.209-239
31S. Cosgrove, 'From Shock Troupe to Group Theatre', in Samuel et al, Theatres of the Left, p.264
32Ibid., p.269. See also H. Flanagan, Arena. A History of the Federal Theatre. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1965 [1940]
33P. Herlinger, 'A new direction for "the New"?', Australasian Drama Studies, 8, Apr. 1986, pp.97-H2; Devanny, Point of Departure, pp. 151,160-4
34G. H. Mirams, Speaking Candidly. Hamilton: Paul's Book Arcade, 1945, pp.83-6
35See S. Laing, 'Presenting "Things as They Are": John Somerfield's May Day and Mass Observation', in Gloversmith, Class Culture and Social Change, pp.142-60; C. Snee, 'Working-Class Literature or Proletarian Writing?', in Clark et al, Culture and Crisis, pp.165-91
36Rhodes, 'Documentary and Reportage', Tomorrow, 23 Oct. 1935 (v.i, n.52), p.18
37'From Jaegars to Films', ibid., 30 Jan. 1935 (v.i, n.28), p.n
38'Documentary and Reportage', p.18