Tuatara: Volume 11, Issue 2, June 1963

Keys to New Zealand Lichens

page 98

Keys to New Zealand Lichens

Part 3

(continued from Vol. 11, p. 56)

75	Thallus all cellular, of horizontal hyphae; algae Scytonema; rhizines present; apothecia lecideine; spores simple	Coccocarpia
	Thallus not all cellular	— 76
76	Upper surface distinctly white, tomentose: apothecia terminal	Erioderma
	Upper surface not macroscopically tomentose: apothecia laminal	— 77
77	Fruit a pyrenocarp; algae ‘Polycoccus’, blue-green	Coriscium
	Fruit apothecium; thallus otherwise	— 78
78	Thallus medium to large, foliose, grey-blue-green to brown; not sorediate nor grey-blue with biatorine apothecia; spores septate, fusiform	— 79
	Thallus squamulose to small foliose, if foliose, with soredia or apothecia biatorine	— 80
79	Apothecia lecanorine, laminal, corticate beneath	Lobaria
	Apothecia lecideine, adnate on lower surface; ± ecorticate beneath	Nephroma
80	Spores 1-septate; apothecia biatorine; brown squamules among mosses on soil	Massalongia
	Spores simple; if brown squamules, apothecia lecanorine	81
81	Apothecia lecanorine; spores rough-walled	Pannaria
	Apothecia biatorine; spores usually smooth	Parmeliella
82	Thallus a more or less effuse loose mat of hyphae and algal cells, more or less powdery and structureless; sterile; grey-white or yellow	Lepraria
	Thallus crustose, effuse or placodioid, or a byssoid or felted mass	— 83page 99
83	Thallus like white cotton wool (similar to Lepraria but more distinctly lobed). or black or green felt of single-celled algal strands with investing hyphae; commonly fertile	— 84
	Thallus crustose, effuse or placodioid, sometimes almost absent	— 86
84	Thallus white; apothecia white pruinose, lecideine; spores fusiform, septate	Sagenidium
	Thallus green or blackish, of Trentepohlia or ?	— 85
85	Thallus green felted; apothecia biatorine, orange-yellow; spores 1-septate	Coenogonium
	Thallus blackish hair-like; fungal hyphae dark brown; sterile	Cystocoleus (= fungus)
86	Thallus with prominent purple to brown or reddish cephalodia; placodioid; shades of white, flesh or rusty brown; apothecia lecanorine (or aspicilioid) with cylindrical asci and simple spores	Placopsis
	Thallus without or with inconspicuous dark cephalodia or, if orange, thallus ecorticate	— 87
87	Spores formed in a loose mass (mazedium); apothecia stalked or sessile, open; on wood or other lichens, rarely rock, always fruiting (or not recognisable as lichen)	— 88
	Spores not so released, or if asci disappear early, fruit perithecium	— 92
88	Apothecia stalked, long or short; thallus hardly visible	89
	Apothecia sessile; spores dark, 2- (rarely 3-) celled; thallus evident	— 91
89	Stalk short; spores ellipsoid, simple, dark; parasitic on Pertusaria	Sphinctrina
	Stalk relatively long, or if short, 2-celled	— 90
90	Spores simple, nearly hyaline; head globose	Coniocybe
	Spores simple, or 2-celled, dark; head usually turbinate	Calicium
91	Apothecia saucer-shaped or convex, sessile, immarginate; algae trebouxioid	Cyphelium
	Apothecia with dark cylindrical margin; algae Trentepohlia	Pyrgillus
page 100
92	Thallus yellow to orange-red and/or disc yellow to red or rarely dark, due to physcion which is K+ crimson or purple; spores hyaline, simple or more commonly polaribilocular; ± ecorticate	— 93
	Thallus and disc if this colour, not K+ purple (a few spp. have red biatorine apothecia and are K+ red); spores simple or several septate	— 95
93	Apothecia lecanorine; spores bilocular; may be placodioid or subfruticose	Caloplaca
	Apothecia lecideine; thallus effuse or rarely placodioid	94
94	Spores simple	(Protoblastenia)
	Spores 1-septate or polaribilocular	Blastenia
95	Thallus clear yellow or blackish, thin, K− C−; apothecia clear yellow, lecanorine, sessile (never innate); spores single or pseudoseptate, 8 or many per ascus	Candelariella
	Thallus and fruits otherwise; if thallus lemon yellow then C+ orange or apothecia lecideine or aspicilioid	— 96
96	Apothecia dark, elongate or irregular (not deformed by pressure), or punctiform and arranged in lines; thallus effuse; usually algae Trentepohlia and spores septate	— 97
	Ascocarps round apothecia or perithecia	— 111
97	Apothecia immarginate, adnate; (asci saccate); spores septate; algae Trentepohlia	— 98
	Apothecia with distinct proper margin (and sometimes thalline)	— 99
98	Spores longitudinally septate, rarely pale brown	Arthonia
	Spores muriform, hyaline	Arthothelium

