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The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks 1768–1771 [Volume One]
October 1768
October 1768
5 The Bonito, Euthynnus pelamis. See Parkinson II, pl. 92; this is an unfinished and unsigned painting and may not be Parkinson's work.
After having examind and drawn the animal we proceeded to disect him, and in the course of the operation were much pleasd by the infinite strenght we observd in every part of him, specialy the stomack, the coats of which were uncommonly strong especialy about the sp[h]incter, or extremity by which the digested meat is discharged; this I suppose is intended to crush and render usefull the scales and bones of fishes which this animal must continualy swalow without seperating them from the flesh.
From the inside of its scales we took a small animal who seemd to be a louse (if I may so call it) as it certainly stuck to him and preyd upon the Juices which it extra[c]ted by sucktion, probably much to his disquiet; it provd to be monoculus piscinus Linn.1 which Baster has given a figure of in his Opera subcessive,2 but has by some unlucky accident mistaken the head to be the tail, and the tail the head, and the ovaria for antennae.
In the inside of the fish were also found two animals which preyd upon him, one in his very flesh tho near the membrane which covers the intestines, Fasciola Pelamines Mss,3 the other in the stomach sipunculus piscium Mss.4
2. This morn two swallows were about the ship, tho we must now be 60 Leagues at least from any land, at night one of them is taken and proved to be Hirundo domestica Linn.5
3. This morn the other swallow was found dead upon the deck; now for the first time we have lost the trade, and expected calm and squally weather till we shall cross the line.
1 Caligulus sp., a parasitic copepod. See Parkinson III, pl. 17, and Solander, pp. 347–9.
2 Job Baster (1711–75), a Dutch physician, who published many works on natural history. The one Banks refers to is the Opuscula subseciva, a series of miscellaneous observations on animals and plants—to give its more extended title, observations miscellaneœ, de animalculis et plantis quibusdam marinis, eorumque ovariis et seminibus, continentia (Haarlem, 2 vols., 1759–65).
3 A larval tetrarhynchid, one of the tapeworms. See Solander, p. 421. Mss: manuscript, i.e. no description had been published. In his botanical and zoological lists Banks uses similarly the abbreviation Mscr.
4 A trematode, probably Hirundinella clavata (Menzies). See Solander, p. 419.
5 Hirundo rustica was the name given by Linnæus to the European Swallow.
The trade had now lasted us pretty free from squalls or calms these days it has been in general between 1 but ever since we have been in it the air has been uncommonly damp, every thing more than usualy liable to mould, and all Iron work to rust, the air has seldom been Clear, but a haize in it which was even perceiveable to the human frame.
4. Today quite calm, I went out in a boat and took dagysastrumosa’2 medusa porpita,3 the same which we before calld azurea, mimus volutatorf and cimex5 who runns upon the water here in the same manner as C. Lacustris does on our ponds in England. Towards even two small fish were taken under the stern, they were following a shirt which was towing and showd not the least signs of fear, so that they were taken with a landing net without the least difficulty. Balistes monoceros Linn.6
5. Weather pretty good, at night a squall with Lightning and rain, another swallow came to the ship today and was taken with the snippers as soon as he went to roost.
6. Blew fresh this morn with heavy rain; towards noon five swallows came on board and were taken at roosting time, and provd like all we have taken before to be H. domestica Linn.
1 Cook records a fresh’ or ‘steady’ breeze from 24 September, when he remarks, ‘I take this to be the NE Trade we have now got into’. There was a switch to variable winds with calms on his 3 October, and then to southerlies for some time.
2 Solitary form of Thetys vagina; cf. 6 September above.
3 Porpita porpita; cf. 30 September above.
5 Cimex was a name used by Linnaeus for a number of hemipterous insects, but now marks the genus to which the common European bedbug belongs. Banks was probably referring to the British Pond Skaters which belong to the same order; Halobates and its allies are related apterous forms which occur far out to sea in the tropical and sub-tropical oceans.
6 Monacanthus sp. Parkinson I, pl. 64; Solander, p. 191.
7 Physalia physalis. There are five plates (37–41) of this siphonophore in Parkinson III; two are signed and finished while the others are in various stages of completion. Solander described them under three specific names, Holothuria physalis, H. obtusata and H. angustata (PP. 393–7).
8 Velella velella. There is a series of paintings signed by Parkinson, III, pl. 56, of this siphonophore which was described by Solander who, as was his usual practice, listed the various localities where it was taken, p. 475.
