Ngā Tohuwhenua Mai Te Rangi: A New Zealand Archeology in Aerial Photographs
Index
Index
Entries which include pages with photographs are indicated in bold type.
Some entries for specific archaeological sites have the New Zealand Archaeological Association site record number in brackets. This is in the form of the metric map number (e.g., T10), followed by a unique number allocated in the site recording file for that site. The site records can be retrieved using the number. The record may include details of site location, a description of the site, a map of the site, and other details. The address of local filekeepers can be obtained from local museums, the Department of Conservation or the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. The records may also be obtained from the Central Filekeeper, New Zealand Archaeological Association, C/- Science and Research Division, Department of Conservation, P O Box 10-420, Wellington.
Adkin, G.L., 77
Adzes, adze quarries, 77-79, 219,221; see also Tahanga, Mount; Samson Bay
Afforestation, 268
American Civil War, see United States, Civil War
Anderson, Atholl, 200
Anglican Missions, Waerenga ā Hika, 145,151; Rangitukia, 145; see also Te Waimate, Kerikeri, Te Oihi, Church Missionary Society
Aotea north head, 53, 54, 73,117-119
Archaeological sites (definition), 11
Archaic, 33; see also Classic; Oruarangi, Pāterangi
Archives, 17
Armed Constabulary, 91, 94, 132-135; and redoubts/stockades, 270
Auckland Institute and Museum, 113-115
Awamate (swamp pā, S23/61), 77
Awanui, 67-69
Banks, Joseph, 41-42, 141-143, 207
Barnicoat, J.W., 234
Bay of Islands, 55, 56; see also Te Oihi, Rangihoua, Kerikeri, Pouerua, Church Missionary Society, Taiamai Plains
Belich, J., 83
Bendigo, 257-261
Best, E., 17, 23, 44, 46, 167; on pā, 59
Binnie, J., 147 note
Blake-Palmer, G., 17, 128, 200
Border-dikes, 255-256, 262-263
Borrow-pits, Hinuera vicinity (T15/8), 62; Whenuakura, 172-173; see also horticulture, borrow-pits
Brailsford, B., 17
Brunner, 229
Buchanan, J.D.H., 17
Buck, Sir Peter, see Te Rangihiroa
Cape Kidnappers (pā at), 154-155, 161; see also Tiromoana (pā)
Cape Reinga, 97
Cape Runaway (Tihirau mai Tawhiti), 127, 129, 202
Central Polynesia, see names of individual islands
Church Missionary Society, 243-250; at Nukutaurua, 251; see also Bay of Islands
Clarence River (stone rows, pits, P30/5, 6), 194, 217
Clarke, George (senior), 250
Classic, 33; see also Archaic
Clough, Rod, 241
Coastal terraces (landform), Taranaki, 168; see also Maketū Peninsula, Māhia Peninsula, Ngawlhi, high terrace (landform)
Colville Harbour, 73
Colville, Fort (Maketū), 130-131
Coming of the Māori, The (book), see Te Rangihiroa
Conservation, Department of, 135 note, 179, 239 note, 270
Cook, James, 41-44, 72, 111, 113, 139, 141
Cooks Cove (pā, Z17/310), 142-143, 207
Coromandel Peninsula, 112-113; see also Kuaotunu Peninsula, Wharetaewa
Crawford, O.G.S., 16
Crimean War, 84
Croatians, see gum-digging
Croisilles Harbour, 78
Cromwell, 215; see also Northburn, Bendigo
Cromwell Reef (Bendigo), 258-259
Cultural resource management, see Protection, historic sites
Data analysis, 268
de Surville, J.F.M., 102-103
Deforestation, see Burning
Denniston, 229-231
Ditch and bank fences, 53, 117-119, 193, 250-253
Doubtless Bay, 102-103
Drains, 66; see also trenches (horticulture)
Dredges, dredge tailings, 256, 261
du Fresne, Marion, 17, 102-103
