.jpg)
The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks 1768–1771 [Volume One]
September 1768
September 1768
1. Still Blew, Mother Careys chickens had not yet left us, but towards night wind slackened so that we were again tolerably easy; by our reckoning we must make some part of the coast of Spain before Morning.
2. This Morn about 7 saw the coast of Gallicia between. Cape Ortegal and Finisterre; weather tolerably fine, so that we could use the casting net, which brought up two kinds of Animals, different from any before taken; they came up in Clusters, both sorts indifferen[t]ly in each Cluster, tho much fewer of the Horned ones than of the others. They seem to [be] two species of one genus, but are not at all reducible to any genus hitherto describd.
3. Blew fresh this morn. We were employd all day in describing the animals taken yesterday; found them to be of a new genus and of the same with that taken on the 28 of August Calld the genus Dagysa from the likeness of one Species to a Gem.1 Towards Even wind fair Settled tolerably fine.
1 A salp, Thalia democratica Forskål. Dagysa is Greek for a gem. The aggregate form was described by Solander both as Dagysa gemma and D. serena, and the solitary one as D. cornuta (pp. 485, 507 and 497). Parkinson's drawings are in III, pls. 27 (upper figure), 35, and 31 (upper figure), respectively.
2 Now known as Pegea confoederata Forskål. See 28 August above.
3 Carcinium opalinum, a copepod belonging to the genus Sapphirina: Parkinson III, pl. 21, top figure, and Solander, p. 353.
4 Polybius henslowi (Leach). See Parkinson III, pl. 8, and Solander, p. 327. The unsigned painting of this little crab is bound with Parkinson's work but is in fact by Buchan; this is confirmed in Dryander's MS catalogue of the zoological drawings in Banks's library.
5. I Forgot to mention yesterday that two birds were caught in the rigging, who probably had come from Spain, as we were not then distant above 5 or 6 Leagues,1 this morning another was caught, and brought to me, but so weak that it dyed in my hand almost immediately; they were all three of the same species, and not describd by Linnæus, we calld them Motacilla velificans, as they must be sailors who would venture themselves aboard a ship which is going round the world.2 But to make some balance to our good fortune now become too prevalent, a misfortune happned this morn, equaling almost the worst which our enemies could have wishd; the morn was calm and Richmond employd in searching for what should appear on the surface of the water, a shoal of dagysa's were observd and he Eagar to take some of them threw the cast-net fastned to nothing but his wrist, the string slippd from him and the net at once sunk into the profound never more to torment its inhabitants but Leaving us for some time intirely without a resource, plenty of animals coming past the ship, and no netts but in the hold, stowd under so many things that it was impossible even to hope for their being got out today at least, however an old hoop net was fastned to a fishing rod, and with it one new speces of Dagysa was caught and calld Lobata.3
1 At noon, says Cook, Cape Finisterre was south by east distant 4 leagues.
2 These were Oenanthe oenanthe, European Wheatears, on migration to their winter quarters in Africa. There is a signed and dated drawing of one of them by Parkinson, I, pl. 38b.
3 A salp, Cyclosalpa pinnata Forskál. Parkinson III, pl. 30, and Solander p. 495.
4 Dagysa rostrata was the MS name given by Solander, p. 503, to the aggregate form of the salp Thetys vagina Tilesius; his Dagysa strumosa, p. 505, is the solitary form of the same species. Both were painted by Parkinson, III, pls. 33, 34.
It seems singular that no naturalist before this time should have taken notice of thise animals as they abound so much where the ship now is, not twenty Leagues from the coast of Spain; from hence however great hopes may be formd, that the inhabitants of the deep have been but little examind, and as Dr Solander and my self shall have probably greater opportunity in the course of this voyage than any one has had before us, it is a very incouraging circumstance to hope that so large a feild of natural history has remaind almost untrod, even till this time, and that we may be able from this circumstance alone (almost unthought of when we embarkd in the undertaking) to add considerable Light to the science which we so eagerly Pursue.
This Evening a large quantity of the Carcinium opalinum which may be calld opal insect came under the ships stern, making the very sea appear with uncommon bea[u]ty, their colours appearing with vast brightness even at the depth of two or three fathoms, tho they are not more than three lines2 long and one broad.
1 i.e. ‘buds’.
