Contents

Book I: The Coming of The Maori
	Page
Introduction	1
1 The Discovery of New Zealand	4
The mythical origin 4; the discovery 5
2 The First Settlement Period	9
The Maui nation 9; the tangata whenua 10; the Moriori of Chatham Islands 13; the Moa hunters 19
3 The Second Settlement Period	22
The Toi expedition 22; the Whatonga expedition 24; the story of Manaia 29; return voyages to Hawaiki 33
4 The Third Settlement Period	36
The Hawaiki migration 36; Hawaiki 36; causes of migration 38; the canoes of the Fleet 39; canoe structure 41; the voyage 46; the landfall 49; canoe settlement 51; North Auckland canoes 59; fabulous canoes 61; introduction of plants 61; introduction of birds and animals 64
5 The Maori People	65
6 Maori Speech	74
The alphabet 74; pronunciation 75; the glottal closure 76; letter changes 77; consonants in different dialects 78; sub-dialects 79; grammar 79; language affinities 80; current speech 80

Book II: Material Culture
	Page
Introduction	83
1 Food	85
Plant foods 85; birds 93; man 102; mammals 102; fish and shell fish 106; cooking 107; kitchen equipment 107; wooden bowls 107; change 110
2 Houses	113
Lean-to shelters 113; houses without walls 114; walled houses 116; common houses 119; superior houses 121; the family sleeping house 121; the carved meeting house 122; storehouses on piles 130; discussion 133; from thatch to corrugated iron 135
3 Villages and Forts	137
4 Mats, Baskets, and Plaiting	144
Plaiting technique 145; mats 149; palm-leaf baskets 153; flax baskets 154; other plaited material 155; decoration 156; local development 156; acculturation 157
5 Clothing	158
Early New Zealand garments 159; the rain cape 160; the introduction of bark cloth 161; the change in technique 162; single-pair twining 164; downward weaving 164; weaving implements 167; the two-pair weft 168; dress cloaks 169; close single-pair twining 170; coloured borders 171; the coloured taniko border 172; plain cloaks with taniko borders 173; bias wefts 174; the loincloth 174; kilts and skirts 175; belts 175; the evolution of technique 176; post-European changes 177
6 Stone Tools	179
The origin of Polynesian forms 181; New Zealand adzes 183; types and varieties 184; the hafting of adzes 185; axial hafting 186; nephrite adzes 187; rotatory adzes 190; stone axes 190; side-hafted adzes 192; chisels and gouges 194; the cord drill 194; the passing of the stone age 196	page break
7 Canoes	199
Maori voyaging canoes 200; Maori canoes 201; canoe equipment 204; the fallacy of plank, canoes 208; the passing of the canoes 209
8 Fishing	211
Nets 212; line fishing 216; types of bone points 227; gorges 230; traps 230; weirs 233; dredges 235; spears 235; conclusion 236
9 Games and Pastimes	238
Military games and exercises 238; aquatic games and pastimes 240; games of dexterity and agility 241; calculations, mental alertness, memorizing 244; children's games and pastimes 245; kites, jumping jacks, and stone discs 248; the passing scene 250
10 Musical Instruments	252
Membranophones 252; autophones 253; aerophones 256; trumpets 257; flutes 262; bull roarer and whizzer 267; cordo-phones 268; sounds that are still 268
11 Weapons	271
Early Maori weapons 271; the throwing stick, 273; the bow and arrow 274; long clubs 274; short clubs 277; the sling 280; post-European influence 280
12 Personal Decoration and Ornaments	283
Head-dresses 283; hair ornaments 284; feather boxes 285; ear ornaments 285; cloak pins 287; breast ornaments 287; breast ornaments of teeth 287; the spool ornament 289; the chevroned pendant 291; the tiki breast ornament 291 tattooing 296; preserved tattooed heads 299; the old order changeth 300
13 Maori Art	302
Plaiting 302; weaving 304; lattice work 305; rectilinear art 306; Polynesian carving 307; Maori carving 311; the manaia 312; the marakihau 313; arrangement of figures 313; curvilinear motifs 314; the double spiral 314; other motifs 317; painting 318; tattooing 322; origin of Maori curvilinear art 325

Book III: Social Organization
	Page
Introduction	331
1 The Family and the Tribe	332
The Maori expanded family 332; the formation of the tribe 333; the naming of family groups 334; principal Maori tribes 337; social grades 337; kinship 338; rank and leadership 343; the attributes of chieftainship 345
2 Birth and Infancy	350
The pure rite 353; circumcision 353; twins 354; breech presentation 354; feeding 354; betrothal 355; massage 355
3 Childhood and Education	356
Speech 356; manners 357; dances 357; adolescence and higher education 360; sex and marriage 363
4 The Life of the Community	373
The village centre 373; community co-operation 375; the ohu custom 378; land 379
5 Warfare	387
6 Sickness and Health	404
Death and burial 414

Book IV: Religion
Introduction	431
1 The Creations	433
Cosmogony 433; creation of the gods 438; the flood 443; the esoteric version of the gods 443; the creation of man 449	page break
2 The Gods	454
The supreme god 454; the departmental gods 454; tribal gods 460; family and inferior gods 462; culture heroes 464; symbols of the gods 465
3 The Priesthood	473
Shrines and temples 477; offerings and sacrifices 484; incantations and ritual 489
4 Varieties of Religious Experience	508
Sun worship 508; phallic worship 509; the manufacture of gods 511; rewards and punishments 516; the death of the gods 519
5 The Creation of Creators	526
Epilogue	537
Literature Cited	539
Index	545

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The Coming of the Maori

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