Duff, Roger, 195-198
D'Urville Island, 219
Earle, Augustus, 250
Eastern Polynesia, see individual islandspage 291
Edson, Steve, 18
Eyles, Jim, 196-198
Farming, 117-119; see also Te Waimate, pastoralism, burning
Fences, 250-253; see also ditch and bank fences
Fiji, 59
Firth of Thames, 113-115
Fishing, 73
Flanking angles, 85, 86-88; see also guns, saps, redoubts
Forest Rangers, 122-123
Fowler, Peter, 267-268
Fox, Aileen, Lady, 44, 161-164, 166
Gate pā, 132; and protection, 270
Geographical Information Systems (G.I.S.), 268 ,
Gisborne, see Tūranganui
Green, Roger, 59
Groube, L.M., 18
Gum-digging, 214, 238-239, 240
Gunfighter pā, see pā, gunfighter; see also specific names of pā
Guns, 83-88, 110; enfilading fire, 91; see also flanking angles
Haast River, Haast (locality), 34-35, 233-234
Hamlin's Hill (Auckland), 18
Hapū, in settlement pattern, 29
Hau Hau, see Pai Mārire
Heaphy River, 200
Heipipi (pā), 156-157
Herekaki (pā), 130-131
High terrace (landform), 194, 217; Te Awanga, Hawke's Bay, 161-164; Taranaki, 167; and pā form, 156, 268-269; and goldmining, 255-256, 262-263; see also coastal terraces
Hikurangi (Northland), 229
Hikurangi (pā, V21/41), 60, 157,158-159
Hill-forts (United Kingdom), 17
Hinuera Gap, 113
Historic Places Act 1993, 271
Hobbs, Reverend John, 234
Hooker, Ray, 200
Horowhenua, 73
Horticulture, Bay of Plenty, 129; borrow pits, 61, 62, 172-173; on dunelands, 103,117-120, 186-188; northern South Island, 200, 218-219; plot sizes, 66; volcanic soils, 64, 104, 105, 108; see also trenches (horticulture), stone rows (horticulture), pits (storage), Palliser Bay.
Houhora Harbour, 98
Huriawa Peninsula, 219
Hydraulic sluicing, 256, 261-266
Infrared, 19
Inman's Redoubt (Q21/152), 86
Irrigation, 254-256
Irwin, Geoff, 47
Kaeo, 250
Kahungūnu, 11, 13, 252-254, 268; at Maungakahia, 156
Kai Kōura Peninsula (South Bay pā, 031/34), 200,220-221, 234
Kaiapoi (pā, M35/7), 213, 221-222
Kaipara Harbour, 47
Kākāramea Redoubt (Q21/154), 180
Kakatarahae (pā, W16/13), 12, 16
Kapowairua, 98-99
Kapiti Island, 193
Karikari Peninsula, 102-103, 240
Katikatiaka (pā, Q18/53), 47; and site protection, 274
Kauri forest, 97
Kawau Island (smelter, R9/642), 240-242; see also Miners Bay
Kawiti, 108-110
Kekeparaoa (pā), 20
Kelly, Leslie, 17
Kerikeri, 250
Kohukete (pā, V21/3-7), 157,160-161
Kuaotunu Peninsula, 20, 22, 192, 261
Kūmara, 61, 116 note; see also Horticulture
Kūmara (goldfield, J32/22), 262, 264-265
Kupe, 187
Kupe's Sails (Ngā Ra 6 Kupe), 182, 187
Landforms and settlement pattern, 33-35; see also high terraces (landform), river terraces (landform), serpentine (landform), coastal terraces
Lands, see ploughing
Little Sister, Chatham Islands, 82
Logantown, 261; see also Bendigo
McFadgen, Bruce, 47
Māhaki, Te Aitanga a Māhaki, 13, 50; see also Pawerawera (pā)
Māhia Peninsula (Nukutaurua mai Tawhiti), 31, 156, 216, 234, 251, 268-270
Maketū, Maketū Peninsula, 127, 129,130-131
Mana Island, 193
Manaia Redoubt, 85
Mangakahia River, 97
Mangatoatoa marae (pā at, S15/107), 13
Mangere (pā), 108
Maniapoto, Rewi, 124
Manuaitu (pā, R15/82), 53, 117-119; see also Aotea north head
Manutuke, 145-146
Māori Oral History Atlas, 273
page 292Maraetaha River pā, 143-145
Maraetōtara River, 161-164
Marama Tāwhana (pā, Z17/211), 25, 26
Marsden, Reverend Māori, 98-99
Marsden, Reverend Samuel, 243; see also Church Missionary
Society Marsden Cross, see Te Oihi Mātaatua, 98
