Ethnology of Tongareva

– [i] –

	Page
Introduction	3
Acknowledgments	3
Geography	4
Contact with Western culture	6
People	9
Language	10
Social organization	15
Traditional history	15
Genealogical record	17
Blood relationship terms	26
The biological family	31
Sex concepts	31
Birth	32
Puberty customs	33
Marriage	35
The household	39
Rank and title	43
Authority and law	51
Warfare	54
Property	57
Land settlement	60
Villages	60
The spread of population	62
Social observances	71
Individual greetings	71
Reception of visitors	72
Dances	77
Hospitality	79
Sickness and death	80
Myths and religion	85
The gods	85
Religious procedure	87
Communication with the gods	87
Ceremonial pattern	90
The turtle ceremony	91
Houses	93
Kinds andu ses	93
Common dwelling house	93
The pasaka	97
The hare pou	99
House furniture	99
Cooking	100
Methods	100
Utensils	101
Foods	106
Variety	106
Flesh foods	107
Coconut	108
Significance	108
Botanical features	108

– [ii] –

The uto	110
Stages of growth	111
The fluid	113
Foods derived from the flesh	113
The husk	115
Husking implements	116
Carrying pole and climbing bandage	117
Hala	118
General observances	119
Meals	119
Feast for visitors	119
Angling for visitors	122
Sex differentiation	123
Plaiting	123
The process	124
Coconut sheets, screens, and mats	128
Lauhala mats	130
Baskets	130
Midrib basket	130
Twilled baskets	131
Cordage	136
Comparisons	137
Clothing and adornment	138
Stonework	145
Materials	145
Paths, wharves, and fish ponds	145
House foundations	147
Maraes	148
Distribution	148
Ground plan	150
Pillars	153
Curb stones	156
Platforms	157
Pavements and marae houses	157
Individual maraes	159
Function of the marae	177
Comparisons	178
Stone circles	180
Graves	182
Adzes	186
Canoes	189
Construction	189
Parts of the canoe	191
Fishing	197
Methods	197
Groping	197
Snaring	197
Sweeping	198
Driving	198
Spearing	199
Angling	200
Nets	201
Lines	202

– [iii] –

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