9 Cystisoma spinosum (Fabr.). There are several pencil and pen and ink studies of this hyperiid amphipod by Parkinson, III, pls, 19, 20, and a long description by Solander, pp. 365–6. It is an interesting animal, generally considered to be a deep-sea form, but since it was captured in excellent condition—this is clear from the drawings—it would appear that it sometimes comes into the upper oceanic layers.
10 Diodon sp. Parkinson made two paintings of this curious little fish, I, pl. 68, which was also described by Solander, p. 193.
The floating shells H. Janthina and violacea from their particularity deserve also to be mentiond, they are found floating on the top of the water by means of a small cluster of Bubbles filld with air, which are composd of a tenacious slimey substance, not easily parting with its contents; these keep him suspended on the surface of the water and serve as a hiding for his Eggs, and it is probable that he never goes down to the bottom, or willingly comes near any shore, as his shell is of so brittle a construction that few fresh water snails are so thin.
Every shell contains within it about a teaspoonfull of Liquid, which it easily discharges on being touched, this is of a most beautifull red purple colour and easily dies linnen clothes; it may be well worth inquiry whether or not this is the purpura of the ancients as the shell is certainly found in the Mediterranean. We have not yet taken a sufficient quantity of the shells to try the experiment, probably we shall do soon.5
Procellaria oceanica differs very little from P. pelagica Linn,6 but from his place of abode so far south and some small difference in plumage it is more than likely that he is different in species.
1 A nectophore of Diphyes dispar Chamisso and Eysenhardt. Very little was known in the eighteenth century about the complex structure of the Siphonophora, a group to which the Portuguese Man-of-war also belongs, and it is not surprising that Solander confused this nectophore with the much more highly organized salps, to which it has some slight superficial resemblance. Parkinson III, pls. 31 (lower figure) and 32; Solander p. 501.
2 Janthina janthina. There is a painting of these marine snails by Buchan (see Parkinson, III, pl. 72). The colouring of Janthina shells is very variable. See also Solander p. 417.
3 Helix violacea; Janthina globosa Swainson. See Buchan's painting in Parkinson III, pl. 71.
4 Wilson's Petrel, Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl). Solander gave an MS description of this bird, p. 55, but Parkinson did not draw a specimen until 22 December; on that occasion Banks did not record the specimen.
5 The usual source of the famous Tyrian purple was Murex trunculus, an abundant littoral species in the Mediterranean. It is unlikely that Janthina was used for this purpose, since its appearance in that sea is only sporadic.
6 See 31 August above.
8. A fine Breze today; employd in figuring &c. what was taken yesterday.
9. This morn a shark calld us out of our bedds, and was soon hookd, but as soon broke his hold and went off: at noon went out in the boat but found nothing on the surface of the water; on returning home however found on the stern of the ship two new species of Lepas vittata and midas,1 they were both sticking to the bottom in company with the anatifera,2 of which there was great abundance. After dinner calld upon deck by another shark, who had been lately wounded by a harpoon, but he was two cunning after his misfortune to bite at our baits, which we much Lamented as he had sucking fish upon him that were quite white, probably a species not yet describd.
10. Went out in the boat today, took plenty of Helix Janthina and some few of violacea, shot the black toed gull of Penn. Zool.3 It had not yet been describd according to Linnæus's system, so calld it Larus crepidatus; its food here seems to be cheifly Helixes which appeard probable at least, on account of its dung being of a lively red colour, much like that which was procurd from the shells.4
1 Lepas vittata: the Striped Stalked Barnacle, Conchoderma virgatum Spengler. See the drawing by Buchan, Parkinson III, pl. 68, and notes by Solander, p. 385. Lepas midas: the Eared Stalked Barnacle, Conchoderma auritum. Parkinson signed his painting of this animal, III, pl. 67; see also Solander, p. 387.
2 Lepas anatifera, the Goose Barnacle, so-called on account of the mediaeval belief that Barnacle Geese did not procreate in the usual way but sprang from these organisms. For this reason these birds were regarded as a class apart from other animals, and could be eaten on fast days.
3 The British Zoology (1766) of Thomas Pennant (1726–98). Pennant, a landed gentle man of Flintshire, a naturalist and antiquary, and a correspondent of both Linnaeus and Banks, was best known at this time for this book, though later on for the journals of his travels in England, Scotland and Wales. He was a most voluminous author. Johnson thought him a Whig and a sad dog, adding (of his Tour in Scotland, 1771) ‘But he's the best traveller I ever read’. White's Selborne was written in the form of letters to Pennant and to Daines Barrington, another friend of Banks (cf. Introduction, above, passim).