Mātakitaki (pā, S15/2), 88, 90, 113
Matata (ditch and bank fence, Y19/148), 251
Matawhero, 145
Maungakahia (pā, Y19/49), 216, 252-254, 268; see also Kahungūnu
Maungakiekie (pā, R11/14), see One Tree Hill
Maungapiko, 98-99
Mayor Island (Tuhua, obsidian quarry, U13/124), 126
Mercury Bay, 41-44; see also Wharetaewa
Meremere Redoubt, 124
Methodist Missions, 111, 117-119, 234, 250
Middens, 54, 74; see also shellfish gathering
Military settlement, 85, 180; see also New Zealand Wars, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki
Miners Bay (pumphouse chimney, R9/629), 241-242
Moa, Moa-hunting, 79, 195, 200, 212
Mōhaka River, 153, 161 Mōkau River, 88, 111, 171, 174
Motiti Island, 129 Motu Tawa (Mōkau River), 171
Motuhorā (Whale Island), 129
Moturua Island, 103
Musket warfare, 83, 132; Waikato, 83, 84, 88, 90; East Coast, 88; Taranaki, 171, 174; South Island, 219-224; see also pā (gunfighter), New Zealand Wars
Nevin, D., 156
New Zealand Aerial Mapping, Ltd, 18
New Zealand Archaeological Association, 18, 25 note
New Zealand Wars, Bay of Plenty, 132-135; Northland phase, 108-110, 246-248, 250; Waikato, 89-94, 117-124; Taranaki, 174-182; East Coast, 145-152; Hawke's Bay, 161-166
Ngā Ra o Kupe, see Kupe's Sails
Ngāi Tahu, 140, 199, 213; see also Kaiapoi, Kai Kōura, Onāwe
Ngatapa (pā, X17/1), 87, 124, 147,150-152, 204
Ngāti (tribal prefix); see also individual ancestor's name
Ngāti Apa, see Awamate
Ngāti Kahungūnu, 88, 136-137, 156; see also Kahungūnu, Māhia Peninsula, Ōtātara (pā)
Ngāti Koata, 222; see also Manuaitu (pā), Aotea north head
Ngāti Manawa, 132
Ngāti Mutunga, 274
Ngāti Rangitihi, 132
Ngāti Ruahikihiki, 224-225
Ngāti Toa, 88, 171, 199; see also Te Rauparaha
Ngawlhi (stone rows, S28/103), 189-191
Nichol, Reg, 18
Ninety Mile Beach, 63; midden (N3/255), 73-74
Northburn, 215, 255-256, 262-263, 270
Nukutaurua (locality, ditch and bank fences, Y19/48), 23, 98, 156, 216, 251-254, 268-270; see also Māhia Peninsula,
Maungakahia, Ōraka, Pari o Kena
Oblique aerial photographs, 19
Ocean Beach (Hawke's Bay) (pā at), 154-155
Ohaeawai (pā, P5/205), 83-84,106
Ohiti (pā, V21/65), 165-166
Oika (pā, Q22/28), 180-181, 207
Okoropunga (Wairarapa Coast) (stone rows, T28/47), 65
Onāwe (pā, N36/86), 73, 75, 222-223
One Tree Hill (Maungakiekie) (pā, Rll/14), 105, 108, 271
Open Bay Islands, 233-234
Ōrākau (pā, S15/103), 122-124; and site protection, 270
Orariki (pā, M37/4), 77, 224-225
Oruarangi (pā, T12/17), 113-115
Otago Peninsula, 81
Ōtātara Historic Reserve (pā, V21/41), 60,156-159
Otautu (locality, pā at, Q21/115), 168,170, 206
Otorohanga (pā near, S16/101), 272
Otumoana (pā), 46
Ovens, see umu
Owhara (pā), 130-131
Pā, 33, 102-103; chronology (age), 58-60; described in late eighteenth century, 41-44; geographical distribution, 48, 187; "pā line", 187; gunfighter pā, 88-91, 133-138; visibility in landscape, 48, 187; nineteenth century, 58; Kai Kōura, 220-221; refuge pā, 57; ring-ditch form, 46, 48; size, 58; swamp pā, 37, 44-45; see also Cook, James; weapons; warfare; musket warfare; river terrace (landform)
Pā Māori, The (book), see E. Best
Paekakariki (pits, R26/180), 192, 211
Paeroa (pā), 103
Pai Mārire, 132, 134-135, 147, 151, 161, 165, 203
Paikea, Te Ana o Paikea, 139-141
Pakipaki (Hawke's Bay pā, V22/13), 17, 30-32, 49
Palliser Bay, 63, 189-191, 200
Pāoa, 141
Papamoa (pā, U14/238), 17,128-129
Paremata Barracks (R26/254), 191,193
