– 183 –

INDEX

• Adler, 1

• Adoption, 10, 11, 13, 169

• Adzes, stone, 41, 161

• 'Afa,
    manufacture, 43, 161, 164, 165
    uses, 43

• Afiamalu, 4
    altitude, 4
    rainfall, 4

• Aitu, 131-133

• Ali'i and Faipule, 21, 22, 23, 31, 61, 62

• American Samoa, 1, 2, 4, 6

• Apolima, 1

• Aualuma, 12, 108, 109, 113
    duties, 110, 111

• 'Aumaga, 12, 101, 104, 108, 112
    (young men)
    duties 113, 114

• 'Aumaga, 44 45, 52, 109, 112
    (kava)

• Avoidance, social, 112, 173, 174

• Bananas,
    conserves, 77, 78
    cooking, 65, 72, 77
    description, 72
    food value, 73
    growing, 72
    ripening, 65, 77
    uses, 73
    varieties, 72, 73

• Bark Cloth,
    draping sacred objects, 135
    dyeing, 111, 159
    manufacture, 111, 159, 162
    use as clothing, 42, 97, 98, 116, 118, 160
    use as mosquito nets, 160

• Beckoning, 171, 172

• Berlin Treaty, 7

• Blow-holes, 57

• Bougainville, 7

• Bounty, H.M.S., 7

• Breadfruit,
    conserves, 77, 78
    cooking, 71, 76, 77
    growing, 72

• Buxton, Dr.,
    observations by, 4, 5

• Calliope, H.M.S., 1

• Census, 6, 14, 155, 156

• Christianity, 6
    (See Religion)

• Churches, 57, 139, 142
    choirs, 139,
    deacons, 139, 140
    formal openings, 143, 144
    sermons, 139, 140
    subscription lists, 141-143, 144
    synods, 140

• Clothing,
    female, 160
    head coverings, 160
    male, 160

• Clowns, 89, 115, 120, 121, 123

• Coconuts, 30, 73, 74, 85, 86, 97, 98, 99
    commercial planting, 74
    cream, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80
    description, 73, 74
    production, 73, 74
    statistics, 73, 74
    uses of tree, 74

• Constitution,
    changes in, 175, 176, 177

• Council of State, 176, 177

• Covenant of League of Nations, 7, 8

• Cricket, 114, 124

• Dancing, 62, 90, 114-124, 142
    by chiefs, 121, 122
    concert parties, 123, 124
    dress, 116, 117, 118
    finger movements in, 121
    solo, 90, 115, 120, 121, 122, 123
    with knives or axes, 121, 123

• Date Line, International, 1

• Deacons, 139, 140

• Deities,
    aitu, 131-133
    atua, 130
    festivals in honour of, 136
    grades, 129, 130, 131, 133
    priests, 127, 134, 135, 139
    sauali'i, 133
    tupua, 130, 131

• Elephantiasis, 5

  – 184 –

• English,
    desire to learn, 147, 150

• Exports, 6

• Fa'aoso, 68, 96, 101, 106

• Fa'atau,
    during fesilafa'iga, 41, 42, 91
    following ta'alolo, 91
    variations, 42

• Fa'aulufalega, 106, 143, 144

• Fafa, 131, 133, 134

• Faipule, 21, 22, 41
    Fono of, 21, 24, 176

• Family,
    branches, 12, 15
    land, 11, 16
    matai, 10-13, 14, 15
    memorial services, 143
    organisation, 10-11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
    record books, 173

• Fanuatapu, 7

• Fauna, 5, 6

• Fautasi, 32, 56, 113, 123, 124

• Fautua, 23, 24, 176

• Feagaiga, 16, 162

• Feasts, 84, 85

• Fe'e, 136

• Fesilafa'iga, 35-52
    fa'alau during, 41, 42, 91

• Filaria, 5

• Fire, rabbing of, 28

• Firewoods, 70

• Fish,
    ceremonial divisions, 105
    cooking, 80
    counting, 163
    edible fish, 81
    raw, 80
    sauce for, 80
    system of naming, 102