4 Stercorarius parasiticus, the Arctic Skua. This seems to have been the immature bird described by Solander, p. 39, as although his account is not dated he refers to its feeding on Janthina janthina.
11. Today much like yesterday, very squally; saw a dolphin, and admired the infinite beauty of his colour as he swam in the water, but in vain, he would not give us even a chance of taking him.
12. A shark, squalus carcharias Linn.2 taken this morn, and with him two pilot fish; at noon calm, I went out in the boat and took several Blubbers. The pilot fish Gasterosteus ductor Linn.3 is certainly as bea[u]tyfull a fish as can be imagind: it is of a light blue with cross streaks of darker colour; it is wonderful to see them about a Shark, swimming round him without expressing the least signs of fear; what their motive for doing so is I cannot guess as I cannot find that they get any provision by it, or any other emolument, except possibly the company of the shark keeps them free from the attacks of Dolphins or other large fish of prey, who would otherwise devour them.
The blubbers4 taken today were Beroe Labiata5 and Marsupialis Mss,6 the first of which made a pretty appearance in the water, by reason of its swimmers, which line its sides like fringes, and are of a changeable fire colour; Callirhoe bivia Mss,7 the most lifeless lump of Jelly I have seen, it scarcely seems to be possessd of life but for one or two motions we saw it make.
1 ‘Spend’ in the obsolete eighteenth century sense of ‘waste’.
2 Squalus carcharias, probably Carcharodon carcharias; cf. 29 September above.
3 Naucrates ductor, the Pilot-fish. See Parkinson II, pl. 86. ‘Naucrates’ is derived from a Greek word meaning ‘ruler of the ships’. There is an interesting discussion of the relationship between the Pilot-fish and their sharks in J. R. Norman and F. C. Fraser's Giant Fishes, Whales and Dolphins (1948).
4 Blubbers was a name commonly applied by sailors to jellyfish and some other transparent pelagic animals.
5 Beroe labiata: there are eight small paintings of this unidentified ctenophore by Parkinson III, pl. 58, lower series, and a description by Solander, p. 431, who however used the MS name of bilabiata for it.
6 Beroe marsupialis: this too is an unidentified ctenophore; Solander thought that it was perhaps only a variety of his B. bilabiata (p. 435); Parkinson's painting, III, pl. 58, upper figure, suggests that it was a paler specimen. Both he and Solander used the MS name of marsupium, not marsupialis, for it.
7 A ctenophore belonging to the group Lobatae, possibly a species of Deiopeia. See Parkinson's painting, III, pl. 42, and Solander, p. 401.
8 Velella velella; cf. 7 October above. ‘Sallee-man originally a Moorish pirate vessel from the port of Sallee.
14. Calm today but so squally and rainy that I dar'd not venture out with the boat.
15. Ventur'd out today, but found the surface of the water so ruffled that nothing at all floated upon it, I had the good fortune however to see a bird of the shearwater kind which I shot, and it provd to be not describd; it was about as large as the common but differd from it in being whiter, especialy about the face: calld it Procellaria crepidata as its feet were like the gulls shot last week, black without but white near the leggs.2
A large shoal of fish were all this day under the shipp's stern, playing about, but refusing to take bait; we however contrivd to take one of them with a fish gigg, which provd not describd; it was in make and appearance like a Carp, weighing near two pounds, its sides were ornamented with narrow yellow lines and its finns almost intirely coverd with scales: calld it Chætodon cyprinaceus.3
16. A fine breeze of wind started up last night which held us all day, so I found it impossible to go out in the boat; tonight however to make these 24 hours not intirely unprofitable I had the opportunity of seeing a Phenomenon I had never before met with, a lunar rainbow which appeard about ten O'Clock very faint and almost or quite without colour, so that it could be tracd by little More than an appearance which lookd like shade on a cloud.
17. This morn went out in the boat but caught no one thing, I had never been before so unfortunate. In the Evening a breeze of wind sprung up from SE by S which makes us hope we had got the S.E. trade.
1 If the fish sheltering under the tentacula of the Portuguese Man-of-war were Nomeus gronovii (Gm.), as seems most probable, this was the first time that their commensalism with the siphonophore was noted; an account of this now well-known relationship was first published by G. C. Wallich in 1863. Young Pilot-fishes also behave like this.
