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The Origins of International Rivalry in Samoa: 1845–1884

Index

page 223

Index

  • Aberdeen, Earl of, to Cowley re French policy, 55
  • Aborigines, Select Committee on, 4042
  • Adventurers in Samoa and Pacific, 112
  • Agreement
  • Alvensleben, Baron, German delegate, 190
  • America, United States of
    • Growth of interests of, in Pacific, 17
    • Becomes Pacific Power, 78
    • Discovery of gold in, 82
    • No designs of, in Samoa, 101
    • (See also Treaty)
  • American
    • Squadron in Samoa, 46
    • Trans-Continental Railway, 82
    • Growth of American interests, 106 seq.
    • Policy of non-intervention, 106
    • Policy in Pacific, 106107, 112130
    • Treaty, 152153
    • Standpoint, 189192
    • German interpretations of American treaty, 191
  • Ampthill, Lord, warns Granville, 183
  • Anglicizing of Samoa, 43
  • Annexation
    • Missionaries at first opposed to, 43
    • Projects for, to Great Britain, 4851
    • New Zealand projects for, 88104
    • Rumours of, by Germany, 91
    • Petition for, 130
    • General wish for, 153
    • Germans working for, 156157
    • A solution, 163
    • Passed over, 167168
    • Inevitable, 171
    • (See also Petition)
  • Apia
    • Hostilities in, 2
    • Harbour, 19
    • Warriors in Apia harbour, 38
    • Centre of trade, 63, 111
    • Municipal Government of, 148149
    • Importance of, 151
  • Apolima, islet in group, 19
  • "Arcona," H.I.M.S., 71, 79, 120, 136
  • "Ariadne," H.I.M.S., 143
  • Arms and Ammunition
    • Article of trade, 42
    • Roman Catholics dispose of, 53
    • Natives desire for, 59
    • Payment for lands, 116
  • "Augusta," H.I.M.S., arrival of, 141142
  • Aunuu, islet, 19
  • Australasian Colonies
    • Strategic position of islands in regard to, 17
    • Growing communication of, with Pacific, 45
    • Depression in, 64
    • Value of islands to, 84
    • Inter-Colonial Convention of, 177179
  • Australia
    • Discovery of gold, 83
    • Pacific route to, 109
  • Autonomy of Native States
    • Missionary ideal of, 34page 224
    • In report of Aborigines Committee, 40
    • Admitted failure, 133, 170
    • Little chance of success of, 150151
    • Proves failure, 170193
  • Ava or Kava, Samoan ceremonial drink, 26
  • Baker, The Rev. Shirley, Wesleyan Missionary and Prime Minister in Tonga, 73
  • Bananas, luxuriant in islands, 19
  • Baring Bros., 160161
  • "Barracouta," H.M.S.—
  • Bates, G., United States Commissioner to Samoa, 1888, 190
  • Baumann, Roggewein's name for Samoa, 24
  • Berlin Act, 1889, 71
  • Bible, translation of, 30
  • Bismarck, Prince
    • Personal friend of Godeffroy, 67
    • Opposed to colonization, 78
    • Signs of favouring Colonial policy, 137
    • On Colonial policy, 160, 183
  • Bismarck, Count Herbert, on American policy, 191
  • Borabora, German treaty with, refused, 158
  • Bougainville, voyage of, 24
  • Bowen, Sir G., Governor of New Zealand, 93
  • Breadfruit, luxuriant growth of, 19
  • Brincken, Baron von, German Ambassador in London, 168
  • British
    • Desire to preserve native races, 16
    • Justice, 48
    • Attitude to annexation, 50
    • Interests in Samoa, 56
    • (See also Consuls, Treaties, and Government)
  • Brown, Rev. George, letter to Steinberger, 118
  • Bülow, Herr von, 159
  • Bundesrat, Samoan Subsidy Bill passes, 161
  • California
    • Acquisition of, by United States, 108