page 101

Plate 5
Fig. 42, Haematomma sp. Fig. 43, Ochrolechia parella. Fig. 44, Placopsis parellina. Fig. 45, Lecanora pachypholis. Fig. 46, Megalospora marginiflexa. Fig. 47, Graphis tenella. Fig. 48, Thelotrema lepadinum. Fig. 49, Lecidea dunedina. Plates 2-5 drawn by Miss Nancy M. Adams.

page 102

99	Thallus distinctly corticate; on rock; apothecia rounded, innate to adnate	Dirina
	Thallus ecorticate; if on rock, apothecia long	— 100
100	Spores simple; apothecia ellipsoid to oblong; algae green,? Trebouxia	Lithographa
	Spores septate; algae Trentepohlia or Phycopeltis	— 101
101	Spores longitudinally septate	— 103
	Spores muriform	— 102
102	Spores hyaline	Graphina
	Spores dark	Phaeographina
103	Spores 1-septate, finally dark	— 104
	Spores 3- or more septate or if 1-, hyaline	— 105
104	Paraphyses branched and anastomosing; spores brown, constricted; on rock; algae green?	Encephalographa
	Paraphyses simple; spores becoming brown, not constricted; on bark; algae trentepohlioid	Melaspilea
105	Spores thin-walled, cells cylindrical; paraphyses anastomosing and thin	— 107
	Spores thick-walled, cells ± lentiform; paraphyses simple, unjoined	— 106
106	Spores hyaline	Graphis
	Spores soon brown	Phaeographis
107	Proper margin hardly developed, pale; hypothecium pale; apothecia sunken	Enterographa
	Proper margin brown or carbonaceous	— 108
108	Excipulum originally covering apothecium which breaks through it; on leaves	(Aulaxina)
	Excipulum not formed in this way; on rock, bark or leaves	— 109page 103
109	Margin lacking beneath apothecium; hypothecium hyaline; apothecia roundish; on leaves (author has noted here ‘put in Lecanactis!’)	(Mazosia)
	Margin continued beneath apothecium; hypothecium brownish; apothecia elongate	— 110
110	Apothecia not in thalline stroma	Opegrapha
	Apothecia immersed in thalline stroma	Chiodecton (uncertain)
111	Fruit a perithecium	— 112
	Fruit an apothecium	— 131
112	Spores simple	— 113
	Spores septate	— 115
113	Thallus with cellular cortex; algae Pleurococcus; thallus thick, areolate	Dermatacarpon
	If corticate, cortex not cellular
114	Thallus on rock, on damp areas, dark; perithecial wall well developed, brownish and/or involucrellum present; usually maritime	Verrucaria
	Thallus white or pink on a bank or soil debris and subalpine; no involucrellum; wall hyaline; spores very large	Coccotrema
115	Spores acicular, several-celled, thin-walled; on bark; algae Trentepohlia	Leptorhaphis
	Spores ellipsoid to fusiform	— 116
116	Spores brown	— 117
	Spores hyaline	— 120
117	Spores 2- or more celled	— 118
	Spores muriform	Anthracothecium
118	Spores cells cylindrical, thin-walled, usually 2-celled; paraphyses anastomosing and branched, soon disappearing	Microthelia
	Spore cells lentiform, usually more than 2; paraphyses simple and persistent; on bark	— 119page 104
119	Perithecia immersed in thalline stroma	Melanotheca
	Perithecia not in stroma	Pyrenula
120	Spores muriform	— 121
	Spores 2-many septate	— 124
121	Hymenium containing small algal cells; algae Pleuracoccus; thallus thick, ± squamulose; on ground or rock	Endocarpon
	Hymenium without algal cells; on bark; algae Trentepohlia	122
122	Paraphyses branched and anastomosing (or absent); spore cells cubic	— 123
	Paraphyses simple, persistent?; spore cells thick-walled?	Clathroporina
123	Perithecia ± immersed in thallus, scattered	Polyblastiopsis
	Perithecia arranged 2-many in stroma	Laurera
124	Parapnyses soon gelifying; spores 1- to 3-septate, thickish-walled; on rock; algae Pleurococcus	Thelidium
	Paraphyses usually persistent; algae Trentepohlia or Cephaleuros or?	— 125