2 Pterodroma mollis feae (Salvadori), the Soft-plumaged Petrel. In his Hand List of 1871, (pt. III, p, 107), Gray considered that Solander's Procellaria crepidata (p. 87, undated) was probably equivalent to Gould's mollis. Solander also calls it Mother Carey's Pullet and refers to a figure by Parkinson, long mislaid—since for some inexplicable reason it was not bound with the other plates from Cook's voyages but is in the Print Room, British Museum (199* Bi, pl. 52).
3 Kyphosus sectalrix. Parkinson II, pl. 32.
18. Wind continued to blow fresh so we had little doubt of the reality of yesterdays hopes. This evening trying as I have often (foolishly no doubt) done to exercise myself by playing tricks with two ropes in the Cabbin I got a fall which hurt me a good deal and alarmd me more, as the blow was on my head, and two hours after it I was taken with sickness at my stomack which made me fear some ill consequence.1
19. Today thank God I was much better and easd of all apprehensions, the wind continuing fair and I had given over all thoughts of boat expeditions for some time at least.
20. Quite well today, employd in describing2 and attending the Draughtsmen.
21. Trade continues. Today the cat killd our bird M. Avida who had lived with us ever since the 29th of Septr intirely on the flies which he caught for himself; he was hearty and in high health so that probably he might have livd a great while longer had fate been more kind.
22. Trade had got more to the Southward that it usualy had been, which was unlucky for me as I proposd to the Captain to touch for part of a day at least at the Island of Ferdinand Norronha, which he had no objection to if we could fetch it: that however seemd very uncertain. This Evening we saw 6 or 7 large fish of the whale kind which the Seamen calld Grampuses tho I think they were very different from the fish commonly so calld; they were however Certainly of the whale kind and blew throug[h] two? pipes on the top of their heads. They had heads smaller and rounder than those fish in general have and very low back finns and very small tails; thus much was all that I could see as they never came within two cables lengh of the ship.3
23. Trade today was still more to the Southward, almost due South, so that we tackd and stood to the eastward lest we should fall in with the coast of Brazil to the Northward of Cape Frio.
24. Wind today as fair as we could wish, ship layd up so well4 that it renewd our hopes of touching at the Island.
1 One would like to know what exercises Banks was able to improvise with two ropes in a cabin 6’ × 6’ × 7’.
2 i.e. writing descriptions of his zoological specimens.
3 These were possibly Pilot Whales (Globicephala sp.) which have rounded heads and low dorsal fins in comparison with those of the Killer.
4 ‘Layd up so well’: she sailed into the prevailing south-easterly winds so satisfactorily….
About noon today we experiencd what the Seamen call a white squall, that is a gust of wind which came upon us quite unawares, unattended with a cloud as squalls in general are and therefore took us quite unprepard; it was however very slight so no ill consequence ensued except Mr Parkinson and his potts1 going to leward, which diverted us more than it hurt him.
25. This morn about 8 O'Clock crossed the Équinoctial line in about 33 degrees West Longitude from Greenwich, at the rate of four knotts which our seamen said was an uncommonly good breeze, the Thermometer standing at 29. (The Thermometers used in this voyage are two of Mr Birds making2 after Farenheights scale, which seldom differ above a degree from each other and that not till they are as high as 80, in which case the medium between the two instruments is set down.) This Evening the ceremony of ducking the ships company was performd as always customary on crossing the line, when those who have crossd it before Claim a right of ducking all that have not, the whole of the ceremony I shall describe.
About dinner time a list was brought into the cabbin containing the names of every body and thing aboard the ship, in which the dogs and catts were not forgot; to this was affixd a petition, sign'd ‘the ships company,’ desiring leave to examine every body in that List that it might be know[n] whether or not they had crossd the line before. This was immediately granted; every body was then calld upon the quarter deck and examind by one of the lieutenants who had crossd,3 he markd every name either to be duckd or let off according as their qualifications directed. Captn Cooke and Doctor Solander were on the Black list, as were my self my servants and doggs, which I was oblig'd to compound for by giving the Duckers a certain quantity of Brandy for which they willingly excusd us the ceremony.
1 i.e. his paint pots.