2 ‘Line’ as a unit of measurement, one-twelfth of an inch. The axiom that twelve lines make one inch is still proclaimed in Australian school-tables.
3 These small crustacean parasites were hyperiid amphipods. Parkinson's drawings of them (III, pl. 18) were discussed by Stebbing (Amphipoda, Challenger Repts., 1888, Zoology, xxix, p. 1617). He did not know of Solander's MS notes, pp. 357–68, on them.
In one circumstance these insects differ from any hitherto describd, and in that they all three agree, viz the having two Eyes joind together under one common membrane, without the least distinction or division between them, which circumstance alone seems a sufficient reason for constituting a new genus.
The wind was now fair and we went very pleasantly on towards our destind port, tho rather too fast for any natural Enquiries, for my own part I could well dispence with2 a much slower pace, but I fancy few in the ship, Dr Solander excepted, are of the same opinion, tho I beleive Every body envyed our easy contented countenances during the last Calm, which brought so much food to our pursuits.
8. Blew fresh today, but the wind was very fair so nobody complaind, nor would they was the wind much stronger, so impatient has the Calms and foul wind made every body; by the reckoning we were off Cape St Vincent so shall soon bid adieu to Europe for some time.
10. Since the northerly wind began to blow it has not varied a point, the Sea is now down and we go pleasantly on at the rate of about 6 Knotts; could any contrivance be found by the help of which new subjects of natural history could be taken Dr Solander and myself would be Quite happy, we are forc'd to be content; three days are now passd since any thing has been taken or indeed seen, except a stray turtle who swam by the ship about noon, but was left far behind before any instrument by which he might have been taken could possibly have been got to hand.
Today for the first time we dind in Africa,3 and took our leave of Europe for heaven alone knows how long, perhaps for Ever; that thought demands a sigh as a tribute due to the memory of freinds left behind and they have it; but two cannot be spard, twold give more pain to the sigher, than pleasure to those sighd for. Tis Enough that they are rememberd, they would not wish to be too much thought of by one so long to be seperated from them and left alone to the Mercy of winds and waves.
1 No description of O. macropthalmus is known; it may be Parkinson's Onidium quadricorne (p. 154, n. 2). Amphipods have a pair of compound eyes but in most copepods there is a single median eye. See also October 7 with reference to Cystisoma spinosum in which the very large compound eyes are separated only by a thin membrane which is very difficult to detect. The ‘second Page’ is of course the second page of his journal.
2 dispence with in its now obsolete sense of ‘put up with’.
3 He appears to mean they were in an African latitude: Cook gives the noon position as lat. 35° 20'N. long. 13° 28'W.
11. Wind fair but rather slackend upon us, nothing however was observ'd, we expected to have made Porto Santo1 tonight but did not.
12. This morn Porto Santo and Madeira were in full veiw, they were seen at day break, indeed we had a little overshot them; as the wind was rather scanty we had however no doubt of fetching in at night. Accordingly at ten tonight came to an anchor in Fonchiale2 bay.
13. This morn about 11 the product3 boat (as it is calld by English Sailors) which is the boat from the oficers of health who must give leave before any ships crew can land, came on board, and we immediately went on shore in the town of Fonchiale, the Capital of the Island, situate in Latitude 32:40 North, calld so from the Fennel which grows in plenty upon the rocks in its neighbourhood and which is calld Funcho in the Portugese Language. Here we immediately went to the house of the English Consul Mr Cheap, one of the first merchants in the place, where we were receivd with uncommon marks of civility; he insisted upon our taking possession of his house and living intirely with him during our stay which we did and were by him furnishd with every accomodation that we could wish. Leave was procurd by him for us to search the Island for whatever natural productions we might find worth taking notice of, people were also employd to procure for us fish and shells which we could not have spard time to have collected ourselves, horses and Guides were also got for Dr Solander and myself to carry us to any part of the Island which we might chuse to visit. But our very short stay which was only five Days inclusive made it impossible to go to any distance, so we contented ourselves with collecting as much as we could in the neighbourhood of the town, never going above three miles from it during our whole stay.
The season of the year was undoubtedly the worst for both plants and insects, being the hight of the vintage, when nothing is green in the countrey but just on the verge of small brooks, by which these vines are waterd; we made shift however to collect specimens of several plants, &c: of which a catalogue follows4 as it is not worth while to mix them in the Journal, where they would take up much room.