Pari o Kena (pā, Y19/41), 252-254
Pari Whakatau, 200
Pariwhakaoho (pā), 200
Pastoralism, 38, 193, 254-255; see also ditch and bank fences, burning
Pāterangi (pā, Firth of Thames, T12/17), 113-115
Pāterangi (pā, Waikato, S15/53, 74, 75), 91-94; and site protection, 270 page 293Pauatahanui, 191-193
Pawerawera (pā, XI7/4), 50; see also Māhaki
Perano's Whaling Station, 234, 236, 239
Phillip, F.L., 17
Photogrammetry, 17
Pirongia (vicinity), 88, 92-94, 117
Pitcairn Island, 77
Pits, defensive; see rifle trenches
Pits, storage, 51, 70-71, 143-145, 148, 154-155, 192, 211, 218-219, 269; antiquity, 71; as dwellings, 71; infilling and recutting, 71; in pā, 116; raised-rim form, 72, 148, 163-164; rua or cave form, 71, 132; Waiapu district, 145, 148; Whangaehu River, 186; see also potato clamps; horticulture
Ploughing, lands, 18, 161,165, 172-173
Pohaturoa (pā, XI8/26), 157
Population size, 33; South Island, 199; see also pā, size
Pōtikirua, see Cape Runaway
Pouawa (pā at, P5/195), 143-144
Pouerua (pā, P5/195), cover, 18, 64, 104
Pourewa Island, 207
Pouto Peninsula, 47
Prehistoric Fortifications of the North Island, see Fox, Aileen
Protection, historic sites, 25-26, 267-270; and New Zealand Wars, 270; and farming, 272-273
Pukeatua (South Aotea), 14
Pukemaire (pā, Waiapu, Z15/39), 36, 203
Pukemaire (pā, Maketū), 130-131
Pukerangiora (pā, Q19/69, 70), 83, 87, 94,174-179, 205
Puketapu (pā), 132
Puketutu (pā), 84
Quartz bedrock gold-mining, 257-261
Queen's Redoubt (Pokeno), 122
Radiocarbon ages, pā, 59; see also pits, storage, antiquity; Northland/Auckland, 103, 108
Raised-rim pits, see pits, storage, raised-rim form
Rangihoua (pā, Q5/3), 55, 58, 243-245, 250
Rangiriri, 120-122; and site protection, 270-271, 272
Rangitāne, 98
Rapa Island, 59
Raukūmara (Aotea), 12
Raukūmara Range, 129
Redoubts, 84-85; Te Pōrere, 135-138; see also specific names, New Zealand Wars
Reserves and historic site protection, 270
Rewa River, Fiji, 59-60
'Rewi's Last Stand', see Ōrākau
Rifle trenches, 84, 108-110, 177
Rifles, see guns
Ring-ditch pā, see pā, ring-ditch
Rivers, 35; see also river terraces (landform)
River terraces (landform), 129, 143-145, 186; and pits, 192-193; Mōhaka River, 153
Rongowhakaata, 13; see also Manutuke, Tapui
Royal New Zealand Air Force, 18, 82
Rua, see pits, rua form
Rua a Rehua (pā, Y17/315), 2
Ruapani, Ngāti Ruapani, 11, 13
Ruapekapeka (pā, Q6/139), 88, 94, 108-110; see also New Zealand Wars, Northland phase
Samson Bay (argillite quarry, N26/2), 77-79
Sarah's Gully (midden, T10/167; pā, T10/168), 23, 71, 112
Scale, 25
Schnackenberg, Reverend Cort, 117-119; see also Methodist Missions
Scows, 229
Seals, sealing, 199
Selwyn, George Augustus, Bishop, 246-247, 250
Serpentine (landform), 77
Seventeen Valley Stream (pits, P28/22), 200, 218-219
Shellfish gathering, 73-74; see also middens
Shore whaling, 234-239
Sluicing, see hydraulic sluicing
Smart, Colin, 17
Soils, gravel-added, see Horticulture, soils
South Bay (Kai Kōura, pā), 220-221
Spirits Bay, see Kapowairua
Sprenger, Kees, 18
Stereoscopic photographs, stereoscope, 18
Stone rows (horticulture), 63-66, 129, 202; Cape Runaway, 150; Clarence River, 200, 217; Okoropunga, 65; Palliser Bay, Wairarapa, 63, 189-191; see also horticulture
Storage pits, see pits, storage
Sutton, Doug, 18
Swamp pā, see pā, swamp pā
Table Cape (Kahutara), 268
Tai Rawhiti, Kingites at Maketū, 130-131