2 John Bird (1709–76), mathematical instrument maker, had a very great reputation for accurate division, founded particularly on his astronomical quadrants. In early life a cloth-weaver at Durham, he became interested in engraving dial-plates for clocks, and went on to become himself one of the great instruments of eighteenth century science. He was closely associated with John Bradley, the astronomer royal, but also supplied many continental observatores with accurate instruments. He wrote on his methods of divison. It is not know, apart from this reference, that he actually ‘made’ thermometers: perhaps he graduated their glasses. He certainly sold them. Cook received ‘2 Thermometers [bespoke] of Mr Bird’ for use on the voyage.—See Cook I, pp. cxliii, 87.
3 Probably Gore, who had been round the world twice already, with Byron and with Wallis on the Dolphin.
A block was made fast to the end of the Main Yard and a long line reved through it, to which three Cross peices of wood were fastned, one of which was put between the leggs of the man who was to be duckd and to this he was tyed very fast, another was for him to hold in his hands and the third was over his head least the rope should be hoisted too near the block and by that means the man be hurt. When he was fas[t]ned upon this machine the Boatswain gave the command by his whistle and the man was hoisted up as high as the cross peice over his head would allow, when another signal was made and immediately the rope was let go and his own weight carried him down, he was then immediately hoisted up again and three times served in this manner which was every mans allowance. Thus ended the diversion of the day, for the ducking lasted till almost night, and sufficiently diverting it certainly was to see the different faces that were made on this occasion, some grinning and exulting in their hardiness whilst others were almost suffocated and came up ready enough to have compounded after the first or second duck, had such proceeding been allowable.1
It is now time that I should say something of the climate and degree of heat since crossing the tropick, as we have been for some time within the bounds which were supposd by the ancients to be uninhabitable on account of their heat.
1 This is one of the best accounts we have of the (or of one) method by which this ‘Ancient Custom of the Sea’ was carried out—‘the Ceremony … practised by all Nations’, to quote Cook's words. In essentials it was a sort of ‘baptism, combining propitiation of the sea-god with present benefit (in the form of strong drink) shared out among the old hands. The ceremony varied according to the nationality of the actors: the English seem to have copied the Dutch, to judge from an account given in the first chapter of Esquemeling's Buccaneers of America (Amsterdam 1678, English translation 1684). Esquemeling writes, ‘He, therefore, that is to be baptized is fastened, and hoisted up three times at the mainyard's end, as if he were a criminal. If he be hoisted the fourth time, in the name of the Prince of Orange or of the captain of the vessel, his honour is more than ordinary. Thus they are dipped, every one, several times into the main ocean. But he that is the first dipped has the honour of being saluted with a gun. Such as are not willing to fall are bound to pay twelve pence for their ransom; if he be an officer in the ship, two shillings; and, if a passenger, according to his pleasure…. All the profit which accrues by this ceremony is kept by the master's mate, who, after reaching their port, doth usually lay it out in wine, which is drunk amongst the ancient seamen. Some will say this ceremony was instituted by the Emperor Charles the Fifth; howsoever, it is not found amongst his Laws’. Mr G. P. B. Naish writes that the same ceremony was frequently performed at the entrance to the Baltic, the Straits of Gibraltar, and crossing the Tropics; and that Neptune started coming on board English ships just before 1790.
This continued till we got the S.E. trade, when or a little before the glass fell to 88 and soon to 78 and 79, but the dampness continued yet; to that I cheifly attribute the ill success of the Electrical experiments of which I have wrote an account on separate papers that the different experiments may appear at one view.2
The air during the whole time sin[c]e we crossed the tropick and indeed sometime before has been nearly of the same temperature throughout the 24 hours, the Thermometer seldom rising above a degree during the time the sun is above the horizon. The windows of the cabbin have been open without once being shut ever since we left Madeira.
26. Last night and today the weather has been squally, wind rather fresh but keeping very much to the Southward; great plenty of flying fish have been about the ship few or none of which have been seen since we left the N.E. trade.
1 There is a marginal note here, ‘Piso p. 5’, and the reader will find further references to Piso below. Willem Piso, a Dutch naturalist and doctor of the early seventeenth century, went as physician to Prince Maurice of Nassau on a voyage to Brazil in 1636, when part of the country was occupied by the Dutch. He took with him a young German physician and scholar, George Marggraf (Marggrav, Marcgrav), and their discoveries were later published in a folio Historia naturalis Brasiliae (1648). Piso's part of this was the De Medcina Brasliensi libri quatuor, the first of which treats of the climate and the nature of the country in general, while the others deal with endemic diseases, poisons, and the virtues of plants. Piso was a rather diffuse writer, given to taking over popular stories: he himself admitted that he had done his work somewhat precipitately, but revised it with care for a subsequent volume De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica (Amsterdam 1658). In spite of its defects the joint work of Piso and Marcgrav remained for a long time the most complete thing available on the country of their exploration. Their other gift to Europe was the drug ipecacuanha.