    • Influence of, on Western Pacific 109
    • (See Polynesian Land and Commercial Company)
  • Campbell, United States Under Secretary of State, letter to Foster, 126
  • Canal
    • Schemes for, 82
    • Potential importance of, 109
    • (See also "Panama")
  • Carnarvon, Earl of, Secretar of State for Colonies, 1874–7898101
  • Chevreul, experiments of, 57–5
  • Christianity
    • Natives converted to, 37
    • Nature of, among Samoans, 38
  • Churchward, W., British Consu[gap — reason: illegible]1882–85, on labourers, 76,
  • Civil War in U.S.A., 130, 13[gap — reason: illegible] 135
  • Climate of Samoa, 19
  • Cochin China
    • Godeffroys in, 63
    • United States treaty with,
  • Cocoa, cultivation of, 62
  • Coconut Fibre for mats, 59page 225
  • Coconut Oil
    • Taxes of, 51
    • Roman Catholic buying of oil, 53
    • Increased demand and uses for, 5761
    • Supplies by Godeffroys, 62
  • Coconuts, luxuriant, 19
  • Coffee, cultivation of, 61
  • Colmesnil
    • United States Consul, in pay of Weber, 11, 73
    • Hoisting United States flag, 141
  • Colonial Office on Vogel's proposals, 92104
  • Commerce
    • Effects of missions upon, 41
    • Efforts of Roman Catholics detrimental to, 53
    • (See Trade)
  • Commissions
    • Anglo-German, 1885, 15, 190
    • Land, 1890–94, proposal for, 134
  • Communications—
    • With Europe, 66
    • Trans-Pacific, 83
  • Communism
    • Native, 2223
    • Missionaries try to eradicate, 43
  • Condominium
    • In Samoa (see tripartite government)
    • United States committed to, 118, 161, 162
    • Not wish of United States, 153154
    • Granville refuses, 188
  • Conferences
  • Consul, British
    • O. Pritchard as, 38, 44
    • Difficulties of position, 46
    • (See also Williams, Swanston, Maudslay, Liaidit, Graves, Churchward)
  • Consul, German (see Weber, Poppe, Zembsch, Stuebel)
  • Consul, United States (see J. C. Williams, Foster, Griffin, Dawson, Colmesnil)
  • Consuls, good treatment of, 110
  • Convicts, Escaped
    • On Pacific Islands, 25
    • Terror to native communities, 40
  • Cook, Captain James, influence in opening up Pacific, 25
  • Copra Trade, 5761
  • Cornwall, his estates, 75, 174
  • Cotton
    • Prints imported, 42
    • Culture of, 60
  • Cowley, Lord, British Ambassador in Paris, Aberdeen to, 54
  • Cumming, Miss Gordon, 73
  • Currency, debased, introduced, 7273
  • Dawson, United States Consul, report of, 72, 76, 154, 163
  • Declaration of Rights, Samoan, 123
  • Derby, Lord, Secretary of State for Colonies, Russell to, 158, 179
  • Des Voeux, Sir W.—
    • Governor of Fiji and High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, quoted, 176
    • At Sydney Convention, 177
  • Deutsche, Handels und Plantagen Gesellschaft, 160, 161, 185
  • Diseases brought by Europeans, 26
  • Disputes between Samoans and Europeans, 46page 226
  • Eimeo, L.M.S. missionaries driven to, 33
  • Ellice Islands
    • In relation to Samoa, 37
    • Converted, 39
    • Labourers from, 75
    • Extension of United States interest to, 119
    • German treaty with, 156
  • Ellis, Rev. W.—
    • Estimate of Samoan population, 37
    • On export of oil, 58
  • Erromanga, Williams killed at, 37
  • Evangelical Revival, 32
  • Evarts, United States Secretary of State, 154
  • Export
    • German export trade, 72
    • Freedom from export duties, 151
  • Faipule, Representative House in Samoan Parliament (see Taimua)