• Fishing, 162, 163, 164, 165

• Flag, hoisting of German, 7

• Flag, Samoan
    description, 176
    hoisting, 176

• Flora, 5

• Folafolaga, 93, 98

• Fono,
    of village, 17, 21

• Foods,
    arrowroot, 73
    bananas, 65, 72, 73, 76, 77, 78, 84
    beverages, 78
    breadfruit, 71, 72, 76, 77, 78
    ceremonial divisions, 94, 103, 104, 105, 107
    coconut, 73, 74, 85, 86
    crustaceans, 80, 86
    custom relating to eating, 83, 84, 85, 86
    drying of bananas, 78
    drying of oranges, 164
    eels, 80
    entrails of fish, 80
    entrails of marine animals, 80
    European, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
    fa'ausi, 76
    fa'avevela, 77
    fai'ai, 75, 97
    faisua, 80
    feasts, 84, 85
    fish, 80, 81, 92, 102, 105, 163
    fresh fruits, 78
    ginger, 76
    inaga, 82, 105, 106
    ipo, 80
    kumaras, 73
    loloifa'i, 76
    loloitalo, 76, 107
    manioc. 73
    masi, 77, 78
    method of cooking, 69, 76
    miti sauce, 80
    mode of serving, 83, 84, 85, 86
    octopus, 75, 80
    palolo, 80, 81, 105, 106, 163,
    palusami, 75, 84, 97, 161
    pe'epe'e, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80
    piasua, 76
    pigeons, 79, 93, 105
    pigs, 78, 79, 90, 92, 96, 97, 103, 104, 105, 106
    poi, 77
    poultry, 79, 86, 87, 92, 93, 96, 97, 105
    presentations, see section here-under
    sai fa'i, 78
    sea, 80
    sea-eggs, 80
    seaweed, 75
    shark, 81, 102, 105
    shell-fish, 80, 86
    starch, 73, 75, 76, 77
    suaesi, 77
    suafa'i, 77
    sugar-cane, 78
    ta'amu, 71, 72
    taro, 71, 72, 75, 76, 92, 93, 96, 97, 101, 102, 107, 113
    

  – 185 –

    taufolo, 76, 77, 112, 161
    turtle, 79, 80, 102, 105
    turtle eggs, 79
    turtle gravy, 80
    vaisalo, 76
    yams, 71, 75, 77, 97

• Foods, presentations of,
    'ai, 106
    'aiava, 95
    amo'ulu, 92
    asiga, 100
    avasa, 107
    avataeao, 92
    fa'aoso, 68, 96, 101, 106
    first fruits, 101, 102
    gapia, 106
    i'a sa, 79, 102, 103, 107
    inaga, 105, 106
    laulautasi, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 107, 143
    oso, 68, 96, 101, 106
    palolo, 105, 106
    pigs, 90, 92, 96, 97, 106
    si'ilaulau, 95
    sua, 97, 98, 99, 101
    sua ta'i, 97, 98, 99, 101
    sua taute, 97, 98, 99, 101
    ta'alolo, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 143
    ta'iola, 106
    taisi, 100, 101
    talifaufau, 107
    taliga, 96
    talo pa'ia, 96, 97
    talomua, 101, 102
    talotasi, 96
    tauga, 100, 106
    tauga o le ma'i, 100
    turtles, 90, 102, 103, 107
    umusaga, 106

• Gazette, Government, 142

• Genealogies, 67, 173

• Hair,
    old mode of dressing, 126

• History of Samoa, 7
    successive political stages, 7, 177

• Hoisting of Germau flag, 7

• Hoisting of Samoan flag, 176

• Hospital, 4
    altitude, 4
    position, 4
    rainfall, 4

• House, Samoan,
    care and cleaning, 162
    changing clothes in, 66
    conduct in, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 48
    construction, 53, 54, 58, 59, 161
    entering a, 37, 43, 66
    for guests, 54, 57, 58
    formal greetings in, 39, 40, 43
    furniture, 59
    height above ground, 57, 58
    number of beams, 58
    privacy in, 66
    seating in, 35, 36
    sitting in, 37, 38
    stranger's post, 36
    thatching, 58, 59, 164

