Government in New Zealand
Index
page 175
Index
- Accounts, public, in Great Britain, 105–6; in New Zealand, 116–7, 151–2; commercial, 117
-
Acts
- Abolition of Provinces Act, 1876, 16, 37
- Agriculture (Emergency Powers) Act, 1934, 100
- Appropriation Act, 109, 110
- British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act, 1923, 35
- Civil List Act, 1920, 59
- Civil List Amendment Act, 1936, 59
- Civil Service Act, 1866, 78–9, 81
- Colonial Laws Validity Act (Great Britain), 1865, 34–6
- Constitution Act, 1852, 6, 7, 33, 34–6, 39, 150
- Counties Act, 1876, 9, 127–8, 131
- Counties Act, 1920, 131
- Counties Act (Great Britain), 1888, 122
- Electoral Act, 28
- Finance Act, 1932, 118
- Foreign Jurisdiction Act (Great Britain), 1890, 36
- Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1894, 143
- Legislature Act, 1908, 33
- Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886, 130
- Municipal Corporations Act, 1867, 126
- Municipal Corporations Act, 1876, 9, 133
- Municipal Corporations Act (Great Britain), 1835, 3, 9, 122, 126
- New Zealand Loans Act, 1932, 118
- Political Disabilities Removal Act, 25
- Poor Law Act (Great Britain), 1834, 134
- Power Boards Act, 1918, 132
- Primary Products Marketing Act, 1936, 147
- Public Service Act, 1912, 83, 84, 98
- Reform Act (Great Britain), 1832, 3
- Regulations Act, 1936, 67
- Statute of Westminster (Great Britain), 35
- Ad hoc authorities, 130–2, 134
- Appropriations, annual, 105–6; permanent, 106; specific, 105, 118–9; essentials of, 118
- Arbitration Court, 143–4
- Audit, of public expenditure, 113; office, 118
- Ballance, John, elected Liberal leader, 17; dealings with Legislative Council, 39
- Borough Councils, under 1876 Act, 133–4
- British National Expenditure Committee, quoted, 113–4 page 176
- Broadcasting, of parliamentary debates, 51; use by ministers, 56; control of, 69, 95
- Bryce, Lord, quoted, 73, 152; estimate of New Zealand democracy, 137
- Budget, 109
- Burke, Edmund, 52
- Cabinet, in period of Continuous Ministry, 15; and Executive Council, 60; collective responsibility of, 60; personnel of, 61–6; as source of legislation, 67; centralisation of power in, 70; as co-ordinating authority, 98–9; and estimates, 108
- Candidates, selection by Labour party, 24–5; by National party, 27; expenses of, 28
- Canterbury, local government in, 123–5
- Catholic Church, 129
- Caucus, and selection of ministers, 60
- Centralisation, difficulties in way of, 5; opposition to, 8, 123; and local government, 132–3
- Chamber of Deputies (France), average of ages in, 48
- Chambers of commerce, demand for economy by, 114
- Chartism, 3
- Church settlements, in Canterbury and Otago, 5
- Civil service, see Public service
- Coalition, during Great War, 20; of 1931–5, 21–7
- Coates, Joseph Gordon, Reform party leader, 20
- Colonial Office, conservatism of, 4; and self government, 5
- Committee of Supply, and estimates, 108; debates in, 114
- Conservatism, of British peoples, 1; of Colonial Office, 2; as political creed, 18–21; of small-holders, 19
- Consolidated Fund, in Great Britain, 107; in New Zealand, 110–2, 118
- Constituencies, relationship of members of Parliament with, 53–4; number of inhabitants in, 53
- Continuous Ministry, defined by Reeves, 15–6; economic conditions under, 23; period of power of, 43
- Controller and Auditor General, creation of office of, 107–8; functions in New Zealand, 112, 116–7; report quoted, 118–9
- Country quota, 32
- County Councils, establishment of, 126–7; and road boards, 127; multiplication of, 129–30; borrowing by, 130; superannuation schemes, 133; franchise, 133–4
- Crown, cession of New Zealand to, 4; in public administration, 94–6; retention of prerogatives of, 150
- Dairy Produce Board, powers of, 100
- Declaration of Independence, 144–5
- Democracy, gains and losses from, 137–61; nature of, 138; a system of checks and balances, 149
- Department of Agriculture, 99–100
- Department of Internal Affairs, and local government, 135
- Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and dairy industry, 100
- Departments, organisation and co-ordination of, 92–103; number of, 101–3
- Dicey, A. V., quoted, 94
- Dominion status, 34
- Durham Report, 2
- Early Settlers, not political improvisers, 2
- Education, and the State, 141–2; Church and, 141
- Elections, finance of, 28–9; issues in, 29–31; triennial, 31
- Elliot, Major Walter, quoted, 114
- Esmein, A., quoted, 139
- Estimates, preparation of, 108; consideration of by Parliament, 109
- Evatt, H. V., quoted, 38 page 177
- Executive, elective, 22; legislative powers of, 52; powers and functions of, 58–71; in Great Britain, 59; increasing power of, 52,66; control of expenditure by, 114, 118; problem of, 152–5
- Executive Commission of Agriculture, history of, 99–100
- Executive Council, first provision for, 4; and Governor-General, 58; membership of, 58–9