  • Falealili
    • Harbour, 19, 67
    • German occupation of, 143
  • Federation Act of New Zealand, 1883, 175
  • Fergusson, Sir James, Governor of New Zealand, 9497
  • Fertility of islands, 19, 41, 45
  • Fibre, coconut, 59
  • Fiji
    • Inhabitants, 20
    • Position re Samoa, 37, 165
    • Unsuitable for Consulate, 41
    • Cotton in, 60
    • Germans suffer through British annexation of, 77, 156, 158
    • Offered cession of, 84, 88, 92
    • Bank of, 96
    • Strategic value of, 103
    • Americans on, 108
    • On trans-Pacific route, 109
    • Difficulties in, 139
    • Deputation to, 141
    • Riff-raff from, at Apia, 173
  • Fish, Hamilton, United States Secretary of State, 117, 119, 121, 126, 128, 129
  • Foster, S.—
    • United States Consul in Samoa, 1875–76, opposed to Steinberger, 117, 125, 127
    • Recalled, 129, 138
    • Fox, Sir William, Prime Minister of New Zealand, Ministry of, 89
  • France, re annexation of Samoa, 167
  • Franco-Prussian War, 67, 79
  • French
  • Fuaiupolu shelled by H.I.M.S. Arcona, 136
  • Gambier Islands
    • Roman Catholic Missionaries on, 53
    • French annexation of, 54
  • "Gazelle," H.I.M.S., to the Pacific, 79, 156
  • German
    • Origins of interest, 57 seq.
    • Colonization scheme, 67
    • Annexation rumours, 67
    • Interests follow traders, 106
    • Attitude to Samoa, 153162
    • Aggression in Pacific, 177
    • Change in German attitude, 179189
    • Samoan agreement, 188
    • (See also Treaty)
  • German Plantations
  • Germany
    • Unpopular with natives, 16, 74
    • No designs on Samoa, 101
    • Condominium with Great Britain and United States, 118
    • And Steinberger's agreement, 120
    • Change of feeling in, 179, 184
  • Gilbert Islands, labourers from, 75; 119, 156
  • Gladstone, W. E., on Aborigines Committee, 40; 98
  • Godeffroy
  • Gold, discovery of, 83
  • Gordon, Sir Arthur (Lord Stanmore), Governor of Fiji and High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, 139, 141, 156, 163165, 167, 168, 169, 172
  • Government, British
    • Desire to preserve native races, reply to chiefs, 50
    • Re annexation, 56
    • Support of native autonomy, 84, 165169
    • And New Zealand projects, 88104
  • Grant, Ulysses S.—
  • Granville, Earl, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1880–85, 156, 165, 168, 183, 188
  • Graves, Hicks, H.B.M. Consul, 1879–82, 146, 163
  • Great Britain
    • Appeal to, 34
    • Condominium with, 118
    • (See also Government, British, Treaty)
  • Grey, Sir George
    • On Aborigines Committee, 40
    • On Pacific Empire, 50, 8586, 104
    • Federation Act, 174175
  • Griffin
    • United States Consul, 123, 139
    • Hoists United States flag, 142
  • Guam, 109
  • Guizot, letter to Cowley, 54
  • Gunpowder (see Arms and Ammunition)
  • Hamburg merchants to South Seas, 63
  • Hansemann, Geheimrat von, 160
  • Hassenpflug, Captain of H.I.M.S. Augusta, 142
  • Hawaii or Sandwich Islands
  • Hawaiian
    • Consul-General, 51
    • United States interest in, 109
  • Hawaiki identified with Savaii, 20
  • Haweis, The Rev. Dr., in founding of L.M.S., 31
  • Hayes, B., President of U.S.A., 189
  • Herbert, Sir Robert, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Colonies, re New Zealand annexation schemes, 89, 92, 96, 97, 101, 115
  • "Hertha," H.I.M.S., commissioned to Samoa, 67, 79, 142, 156page 228
  • Hoskins, Commodore on H.M.S. Pearl, 138
  • Huahine, German treaty with, 158