1 The small island north-east of Madeira.
2 i.e. Funchal.
3 ‘Pratique’.
4 See Appendix I, Vol. II, pp. 281–9 below.
The five days which we remained upon the Island were spent so exactly in the same manner, that it is by no means nescessary to divide them, I shall therefore only say, that in general we got up in the Morn, went out on our researches, retur[n]d to dine, and went out again in the Evening; one day however we had a visit from the Governor, of which we had notice before and were obligd to stay at home, so that unsought honour lost us very near the whole day, a very material part of the short time we were allowd to stay upon the Island: we however contrivd to revenge ourselves upon his excellency, by an Electrical machine which we had on board; upon his expressing a desire to see it we sent for it ashore, and shockd him full as much as he chose.1
While at this place we were much indebted to Dr Heberden, the cheif Physitian of the Island, and brother to the Physitian of that name at London; he had for many years been an inhabitant of the Canaries and this Island, and had made several observations cheifly philosophical, some however were Botanical, describing the trees of the Island: of these he immediately gave us a copy, together with such specimens as he had in his possession, and indeed spard no pains to get for us such living specimens of such as could be procurd in flower.2
1 The particulars Banks gives of his electrical machine, ‘made by Ramsden’ (see Appendix 1,), inform us that he was quite up-to-date with his apparatus. It was in this same year 1768 that Jesse Ramsden (1735–1800), one of the celebrated instrument- makers of the time, first constructed his plate electrical machine, an assemblage of glass plate rotated by a winch, leather rubbers, insulated metal forks and an insulated conductor. Electrical experiments were very popular among the philosophical at this period, and it was only two years since Priestley, in 1766, had discovered his fundamental Law of Inverse Squares. Banks seems never to have got beyond the experiments he refers to here and the use of his machine for practical jokes upon unsuspecting persons.
2 Thomas Heberden (1703–69) practised both at Teneriffe and at Funchal. He was elected F.R.S. in 1761. Between 1756 and 1769 he communicated to the Royal Society's Philosophical Transactions a number of papers on his observations in Madeira, mainly geological and meteorological—Banks's ‘chiefly philosophical’; he was the first of a number of Heberdens who distinguished themselves in meteorology. His description of trees does not seem to have been a Royal Society paper; perhaps he gave his visitors an MS copy.—See Solander's praise of him to Ellis, II, p. 309 below. It was to commemorate him that Banks and Solander conferred the name Heberdenia, now a synonym of Ardisia. His London brother was William Heberden (1710–1801), famous for learning and benevolence as well as for his professional skill—Cowper's ‘Virtuous and faithful Heberden’ and Johnson's ‘ultimus Romanorum’.
3 Persea indica (L.) Spr. ‘Vinhatico’.
As much of the Island as we saw shewd evidently the signs of a volcano having some time or other possibly produced the whole; as we saw no one peice of stone which did not evidently shew signs of having been burnt, some very much, especialy the sand which was absolutely cinders. Indeed we did not see much of the countrey, but we were told that the whole was like the specimen we saw of it.
When you first aproach it from seaward it has a very beautifull appearance, the sides of the hills being intirely coverd with vineyards almost as high as the eye can distinguish, which make a constant appearance of verdure tho at this time nothing but the vines remaind green, the grass and herbs being intirely burnt up except near the sides of the rills of water by which the vines are waterd, and under the shade of the vines themselves; tho these very few Species of plants were in perfection the greater part being burnt up.
The people here in general seem to be as idle, or rather unin-formd a set as I ever yet saw; all their instruments, even those with which their wine, the only article of trade in the Island is made, are perfectly simple and unimprovd. Their method is this: the Grapes are put into a square wooden vessel, of dimensions according to the size of the vineyard to which it belongs, into which the servants get (having taken off their stockins and Jackets) and with their feet and Elbows squeeze out as much of the Juice as they can; the stalks &c are then collected, tyed together with a rope and put under a square peice of wood which is pressd down by a Leaver, to the other end of which is fastned a stone that may be raisd up at pleasure by a screw; by this way and this only they make their wine, and by this way probably Noah made his when he had newly planted the first vineyard after the general destruction of mankind and their arts; tho it is not impossible that he might have used a better, if he rememberd the ways he had seen us'd before the flood.