Taiamai plains, 104
Tainui (canoe), 11, 12, 17, 111, 129
Takaihuahua (pā), 130-131
Tākitimu (canoe), 11, 98, 156, 252-254, 268
Tāneātua, 129
Tangimate (eel channels, S24/25), 76
Tapui (pā, Y18/75), 17,145-146
Taranaki War, First, see New Zealand Wars, Taranaki
Taro, 61; see also horticulture
Taumaka Island, 233-234
page 294Taumatawhana (pā, N3/1, 2), 237, 240
Taumutu, see Orariki
Te Ana o Paikea, see Paikea
Te Arai (pā, 83, 174-179); see also Pukerangiora
Te Arawa, 130-132
Te Awaiti, whaling, 234-235
Te Awamate (Rangitīkei, pā, S23/61), 45
Te Hārema (pā, V17/12), 132-133
Te Hauke (Hawke's Bay, pā at, V22/56), 24
Te Ika a Maru Bay (pā, Q27/28), 185
Te Kaha, 35
Te Kaka (pā, X14/45), 35
Te Koko a Kuku (pā, X14/4), 132
Te Kooti Arikirangi, 87, 132-137, 147, 150-152, 161, 204
Te Oihi (Marsden Cross), trenches, horticultural, 56, 66, 70; Church Missionary Society (Q5/5), 243-245, 250
Te Pōrere (pā, T19/55), 135-138
Te Puia (pā, R18/1), 171
Te Ranga, 132 Te Rangihiroa, 59
Te Tapiri (pā, V17/33), 132,134-135
Te Reinga, 156
Te Waimate (Waimate North), 246-250
Te Wehengaiti (pā, T19/41), 89, 91
Terraces (landform), 33, 35, 37
Thacker's Redoubt (Q21/153), 87
Tiniroto, 156
Tirau (pā, T15/23, 27), 57, 116; see also Hinuera Gap, borrow pits
Tiromoana (pā, W21/1), 161-165
Titokowaru, 168, 180 Tohe, 97-98
Tokitoki (pā, X19/57, 58), 161,165
Tokomaru (canoe), 168
Tolaga Bay, 25, 26, 71, 141, 207
Toroa (Northern Royal Albatross), 82
Tory Channel, 234-236
Traditional sites (definition), 11, 273
Trenches (defensive), see redoubts, rifle trenches Trenches (horticulture), 55-56, 66-70, 100-101, 245; see also horticulture
Trotter, Michael, 199
Tūhoe-pōtiki, 12
Tūpāroa (pā at, Z15/82), 52, 148
Tupou Bay (trenches, pā, P4/8), 66, 98-101
Tūranganui, 140-150 Turi, 12, 14, 168-169
Umu (earth oven), 74, 78-79, 80; umu tī, 80-81
United Kingdom, archaeology, 15, 17, 44, 267-268
United States, Civil War, 84, 94
Urewera Range, 129
Vertical aerial photographs, 18
Waerenga ā Hika (pā, Y18/34), 147,151
Wai Mihia (pā, Y18/342), 141
Waiapu River, 139; see also Tūpāroa, Pukemaire
Waiari (pā, S15/53), 91-93
Waihi estuary (Maketū Peninsula), 130-131
Waihou River, 113-115
Waihuka River, see Pawerawera
Waipāoa River, 11, 139; see also Tūranganui
Waipuna (pā, Y19/45), 216, 252-254
Wairau Bar (middens, P28/21), 195-200, 212
'Wairau canals', 200
Wairewa (Lake Forsythe), 77, 226
Wairoa River (Hawke's Bay), 156
Wairoa River (Northland), 97
Waita River, 34-35
Waitaki River mouth (ovens, J41/56), 23, 79-80, 200
Waitara, Waitara River, 175-179; see also Pukerangiora
Waiu (gunfighter pā), 88
Walton, Tony, 18
Wanganui kūpapa, 137
Wanganui River, 183
Warfare, 41-48; see also pā, New Zealand Wars, rifle trenches, guns Weapons, pre-European Māori, 44
Welshtown, 260-261
Whānau, in settlement pattern, 29
Whānau a Apanui, 88
Whangaehu River (borrow pits, S23/21; pā, S22/15, 70) 51,185- 190, 209-210
Whanganui Inlet, coal, 229
Whangaparāoa River (eastern Bay of Plenty), 127, 129
Whāngārā, 139-141
Whangawehi (Māhia Peninsula), 268
Wharekaho (pā), 42-43
Wharetaewa (pā, Tll/79), 41-44, 111, 113
Whenuakura (borrow pits, Q22, 25), 168, 172-173
Whenuakura River (Oika pā), 180-181, 207
Whenuanui (pā, Y17/316), 72
Whirinaki River Valley, 129, 132
White potato, 251; see also Potato clamps
Whitmore, Sir G.S., 132-133
Wild-flooding, 254-256
Wilkes, Owen, 199
Williams, Reverend W., 156