  • Hunkin, missionary on Tutuila, 21
  • Imports
    • Articles of, 42
    • New Zealand claim to imports trade, 72
    • Freedom from imports duties, 151
  • India-rubber, cultivation of, 62
  • Inter-Colonial Convention of Australasian Colonies, 176179
  • Jackson, A., President of U.S.A., 108
  • Jaluit, German trading station, 156
  • Japan opens ports, 108
  • Justice, administration of, 48
  • Kimberley, Earl of, Secretary of State for Colonies, 1870–74, on New Zealand annexation projects, 9296
  • Kingship in Samoa, 23, 120, 133
  • Kingsmill or Gilbert Islands, King of Apemama refused missionaries, 34
  • Kolonial Verein und Zeitung, 179180
  • Kotzebue, expedition of, 25
  • Krauel, Herr, German Commissioner, 190
  • Labourers
    • Samoans unsuited as, 22
    • Imported, 43
    • Dearth of, 62
    • Treatment of, 75
    • Mortality of, 76
    • Trade in, 87
    • Control of trade, 88
    • Annexation as a means to suppress trade enforced, 95
  • Lackawanna, U.S.A. agreement on, 133, 146
  • Lands
    • Purchased by Stewart, 115
    • Sale of, 134135
    • Neutrality of, 152
    • (See also German plantations)
  • La Pérouse, Galoiys de, French navigator, 24, 31
  • Lawlessness, 139140
  • Liardit, Edward
  • List, F., [gap — reason: illegible]n Colonization, 78
  • London Missionary Society
  • Lundon, J., intrigues in Samoa, 174175, 184
  • Lyons, Lord, British Ambassador in Paris, 167
  • McIlwraith, Prime Minister of Queensland, 177
  • Makada, Germans acquire harbour of, 156
  • Malet, Sir Edward, British Ambassador in Berlin, 183
  • Malietoa, family of high chiefs, 23, 122, 146
  • Malietoa Laupepa
  • Malietoa Talavou (uncle of Laupepa, and King, 1873, 1879–81), 132, 144, 146, 164
  • Malietoa Tavita, Wilkes' treaty with, 110
  • Malmesbury, Earl of, 51
  • Malua, L.M.S. seminary at, 30, 39, 43, 111
  • Mamea Le, Samoan chief, 141, 143
  • Manoho, islet, 19
  • Manua
  • Marist Priests, 52
  • Marshalls Islands, 75, 156
  • Marquesas Islands
    • Conversion of, 37
    • Roman Catholic priests on, 53
  • Mataafa, high chief, 146, 192
  • Matautu, east wing of Apia harbour, 147
  • Maudslay, A. P., Acting-Consul in Samoa, 1878–79. In Fijian Government, 1875–80, 74, 135, 150, 163, 169, 170
  • Mauga, treaty with Meade, 93, 113
  • Meade, Captain, treaty for Pago-Pago harbour, 1872, 68, 93, 111, 113, 115
  • Melanesia, Christianizing of, 37, 39, 8687
  • "Messenger of Peace," built by Williams, 35
  • Micronesia, 20
  • Mioko, Germans acquire harbour of, 156
  • Missionaries, 16, 25, 26
    • Work and influence, 2744
    • German attitude to, 69
  • Mulinuu
  • Municipal Government of Apia, 147149, 162, 173174
  • Murray, Rev. A., 11, 37, 49
  • "Narrangansett," U.S.S., 68, 112
  • Native Races
    • Welfare, 39
    • Committee on, 40
    • Preservation of, 178
    • (See also Autonomy of)
  • "Nautilis," missionaries sail in the, 33
  • Navigator Islands, 24
    • Centre for missions, 37
    • Consulate at, 45
    • Christianized, 45
    • Warships to, 4749
    • Claimed by French, 49
    • Offer cession of, 8487
    • Wakeman's report on, 91
    • United States protection, 101
    • Wilkes' account, 109110
    • Polynesian Land Co. in, 114
    • Steinberger to, 117
    • (See also Samoa)
  • New Britain, 37
    • Labourers from, 75
    • Harbour at, 156
  • New Caledonia
  • New Guinea, 37, 84, 177
  • New Hebrides, 35
    • Death of Williams at, 37