It was with great dificulty that some (and not as yet all) of them were persuaded not long ago to graft their vines and by this means bring all the fruit of a vineyard to be of one sort, tho before the vine which it producd had been spoild by different sorts of bad ones which were nevertheless sufferd to grow, and taken as much page 162 care of as the best, because they added to the quantity of the wine. Yet were they perfectly acquainted with the use of grafting, and constantly practisd it on their chestnut trees, by which means they were brought to bear sooner much than they would have done had they been allowd to remain unimprovd.
Wheel carriages I saw none in the Island of any sort or kind, indeed their roads are so intolerably bad that if they had them they could scarcely make use of them: they have however some horses and mules, wonderfully clever in traveling upon them, notwithstanding which they bring to town every drop of wine they make upon mens heads, in vessells made of goat skins. The only imitation of a carriage they have, is a board a little hollowd out in the middle, to one end of which a pole is tyed by a strap of whitleather,1 the whole machine comeing about as near the perfection of a European cart as an Indian canoe does to a boat with this they move the pipes of wine about the town. Indeed I suppose they would never have made use even of this had not the English introd[u]ced vessels to put their wine in which were rather too large to be carried by hand, as they used to do every thing else.
A speech of their late governeur is recorded here, which shews in what light they are lookd upon even by the Portugese, (themselves I beleive far behind all the rest of Europe, except possibly the Spaniards): it was very fortunate said he that this Island was not Eden in which Adam and Eve dwelt before the fall, for had it been so the inhabitants here would never have been induc'd to put on Cloaths; so much are they resolvd in every particular to follow exactly the paths of their forefathers.
1 ‘Leather of a white or light colour and soft pliant consistence, prepared by dressing with alum and salt, so as to retain the natural colour.’—O.E.D.
1 Psidium guajava L., probably introduced from Brazil by the Portuguese.
2 Now known as Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.
3 Provadore or provedore, provedor, purveyor or contractor; probably he means the agent who supplied the ship.
4 i.e. Dutch.
In this Convent was a curiosity of a very singular nature; a small chapel whose whole lining, wainscote, and ceiling, was intirely compos'd of human bones, two large thigh bones across, and a
.jpg)
skull in each of the openings. Among these was a very singular anatomical curiosity, a skull in which one side of the Lower jaw was perfectly and very firmly fastned to the upper by an ossification, so that the man whoever he was must have livd some time without being able to open his mouth, indeed it was plain on the other side that a hole had been made by beating out his teeth, and in some measure damaging his Jaw bone, by which alone he must have receivd his nourishment.
I must not leave these good fathers without mentioning a thing which does great credit to their civility, and at the same time shews that they are not bigots to their religion: we visited them on Thursday Even just before their supper time; they made many apologies that they could not ask us to sup, not being prepard; but said they, if you will come tomorrow, notwishstanding it is fast with us, we will have a turkey roasted for you.
There are here, beside friarys, 3 or 4 houses of nunns. To one of these (Sa'nta Clara) we went, and indeed the ladies did us the honour to express great pleasure in seeing us there; they had heard that we were great Philosophers, and expected much from us, one of the first questions that they askd was, when it would thunder; they then desird to know if we could put them in a way of finding water in their convent, which it seems they were in want of; but notwishstanding our answers to these questions were not quite so much to the purpose as they expected, they did not at all cease their civilities, for while we stayd, which was about half an hour, I am sure there was not the fraction of a second in which their tongues did not go at an uncommonly nimble rate.
It remains now that I should say something of the Island in general, and then take my leave of Madeira till some other opportunity offers of visiting it again, for the climate is so fine that any man might wish it was in his power to live here under the benefits of English laws and liberty.
1 The height of Pico Ruivo is 6056 feet.
The inhabitants here are supposd to be about 80,000; and from the town of Fonchiale (its custom house I mean) the King of Portugal receives 20000 pounds a year, after having paid the Governor and all expences of every kind, which may serve to shew in some degree the consequence which this little Island is of to the crown of Portugal; was it in the hands of any other people in the world its value might easily be doubled, from the excellence of its climate capable of bearing any kind of crop, a circumstance which the Portugese do not make the least advantage of.