2 See Appendix I.
28. Fine breeze today, our hopes of seeing the Island were again renewd but without success, so at night we judge ourselves to be past it and that the longitude is wrong laid down.
29. Wind East very pleasant, we now gave up all thoughts of the Island. This Evening the sea appeard uncommonly bea[u]tifull, flashes of light coming from it perfectly resembling small flashes of lightning, and these so frequent that sometimes 8 or ten were visible at the same moment; the seamen were divided in their acco[u]nts some assuring us that it proceeded from fish who made the light by agitating the salt water, as they calld it, in their darting at their prey, while others said that they had often seen them and knew them to be nothing but blubbers (Medusas). This made us very Eager to procure some of them, which at last we did one by the help of the landing net. They prov'd to be a species of Medusa which when brought on board appeard like metal violently heated, emitting a white light; on the surface of this animal a small Lepas was fixd exactly the colour of it, which was almost transparent not unlike thin starch in which a small quantity of blue is disolv'd. In taking these animals three or 4 species of Crabbs were taken also but very small, one of which gave light full as much as a glow-worm in England tho the Creature was not so large by £10/9ths2 indeed the sea this night seemd to abound with light in an uncommon manner, as if every inhabitant of it furnishd its share, which might have been the case tho none kept that property after being brought out of the water except these two.
1 The ship was now approaching the coast of Brazil. Cook writes (October 28), ‘This day at Noon being nearly in the Latd of the Island Ferdinand Noronha to the westward of it by some charts and to the Eastward by others, was in expectation of seeing it or some of those shoals that are laid down in most charts between in and the main, but we saw neither one nor a nother. We certainly pass'd to the Eastward of the Island, and as to the shoals I do not think they exhist grounding this my opinion on the Journal of some East India Ships I have seen, who were detained some days by contrary winds between this Island and the main and being 5 or Six Ships in compney, doubtless must have seen some of them did they lay as marked in the charts’. This indicates both the current state of hydrographical knowledge and Cook's wide-ranging mind where hydrography was concerned. A dangerous reef, the As Rocas, does in fact lie 80 miles west of Fernando Noronha. The Endeavour passed 60 miles east of the island.
2 This, odd as it may seem, is what Banks wrote, over something else, smudged, which appears to have been 2/10ths; and I think that ‘nine-tenths was probably what he meant, though his symbol is unknown to mathematicians.
30. This Morn employd in Examining the things caught lastnight, which being taken by the light of our lamps (for the wind which blows in at the windows always open will not suffer us to burn candles) we could hardly then distinguish into genera, much less into species, had the good fortune to find that they were allquite new. Calld them Medusa pellucens,1 Lepas pellucens,2,3 Clio, 4 Cancer fulgens and Cancer amplectens,5 but we had the misfortune to loose two more species of Crabbs overboard by the tumbling of a glass overboard in which they were containd.
In the Evening the Sea was lighted in the same manner as it was last night only not near so strongly; we renewd however our endeavours to take some of the light carriers, not without success as two new species of Crabbs were taken one of which was very singular.
31. Nothing to be done today, found however that the crabbs taken yesterday were both new, calld them vitreus6 and Crassicornis.7
1 Phacellophora sp. There is a signed sepia painting of this animal by Parkinson, III, pl. 53; see also Solander p. 467.
2 This barnacle has not been identified; Parkinson's figures are small, III, pl. 68, upper figure. Solander, p. 383, compared its structure with that of Conchoderma virgatum (see 9 October above).
3 There is a blank here in the MS never filled in by Banks.
4 This may have been one of the pteropods of the genus Clio described by Linnaeus-There appears to be no drawing or description of it.
5 Cancer fulgens and C. ampledens; the first of these may have been a young euphausiid, the second is a larval form with some likeness to that of the hermit crabs. There is not sufficient detail for identification in Parkinson's drawings, III, pls. 13, 10, or in Solander's descriptions, pp. 309–13.
6 A stomatopod larva, Alima stage, Parkinson III, pls. 15, 16; Solander, pp. 337–9.
7 An amphipod, Scina sp. Parkinson III, pl. 14, and Solander, pp. 317–20.