• Humidity, 3, 4,

• Hurricane, 1889, 1

• Hurricane belt, 2

• I'a sa, 79, 102, 103, 107

• Idols. 129

• Inaga, 81, 82, 105, 106

• Insult, 172

• International Date Line, 1

• Kava,
    acceptance of cup, 47, 50, 51, 52
    'aumaga, 44, 45, 52, 109, 112
    bestowal of titles, 47
    bowls, 43
    chewing, 44
    distribution, 46-62
    distribution of roots, 41
    drinking, 51, 52
    during welcome ceremony, 38, 39
    farewell, 68
    medicinal properties, 39
    method of serving, 47, 48, 50, 51
    new matai, 14, 15
    origin, 43
    over-indulgence in, 39
    pounding of root, 41
    precedence in serving, 46, 49, 50, 51
    preparation, 39, 44, 45, 46
    presentation of roots, 40
    stain deposited by, 44
    taking away, 68
    titles, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52
    women, 16, 17

  – 186 –

• Kumaras, 73

• La Perouse, 7

• Language, Samoan, 169, 170, 171
    addressing of matai, 11, 169
    ceremonial references, 170, 171
    chiefs', 170
    courteous references, 170, 171
    naming of children, 169
    naming of natural features, 169
    peculiarities of construction, 170
    pronunciation, 170
    references to relationship, 169
    specialised vocabularies, 171
    use of vowels, 170

• Lau (fishing) 163

• Laulautasi, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 107, 143

• Legislative Assembly, 176, 177

• Lighting,
    oil lamp, 173
    candle-nut, 173

• Loads,
    methods of carrying, 165, 166

• Mafui'e, 131

• Malaga, 10
    arrangements for, 26, 27
    custom concerning, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34
    hints on, 25-34
    wardrobe for, 25, 26

• Malaria, 5

• Manaia, 89, 108, 109, 110, 111, 117, 120, 121
    duties, 112

• Mandate, 7, 8, 9, 175, 177

• Mangrove-hopper, 82, 83

• Manioc, 73

• Manone, 1

• Manu'a, 2

• Manumea, 6

• Marriage,
    exchanges of property, 153, 154
    irregular, 153
    of taupou, 109, 110, 152
    status of husband, 11
    status of wife, 11

• Matai, 10-18
    addressing by children, 169
    banishment, 18
    duties, 11, 148, 149, 151
    election, 12, 13, 15, 16
    grading, 15, 23, 24
    increase in numbers, 155, 156

• Matai,
    kava, 14, 15
    ostracism, 17, 18, 22
    qualifications, 13
    removal, 16
    retirement, 15
    splitting of titles, 12, 154, 156
    women, 13

• Matavanu,
    eruption, 2, 33

• Mats,
    types, 64, 65, 168

• Mats, fine, 15, 64, 65, 89, 97, 111, 116, 143, 153, 161
    mode of accepting, 172
    names, 168
    preparation of materials, 167
    repairs to, 168, 169
    use as currency, 167, 168
    uses, 166, 168
    weaving 167

• Mavaega, 13

• Medicine, Samoan, 132, 162

• Memorial services in families, 143

• Mission, United Nations, 95, 99, 175

• Missionaries, 137, 138, 139
    early, 126, 127, 128, 136

• Missions, 126, 127, 128, 136, 138, 140, 141
    children's Sunday, 141
    contributions, 140, 141
    fono or synods, 140
    opening of churches, 106, 143, 144
    publications, 142
    subscription lists, 141, 142, 143, 144

• Monotaga, 94, 151

• Mosquitoes, filarial, 5

• Mud-skipper, 82, 83

• Mulinu'u,
    historical graves, 5
    historical importance, 5
    hoisting of German flag, 7
    hoisting of Samoan flag, 176
    rainfall, 3, 4
    Samoan Government, 5

• Mummification, 130, 162
    families who practised, 130
    last known, 130
    technique, 130

