Ethnology of Manihiki and Rakahanga

Contents

page [i]

Contents

	Page
Introduction	3
Acknowledgments	3
Culture	4
Geography	4
Contact with Western culture	5
The people	11
Language	11
Traditional history	14
Discovery	14
Genealogical records	20
Marriages of Toa	23
Social Organization	28
Family pedigrees	28
Relationship terms	29
The biological family	36
The household	36
Birth	37
Childhood	39
Puberty	40
Marriage	42
Titular system	43
History of the single and dual ariki titles	43
The Whainga-aitu ariki	48
The Whakaheo ariki	52
Other titles	54
Tribal history	57
First divisions	57
The tribe	59
Subtribes	61
Population and land	65
Material culture	70
Houses and furniture	70
Introduction	70
Original house type	70
Framework	70
Thatch	76
Interior	78
Wall and door screens	80
Whare taka	80
Whare tuku whakararo	81
Rarotongan types	81
House furniture	82
Food	81
Introduction	83
Fire	84
Fire myth	85
Cooking utensils and food accessories	86
Flesh foods	90page [ii]
Vegetable foods	92
Variety	92
The coconut	92
Puraka	96
Hala (Pandanus)	97
Food preparations	97
Fats and oil	100
Feeding of children	101
Plaiting	102
Introduction	102
Plaiting with coconut leaves	102
Plaited articles	102
The leaf	102
Technical terms and methods	103
Commencement edge	104
Finishing edge	108
Sheets, screens, and mats	110
Cooking receptacles	114
Baskets	119
Eye shades	124
Plaiting with lauhala (Pandanus leaves)	125
Material	125
Mats	126
Baskets	127
Fans (coconut leaf)	131
Clothing and adornment	134
Introduction	134
Material	134
Women's garments	134
Men's garments	136
Accessories	136
Personal decoration	136
Stonework	138
Material	138
Miscellaneous	138
Adzes	139
Stone adzes	139
Shell adzes, haft	142
Canoes	146
Material	146
Terms and technique	147
Types	148
Introduction	148
One-piece dugout canoe	148
Five-piece canoe	149
Double sailing canoe	149
Modern plank canoes	156
Paddles	157
Bailers	158
Fishing	158
Introduction	158
Walled traps	159
Nets	160page [iii]
Angling	163
Hooks and lines	163
Ruvettus hook	164
One-piece hooks	170
Bonito hooks	172
Bonito hooks, comparative study	187
War and weapons	194
Warfare	194
Spears	195
Clubs	195
Recreations	196
Play	196
Dances	197
Drama	198
Musical instruments	203
Religion	205
The gods	205
Maraes	208
Priesthood	209
Ritual	210
Minor gods	210
Prohibited foods	214
Religious objects	215
Sickness and death	216
Medicine	216
Death	217
The calendar	218
Nights of the moon	218
Annual cycle	222
Rakahangan intercalation	227
Stars	231
Literature cited	232
Plate legends	233