    • Labourers from, 75
    • French at, 167
  • New Zealand
    • Centre of Pacific Empire, 50, 90
    • Demands annexation of Samoa, 17, 8591page 230
    • Discovery of gold in, 83
    • Intrigue in Samoa, 174179, 184, 191
    • Roman Catholic priests in, 53
    • Route to, 109
  • Nicaragua, route for trans-Isthmian canal, 82, 109
  • Nukapu, Patteson's murder at, 87
  • Ofu Island, 19
  • Olosenga, 19
  • Oregon, 108
  • Pacific
    • Explorers, 25
    • Communications in, 41, 83, 108109
    • Trading company project, 91
    • Mail Steamship Line, 9192, 112115
    • United States policy in, 108
    • Fear in German activity in, 155162
  • Pago-Pago Harbour, 19, 68, 141
  • Palmerston, Viscount, 46, 47
  • Panama, 109, 191
    • Railway, 8485
    • (See also Canal)
  • "Pandora," H.M.S., at Samoa, 25
  • "Papalangi" or "cloud burster," 21, 22, 25, 36
  • Patteson, Bishop J. C, murder of, 87, 88, 90
  • "Pearl," H.M.S., sent to Samoa, 138
  • "Peerless," Steinberger's yacht, 120, 125
  • Petition—
  • Philippines, United States acquisition of, 109
  • Philips, Coleman, projects of, 96, 100
  • Picpus, Roman Catholic Missionary Society of, 52
  • Polynesia Vogel's project for annexation of, 95104
  • Polynesian Land and Commercial Company, 111, 114, 139
  • Polynesians, Samoa home of, 20
  • Pomare
  • Poppe, A., German Consul, 125, 159
  • Porer, United States Captain, 108
  • Pratt, Rev., translator of Bible, 37
  • Pritchard, George
    • Missionary and Consul at Tahiti, 34
    • At Samoa, 38, 44
    • Appeals for warships, 47, 48
    • Annexation project, 4851
    • Fears of French, 53, 56
  • Protection
    • By United States implied, 113
    • By England, 140
  • Puletua, the Malietoa or royal party, 132, 140, 143, 144, 146
  • Punishment—
  • Queen Victoria
  • Raiatea—
    • Mission to, 35
    • Germans refused treaty at, 158
  • Railway
  • Raratonga
    • Mission to, 35
    • Teachers from, 36
  • Reichstag, 161
  • Roggewein, Jacob, Dutch navigator, first discovered Samoa in 1722, 23, 24
  • Roman Catholics
  • Rose Island, 19
  • Ruge, Hedemann & Co., 63, 155
    • Herr Ruge, 186
  • Russell, Lord Odo (Lord Ampthill), British Ambassador in Berlin, 79, 158
  • Sailing Gods, 26
  • Sainte Vallier, M. de, French Ambassador in Berlin, 159
  • Salisbury, Marquis of, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 144, 146, 152, 154, 165, 167
  • Saluafata
    • Harbour, 19, 67
    • German occupation of, 143, 150
    • German acquisition of, 158
  • Samoa
    • Description, 1726
    • Missionaries to, 3444
    • Warships to, 4648
    • Annexation of, 4852
    • Centre of copra trade, 5760, 66
    • Land terms, 71
    • On Pacific route, 8284
    • New Zealand interest in, 85104
    • American interests in, 106130
    • Problem of governing, 150169
    • Final settlement, 193
  • Samoan
  • Samoan Subsidy Bill, 160162, 165
  • Sandwich Islands (see Hawaii)
  • Santa Cruz Island (see Nukapu)
  • Savaii, 19, 20, 37, 115
    • Gained by Germany, 193
  • Seed, William, report on Samoa, 124
  • Selwyn, Bishop G. A., Melanesian Missions, 39, 8687
  • Senate, United States, reject Meade's treaty, 133
  • Seward, W., United States Secretary of State, policy, 127128
  • Society Islands, 37, 45
  • Solomon Islands
    • Missions, 27
    • Labourers from, 75
  • Spermacetti, 58
  • Spirits, intoxicating, 42, 59
  • St. Julian, Charles, Consul-General at Sydney, 51, 133
  • Steinberger, A. B.