The Coin current here is intirely Spanish, for the Balance of trade with Lisbon being in disfavour of this Island all the Portugese money naturaly goes there, to prevent which Spanish money is allowd to pass: it is of three denominations, Pistereens, Bitts, and £½ bitts; the first worth about I shilling, the 2nd 6 pence, the third 3 pence; they have also Portugese money of Copper, but so scarce that I did not in my stay there see a single peice.
18. This Evening every thing being ready for sea, we went on board, and at 8 o'Clock got under way with a very light breeze.
19. Light Breezes all day, without any event worth writing about.
20. Still almost calm, which gave us an opportunity of taking with the casting nett a most beautifull species of Medusa, of a colour equaling if not exceeding the finest ultramarine; it was describd and calld Medusa azurea.3
1 Apollonias canariensis Nees.
2 Oreodaphne foeteus (Ait.) Nees <JDH>; now Ocotea foeteus (Ait.) Webb and Berthel. Specimens of both this and Apollonias canariensis survive from the voyage. Here and elsewhere <JDH> signifies an identification made by Hooker in his edition of Banks's journal.
3 Porpita porpita. There are two sets of paintings of this animal by Parkinson, III, pls. 44, 45, and a description by Solander, pp. 447–8, who assigned it to the correct Linnean species.
21. This morn wind foul, saw however some rocks call'd in the old charts Salvages1 which lay to the northward of the Canarys.
22. No land in sight this morn, towards noon almost calm, many fish were about the ship, but our fishermen could not contrive to catch any of them.
23. This morn we were calld up very early to see the pike of Teneriffe, which now for the first time appeard at a vast distance much above the clouds (I mean those which form a bank near the Horizon); the hill itself was so faint, that no man who was not used to the appearance of land at a great distance could tell it from a cloud, it soon however appeard something clearer and a sketch was made of it.
While we were engagd in looking at the hill a fish was taken which was describ'd and called Scomber serpens;2 the seamen said they had never seen such a one before except the first lieutenant, who rememberd to have taken one before just about these Islands; Sr Hans Sloane in his Passage out to Jamaica also took one of these fish which he gives a figure of, Vol.1, T.1, f.2.3
The Pike continued in sight almost all day, tho sometimes obscurd by the clouds; at sunset however its appearance was most truely elegant, the rays of the sun remaining upon it sometime after it was set and the other land quite Black, and giving it a warmth of colour not to be express'd by painting.
1 A small group of islets and rocks south of Madeira, and just north of the 30th parallel.
2 Gempylus serpens Cuv. The first of these rather rare oceanic fishes known to science was the specimen belonging to Sir Hans Sloane, to which Banks refers. This second one was described by Solander, pp. 269–70; it was 37 inches long. The only specimen now in the British Museum is but an inch or so long and was brought back from one of the cruises of the Discovery. Another of these fishes was taken by the Kon-Tiki.—S gives the name of the fish as ‘Hember Serpens’, and appends a note, ‘For the future shall omit copying the Latin names and instead of them only put a serpentine dash [an illustrative wavy line follows] to avoid numberless mistakes’. This note is repeated from time to time in her manuscript, but will not be repeated in the following pages.
3 Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753) the physician, naturalist and collector. Banks's reference is to his Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbadoes, Nieves, St Christopher's and Jamaica, with the Natural History…. of the last… (2 vols. folio, London 1707, 1725). Sloane, an Irishman, studied medicine at Paris and Montpellier, and botany at the latter, and became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1685. In 1687 he went to the West Indies as physician to the Duke of Albemarle, the governor of Jamaica, and for fifteen months made observations and collections of natural history. He brought 800 specimens of plants back to London, the foundation of his Catalogus Plantarum quae in Insula Jamaica sponte proveniunt, vel vulgo coluntur (1696). He was secretary of the Royal Society 1693–1712; and on Newton's death in 1727 was elected its president, remaining so till 1741. The first volume of his Voyage brought him European fame as a scientist, while his eminence in medicine gave him a large practice, which included the persons of Queen Anne and George II. Generous throughout his life, he bequeathed his noble collections of natural history, manuscripts and books, which had cost him £50,000, to the nation, on condition that £20,000 was paid to his family. This was done, and Sloane thus became virtually the founder of the British Museum.—‘T.1, f.2’: Tabula 1, figura 2.