• Nafanua, 129, 131, 134

• Namua, 1

  – 187 –

• Necklaces,
    imitation whale's teeth, 116, 118
    pigs' tusks, 116
    whale's teeth, 116, 118, 161

• Nifoloa, 131

• Nu'ulua, 1

• Nu'usafe'e, 1, 2

• Nu'utele, 1

• Oath, 17, 137, 139

• Observatory, 2, 3, 4, 5

• Occupation of Western Samoa by New Zealand troops, 7
    legal steps following, 7, 8

• Octopus, 75, 80
    catching, 75, 163
    cooking, 75, 80
    killing, 75, 163
    mythology, 75, 136

• 'Ofu, 2

• 'Oloa, 161

• Olosega, 2

• Orator chief, 19

• Oso, 68, 96, 101, 106

• Oven, Samoan,
    construction, 69, 70, 71
    use, 70, 71

• Pago Pago, 2
    position of, 2, 4
    rainfall at, 4

• Palolo,
    catching, 163
    description, 80, 81, 82
    localities where found, 81
    presentation, 105, 106

• Pandora, H.M.S., 7

• Partition of Samoa, 7

• Pastors, 39, 41, 46, 49, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143

• Periophthalmus, 82, 83

• Petition,
    for self-government, 175

• Pigeons, See Foods
    tooth-billed, 6

• Pigs, See Foods
    ceremonial divisions, 103, 104, 105
    presentations, 90, 92, 96, 97, 106

• Population,
    analysis of male, 155, 156
    increase in, 154, 155, 156
    statistics relating to, 6
    untitled, 155, 156
    urban, of Apia, 145, 150
    titled, 155, 156

• Poultry, See Foods

• Presents,
    respect in accepting, 172

• Priests,
    Auva'a, 134
    classes, 134

• Priests,
    family, 135
    of prophesies and curses, 135
    of symbols of war gods, 134
    of war gods, 134
    Tupa'i, 134
    village, 134

• Publications in vernacular, 142

• Pulenu'u, 22

• Pulotu, 130, 131, 133, 134

• Rainfall, 3, 4, 5
    maximum falls, 3
    New Zealand, 3
    Samoa, 3
    seasonal distribution, 4, 5

• Record books, family, 173

• Reefs, coral, 62

• Religion,
    adoption of Christianity, 126, 127, 128, 136
    first Mission in field, 127
    memorial services in families, 143
    old beliefs, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131-136
    place in Samoan society, 127
    publications in vernacular, 142
    social aspects, 128, 136, 141, 142
    tautoga, 17, 137, 139
    (See also Pastors, Missions and Missionaries)

• Roggewein, 6

• Rose Island, 2

• Sa-le-Fe'e, 131, 133

• Sabbath,
    church services, 138, 139
    cooking, 139
    meals, 139
    recognition, 138

• Samoa Act, 8

• Samoa Amendment Act, 1947 175, 176

• Samoa Constitution Order, 8

• Samoan Government, 5, 7

• Sa'o,
    duties, 20
    status, 19, 20

  – 188 –

• Saofa'i, 14, 15, 99
    expense, 14
    food provided for, 14
    of taupou, 108
    significance, 14

• Savai'i, 1, 2
    area, 1
    Govrnment expedition, 1929, 3
    highest peak, 2
    length, 1
    population, 6

• Saveasi'ulso, 131

• Self-government, 175, 177

• Sennit,
    manufacture, 43, 161, 164, 165
    uses, 43

• Shark, 102, 105
    method of catching, 81

• Si'ilaulau, 95

• Singing, 62, 114, 115, 116, 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 142

• Society, Samoan,
    changes proceeding in, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158
    effect of 1918 epidemic on, 149, 150
    effects of depression on, 148, 157
    effects of war on, 146, 147, 150, 151, 157
    employment outside, 145, 146
    grades in, 14, 23, 24
    levelling of, 149, 154
    organisation, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 156, 158
    position of wage-earner in, 148, 149
    present-day, 145-158
    suggested re-organisation of, 157
    titled and untitled groups in, 14, 155, 156