125	Paraphyses anastomosing and branched; spore cells lentiform or thick-walled	— 126
	Paraphyses simple or branched, not anastomosing; spore cells cubic, thin-walled	— 128
126	Perithecia in a stroma, spores several celled, longish	Trypethelium
	Perithecia not in a stroma; spores 1- to 5-septate	— 127
127	Paraphyses usually gelifying; asci clavate or pyriform; spore cells uneven if 2-, rarely 3- or more septate	Pseudopyrenula
	Paraphyses persistent; asci cylindrical; spores in 1 series, cells 2, even in size	Acrocordia
128	Perithecia with long setae; spores muriform; on leaves	Trichothelium
	Perithecia glabrous	— 129
129	Paraphyses distinctly branched; on leaves	Raciborskiella
	Paraphyses simple	— 130page 105
130	Algae Cephaleuros; on leaves; thallus lobulate, subcutaneous	Strigula
	Algae Trentepohlia or Phycopeltis; thallus effuse; on rock or log	Porina
131	Algae blue-green	— 132
	Algae green or trentepohlioid	— 136
132	Algae Xanthocapsa; thallus thick, on rock; apothecia lecanorine	— 133
	Algae Nostoc or ? Scytonema; spores simple	— 134
133	(Key not filled in here, but preceding characters lead to genus)	Pyrenopsis
134	Thallus homoeomerous, ecorticate, lobulate; apothecia lecanorine; spores rough	Molleropsis
	Thallus distinctly corticate, subsquamulose	— 135
135	Apothecia lecanorine; spores rough-walled	Pannaria
	Apothecia biatorine; spores smooth	Parmeliella
136	Apothecia with distinct double margin, an inner proper one and outer, often crateriform thalline one; spores 2-septate to muriform; paraphyses simple	— 137
	Apothecia with single margin, or if sunken in thallus, spores simple or 1-septate, dark	— 141
137	Algae green; on rock or soil	Diploschistes
	Algae Trentepohlia; on bark	— 138
138	Spores several-septate	— 140
	Spores muriform	— 139
139	Spores hyaline	Thelotrema (incl. Chroodiscus?)
	Spores brown	Leptotrema
140	Spores hyaline	Ocellularia
	Spores brown	? (Phaeotrema)
141	Apothecia lecanorine (or immersed in thallus), proper margin rudimentary or absent; algal layer under hypothecium	— 142
	Apothecia lecideine, or if partly immersed, with dark margin or algae not present under apothecia	— 156page 106
142	Spores simple, hyaline	— 143
	Spores septate	— 149
143	Apothecia sunken in thallus or rarely emergent	— 144
	Apothecia sessile or adnate	— 147
144	Spores many, small; yellow or brownish; thallus, usually areolate—subsquamulose, ± corticate; on rock	Acarospora
	Spores 8 or less in ascus	— 145
145	Apothecia several in elevated stroma, disc may be punctiform. spores large, thick-walled; paraphyses thin, branched (see also Coccotrema)	Pertusaria
	Apothecia not in stroma; paraphyses medium, septate; spores thin-walled; on rock	— 146
146	Algae green	Lecanora subgen. Aspicilia
	Algae Trentepohlia, large celled	Ionaspis
147	Paraphyses thin, flexuous; spores large	— 148
	Paraphyses shorter and thicker, simple or sparingly branched; spores medium	Lecanora
148	Spores thin (<203BC) walled; hypothecium ± subtended	Ochrolechia
	Spores thick-walled; hypothecium excipulum thin	Pertusaria
149	Spores brown. 1-septate. ± polaribilocular	Rinodina
	Spores hyaline	— 150
150	Spores parallel septate	— 151
	Spores muriform; paraphyses simple	— 155
151	Apothecia sunken in thallus, sometimes irregular, pale; spores with lentiform cells; on trees	— 152
	Apothecia sessile	— 153
152	Paraphyses simple	Phlyctella
	Paraphyses branched and anastomosing	Phylctidia
153	Apothecia scarlet; K+ soluble; spores 6+ celled; thallus corticate; on trees	Haematomma page 107
	Apothcia shades of brown or yellowish, K-; ecorticate; spores few celled	— 154
154	Thallus effuse; pycnidia with exobasidial fulcra	Lecania