24. This Morn the Pike appeard very plain and immensely above the clouds, as may well be imagin'd by its hight which Dr Heberden of Madeira who has been himself upon it communicated to us, 15,396 feet.1 The Dr also says that tho there is no eruption of visible fire from it, yet heat issues from the chinks near the top so strongly that a person who putts his hand upon these is scalded; from him we receivd among many other favours some salt which he supposes to be the true natron or nitrum of the ancients, and some native sulphur exceedingly pure, both which he collected himself on the top of the mountain, where large quantities, especialy of the salt, are found on the surface of the Earth.2
25. Wind continued to blow much as it had done so we were sure we were well in the trade; now for the first time we saw plenty of flying fish, whose bea[u]ty especialy when seen from the cabbin windows is beyond imagination, their sides shining like burnishd silver; when seen from the Deck they do not appear to such advantage as their backs are then presented to the view, which are dark colourd.
26. Went as usual and as we expect to go these next two months; flying fish are in great plenty about the ship. About one today we crossd the tropick,3 the night most intolerably hot, the Thermometer standing all night at 78 in the cabbin tho every window was open.
27. About one this morn a flying fish was brought into the cabbin, the first that had been taken; it flew aboard, I suppose chasd by some other fish, or maybe merely because he did not see the ship; at breakfast another was brought, which had flown into Mr Green the Astronomers Cabbin. This whole day we saild at the rate of 7 knotts, sometimes a fathom or two more the wind being rather stronger than it usualy is in the trade.
28. Wind rather slackend; three birds were today about the ship, a swallow,4 to all appearance the same as our European one, and two motacillas, about night fall one of the latter was taken; about 11 a shoal of Porpoises came about the ship, and the fisgig was soon thrown into one of them but would not hold.
1 Its highest point is 12,200 feet.
2 The sulphur is understandable, but not the other substance, under Heberden's denomination. Natron is an obsolete word for saltpetre or potassium nitrate; this is a salt which would dissolve in rain on top of the mountain. My colleague Professor A. D. Monro suggests that what Heberden collected was the mineral alunite, a whitish-looking basic alum, which would not so dissolve, and might be expected under the conditions.
3 i.e. the Tropic of Cancer. Cook gives the noon position for September 26 as lat. 23° 43’ N, long. 19° 23’ W.
4 Probably the common swallow on migration.
29. This morn calm; employd in drawing and describing the bird taken yesterday, calld it Motacilla avida;1 while the drawing was in hand it became very familiar, so much so that we had a brace made for it in hope to keep it alive; as flies were in amazing abundance onboard the ship we had no fear of plentiful supply of provision.
About noon a young shark was seen from the Cabbin windows following the ship, who immediately took a bait and was caught on board; he provd to be the Squalus Charcharias of Linn[aeus]2 and assisted us in clearing up much confusion which almost all authors had made about that species; with him came on board 4 sucking fish, echineis remora Linn.3 who were preserved in spirit. Notwistanding it was twelve O'Clock before the shark was taken, we made shift to have a part of him stewd for dinner, and very good meat he was, at least in the opinion of Dr Solander and myself, tho some of the Seamen did not seem to be fond of him, probably from some prejudice founded on the species sometimes feeding on human flesh.
30. This Morn at day break made the Island of Bonavista, one of the Cape Verde Islands: Mr Buchan employd in taking views of the land; Mr Parkinson busy in finishing the sketches made of the shark yesterday.
This Evening the other Motacilla avida was brought to us, it differd scarce at all from the first taken, except that it was something larger; his head however gave us some good, by supplying us with near twenty specimens of ticks, which differd but little from the acarus vicinus Linn; it was however described and calld Motacilla.4
1 A young Yellow Wagtail; Parkinson I, pl. 38a; Solander p. 121. See Pl. 2.
2 Probably Carcharodon carcharias, the Great White Shark; this is one of the largest of all sharks and is found throughout temperate and tropical seas. There are two drawings from this voyage labelled Squalus carcharias, both ascribed by Dryander to Parkinson, though only one is signed, I, pls. 51, 54.
3 Remora remora, Sucking-fish.
4 Wagtails are parasitized by several kinds of ticks; from Solander's notes, p. 289, it appears that this one was an Ixodes, but the description is not sufficiently detailed to allow of specific identification. S, substituting a ‘serpentine dash’ for the name of the bird, adds the note, ‘those referred to was what became so familiar ye 29th while drawing and describing. page 38’.