  • Sterndale, H.—
    • Report on Samoa, 67, 69
    • On labourers, 7576
  • Stevens, Captain, of H.M.S. Barracouta, 126127
  • Stevenson, Robert Louis, quoted, 43, 68, 74, 76, 132, 145, 147, 185
  • Stewart, James, 114117, 139
  • Strategic Position—
    • Attracted Colonies and United States, 17
    • Importance due to mid-century developments, 52, 84
  • Stuebel or Stubel
  • Swanston, Robert, H.B.M. Acting-Consul, 1878, 144
  • Tahiti, 20, 114
  • Taimua and Faipule, 77
  • "Talafale" or "talking man," 23
  • Tamasese, of Tupua family, Vice-King, 1881, 146, 186, 192
  • T'Au, in Manua group, 19
  • Taumatu Archipelago, Godeffroys in, 63
  • Thornton, Sir Edward, British Ambassador in Washington, 128
  • Thurston, J., Government Secretary in Fiji and High Commissioner, 76, 185, 190
  • Tonga
    • Unsuitable for consulate, 22, 37, 45
    • Godeffroys in, 73
    • German treaty with, 77, 142
    • On trans-Pacific route, 82, 84, 85
    • Government, 131
  • Tongan
    • Invaders, 26
    • Converts, 29
    • Harbours, 109
  • Tongatabu, 35
  • Trade
    • Trans-Pacific, 47
    • Copra, 5762
    • New Zealand trade company, 96
    • American, 107109
    • United States trade treaty, 110
    • German trade treaties, 156157
    • Increase in German, 162
  • Traders, 37, 40, 58
  • Travers, German Commissioner to Samoa, 1886, 190
  • Treaty
  • Treitschke, 78
  • Tripartite Government, 145, 160
    • (See also Condominium)
  • Tupua, family of high chief, 23, 122
  • Turner, George, 30, 118
  • Tutuila, 19, 21, 24, 37, 49
  • United States (see America, United States of)
  • Unselm, August, 6667
  • Upolu, 19, 37, 111, 112
    • Becomes German, 193
  • Valparaiso, 63, 66
  • Vogel, (Sir) Julius
    • Prime Minister of New Zealand described, 8890
    • Annexation projects, 88104
  • Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, 51, 91
  • Wakeman, Captain, report, 91, 112
  • Wallis Island, Roman Catholics on, 53, 54
  • Walpole, Consul at Chile, 45
  • Warships
    • Visits to Samoa, 4648
    • German, 77, 79, 155, 158
    • British and German co-operate, 153
  • Webb, W. H., steamship line, 68, 91, 112, 113, 115, 117, 141, 143
  • Weber, Theodore, 6768, 73, 74
  • Werner, Captain Von, 142143
  • Wesleyan Missionary Society, 29, 73
  • West, Sir Lionel, British Ambassador in Washington, 191
  • Whalers
    • In Pacific, 25, 33
    • Prussian, 63
    • American, 108
    • Harbours for, 110
  • Wilkes, Charles, Commander of United States Exploring Expedition, 42, 110111
  • Williams, John, L.M.S. missionary to Samoa, 26, 2938, 132
  • Williams, John Channer (son of missionary)—
    • United States Consul, 1839–53; H.B.M. Consul, 1858–73; First shipment of oil, 58
    • Appointment United States Consul, 110
  • Williams, S. F. (son of J. C. Williams), H.B.M. Acting-Consul, 1874–78, in pay of Weber, 73, 138
  • Woods, adventurer in Fiji, 139
  • Zembsch, Captain, German Imperial Consul-General, 145, 156, 163
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