• See also adoption ali'i and faipule aualuma 'aumaga avoidance

• Starch, 73, 75, 76, 77

• Status,
    changes of, 151

• Stevenson, Robert Louis, 1

• Sua, 97, 98, 99, 101

• Sunshine, 3

• Swain's Island, 2

• Ta'alolo, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 111, 112, 117, 119, 143
    dances following, 94, 95
    description, 89-92
    fa'atau during, 91
    speech, 91, 92

• Ta'amu,
    cooking, 71
    growing, 71, 72

• Tagaloa, 130

• Ta'iola, 106

• Talifaufau, 107

• Taliga, 96

• Talo pa'ia, 96, 97

• Taloloa, 101

• Talotasi, 96

• Tamafaiga, 126, 129

• Tapatapao,
    height above sea-level, 3
    rainfall, 3

• Taro, See Foods

• Tau, 2

• Taualuga, 120, 121

• Tauga, 100, 106
    tauga o le ma'i, 100

• Taule'ale'a, 12, 101, 102
    status, 14

• Taupou, 12, 44, 45-46, 89, 90, 91, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121
    dancing by, 89, 90, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121
    dress, 89, 109, 116
    head-dress, 116, 117
    kava, 44, 45, 46, 52, 108
    marriage, 110, 111, 152

• Tautai, 113, 163, 164

• Tautoga, 17, 137, 139

• Temperature, 3, 4, 5
    at 5,000 feet, 3
    maxima and minima, 3
    seasonal variations, 5

• Temples, 129, 135, 136

• Titles,
    court disputes re, 156
    family, 11
    grading, 15, 23, 24
    splitting, 12, 154, 156
    vacant, 154

• Tobacco,
    curing, 164
    growing, 164

• Toe o le Uso, 13

• To'ona'i, 139

• Trade-wind, south-east, 2, 5

• Traditions, 129, 130, 173

  – 189 –

• Treaty of Berlin, 7

• Treaty of Versailles, 7

• Tripartite control, 7

• Trusteeship Agreement for Western Samoa, 9, 175, 177

• Trusteeship Council, 9, 175

• Tuiga head-dress, 44, 89, 116, 117, 161

• Tunnels,
    lava, 57

• Tupualegase, 136

• Turtles, 79
    catching, 79
    ceremonial division, 105
    shell, 79
    choice portious, 79
    cooking, 79
    eggs, 79
    gravy, 80
    significance, 79

• Tusiga-igoa, 141, 142, 143, 144

• Tutuila, 1, 2, 4, 7
    highest peak, 2
    length, 1
    visit of La Perouse, 7

• Tu'ua, 19, 97
    duties, 19
    status, 19

• Umusaga, 106

• United Nations Organisation, 9, 175, 177
    Mission to Western Samoa, 95, 99, 175

• United States Naval Station, 1

• Upolu, 1, 2
    area, 1
    highest peak, 2
    length, 1
    population, 6

• Usoali'i, 20

• Usuga, 101

• Vaea, Mount, 1

• Villages,
    churches, 57
    description, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57-62
    hospitals, 56
    hospitality, 67, 68
    inland, 2
    layout, 53-54, 55, 56, 57
    life in, 53, 59-62
    malae, 53, 55, 57
    meals, 60, 61
    number in Western Samoa, 2
    organisation, 10, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
    preparations for visitors, 63, 64
    privacy, 66
    schools, 55
    splitting of, 18, 19
    springs and bathing pools, 55, 66
    stores, 56
    traditions, 67

• Visitors, 63, 64, 65

• War,
    effects, 146, 147, 150, 151

• Weddings, Samoan, 106, 107

• Welcome Ceremony, 35-52

• Western Samoa, 1
    occupation by New Zealand troops, 7
    population, 6
    presence of American troops in, 146, 147

• Widows, 11

• Women,
    duties – see Work
    status, 16, 29
    Village Committees, 20, 21, 111

• Work,
    females, 16, 20, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166
    males, 16, 20, 161, 163, 164, 165

• Yams, 71, 77

• Zone Time, 1

– –

– –