	Thallus determinate; pycnidia with endobasidial fulcra	Solenospora
155	Apothecia sunken in thallus. pale	Phylctis
	Apothecia sessile, orange	Myxoclictyon
156	Spores very manv in ascus. small, simple	Biatorella
	Spores 8. rarely 16, or less	— 157
157	Paraphyses branched and anastomosing; spores septate; algae Trentepohlia or micareoid	— 158
	Paraphyses not anastomosing or if so spores ± muriform and algae otherwise	— 161
158	Apothecia innate, immarginate: may appear to have thalline margin; several-celled spores: algae Trentepohlia; on trees	Schismatomma
	Apothecia marginate	— 159
159	Algae micareoid; spores 1-septate; on soil etc.	Micarea
	Algae Trentepohlia or Phycopeltis; spores fusiform 3± septate: on trees	— 160
160	Algae Trentepohlia; margin complete; on bark	Lecanactis
	Algae Phycopeltis; margin at top, formed by rupture of initial covering; on leaves	(Mazosia)
161	Algae Trentepohlia; apothecia yellow to orange; excipulum pale, K-; spores small, ellipsoid, mostly I-septate; thallus green, ± shining, thin	Dimerella
	Algae green; fruit characters usually otherwise	— 162
162	Spores simple, paraphyses various	— 163
	Spores septate	— 164
163	Spores small, thin-walled. 8 (lor 16) per ascus	Lecidea
	Spores large, thick-walled; 1-2 per ascus	Mycoblastuspage 108
164	Spores I-septate, ± oblong, brown, without sheath;	Buellia
	Spores otherwise, or if as above, thallus I	— 165
165	Apothecia orange to reddish with radiate hyaline excipula, sessile; K dissolves to red solution (not yellow); hypo-thecium hyaline	— 166
	Apothecia otherwise	— 167
166	Spores small to medium, simple to I-septate to submuriform with thin walls	Miltidea
	Spores 4- or more septate with lentiform or thick-walled cells	Bombyliospora
167	Spores I-septate, hyaline	— 168
	Spores more than I-septate. or if I-septate hyaline; thallus I ± blue	— 169
168	Spores small, thin-walled	Catillaria
	Spores large, wall thickened, ± oblong, 1-8 ascus	Megalospora
169	Hypothecium purple; paraphyses branched; foliicolous	Tapellaria
	Hypothecium not purple, or if so paraphyses simple	— 170
170	Excipulum of loose intricate hyphae; spores parallel septate; on leaves	Byssoloma
	Excipulum of ± cellular structure or structureless; spores septate to muriform	— 171
171	Spores parallel septate, hyaline, fusiform to acicular	Bacidia
	Spores muriform or dark	— 172
172	Algal cells in epithecium; foliicolous; spores hyaline	(Sporopodium)
	No algal cells in epithecium	— 173
173	Paraphyses branched; spores usually brown: hypothecium dark; on rock	Rhizocarpon
	Paraphyses simple or branched; spores hyaline; hypothecium pale; not on rock	Lopadium

page 109

Sterile Crustose Species

1	Thallus white or grey-white or pinky-yellow-white	—2
	Thallus yellow, yellow-green, brown or black	—6
2	Placodioid, coastal	Buellia canescens
	Effuse	—3
3	On bark, powdery or with soredia	—4
	On coastal rock, chalky usually	—5
4	Soredia in ± circular soralia	Pertusaria sp.
	Powdery or ± smooth, very thin	Phlyctella uncinnata
5	K + yellow becoming orange-red	Pertusaria dinota
	k	-Pertusaria antarctica or Pertusaria graphica
6	Yellow-green areoles on black hypothallus	Rhizocarpon geographicuc agg.
	Not on black hypothallus	—7
7	Yellow or yellow-green	—8
	Brown or black	—9
8	Continuous, thin	Rinodina thiomela
	Areolate or subsquamulose. thickish	Acarospora sp.
9	Brown or red-brown areoles	Acarospora sp.
	Black, continuous or rimose, maritime or aquatic	Verrucaria sp.

The End

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Tuatara: Volume 11, Issue 2, June 1963

Keys to New Zealand Lichens

Keys to New Zealand Lichens

Part 3

Sterile Crustose Species