- Expenditure, public, control of, 52, 104–21
- Farmers, and the State, 147–8
- Federalism, in constitution of 1852, 6; duration of, 7; defects of, 8
- Finer, Herman, quoted, 104
- Franchise, in constitution of 1852, 7; county, 32, 43, 133–4; between 1854 and 1876, 41; between 1891 and 1911, 44
- General Assembly, under constitution of 1852, 6; term explained, 15 n.; absence of party division in under Continuous Ministry, 16
- Germany, conception of State in, 139
- Glasgow, Lord, and Legislative Council crisis, 39, 58
- Gneist, Rudolph von, 124
- Governor, first provision for, 4; power of reservation of, 34–5; reserve powers of, 58
- Grey, Sir George, and constitution of 1852, 6; leader of provincialists, 15; Liberalism of, 17
- Guaranteed prices, in dairy industry, 147–8
- Higgs, Sir Henry, quoted, 115
- Holmes, Mycroft, as civil servant, 92–3
- Holmes, Sherlock, quoted, 93
- Hospital Boards, 131–2
- House of Commons (Great Britain), 1, 2, 33; average of ages in, 48
- House of Lords, 1
- House of Representatives, conventions of, 1; local feeling in, 15; under Continuous Ministry, 16; number of seats in, 32; payment of members of, 45, 49; debates in, 50; and estimates, 108
- Import Control, administrative problems of, 101
- Imprest Supply Bill, 110
- Industry, and the State, 147
- Ireland, conception of State in, 139
- Italy, conception of State in, 139
- Keith, A. Berriedale, quoted, 37, 38
- Labour Party, emergence of, 19–21; principles of, 21–2; and trade unions, 23–36; organisation of, 24–6; discipline in, 25; finances of, 25–6; and socialism, 30; strength of, 46; in 1935 election, 154
- Legislation, by order in council, 67
- Legislative Council, first provision for, 4; history of, 38–40; payment of members of, 49
- Liberalism, old and new, 17; Gladstonian, 21
- Liberal party, and land question, 18; becomes United party, 20; attains power, 44
- Liberty, modern conception of, 146
- Local government, in England and New Zealand, 2; belief in value of, 8; in provincial period, 8; in England in 1876, 9; history of, 123–35; civil service, 133; central control over, 134–5; finances of, 135; need for reform of, 135–6
- Macaulay, Lord, and civil service reform, 74
- Mackenzie Government, 19, 82, 83
- Main Highways Board, 132
- Maoris, and constitution, 5; number of, 10
- Marketing, control of, 69
- Massey, William Ferguson, early political career of, 18–9; succeeded by J. G. Coates, 20; and selection of ministers, 60 page 178
- Meat Board, and dairy industry, 100
- Ministers, appointment of (1854), 7; in Legislative Council, 40; payment of, 59; and caucus, 60; work of, 66; Committee on Powers of, 67; exercise of judicial powers by, 67; relationship with electorate, 67; tours by, 67; delegation of power by, 68–9; as heads of departments, 96; financial powers of, 115; usually over sixty, 155
- Minister of Finance, special importance of, 69–70; and estimates, 108; presentation of Budget by, 109; and Public Account, 118
- Ministries, average life of, 18
- Ministry of Health (Great Britain), 136
- Muir, Ramsay, on party funds, 26
- National Party, emergence of, 21; objectives of, 27; organisation of, 27–8
- Native affairs, right of British Government to deal with, 7
- New South Wales, New Zealand a dependency of, 4
- New Zealand Company, settlements of, 5
- Northcote, Sir Stafford, and civil service reform, 74
- Oliver, F. S., quoted, 49–50
- Onslow, Lord, and Legislative Council crisis, 39
- Orders in council, legislation by, 67
- Parliament, life of, 31, 38; powers and functions of, 33–57; personnel of, 41–8; sovereignty of, 34; extraterritorial power of, 35–6; constituent power of, 36–7; freedom of speech in, 56; legislation by, 150–1; debates in, 154–5
- Parliamentary system, effect of time on, 1; in New Zealand, 7
- Party government, denounced by parliamentary committee, 22–3; system of, 54
- Political parties, functions of, 14; history of, 14–21; and class conflict, 21, 30–1; attitude of public to, 22; and trade cycle, 23; funds of, 25–6; election expenditure of, 29; differences between, 153–4
- Poor law guardians, 122
- Population, composition of, 10–3; age grouping of, 11; employment of, 12; wealth of, 12–3; in 1936, 31; and electoral divisions, 31–2; in 1854 and 1876, 41
- Post Office, staff classification in, 81; and Public Service Commissioner, 97
- Prime Minister, constitutional position of, 60
- Provinces, under Constitution Act, 6; abolition of, 9; local government under, 123–6; as administrative areas, 129
- Public Administration, Institute of, 89; chair of, 90
- Public finance, British system of, 104–8; New Zealand system of, 108–13, 151–2
- Public service, history of, 73–84; Royal Commission on, 1866, 75–8; Royal Commission on, 1880, 80–1; Commission on, 1912,70, 82; competitive examinations for, 81, 85–6; commissioner control of, 83–4; virtues of, 84; effect of depression on, 84–5; recruitment of, 86–91; graduates in, 86–8; and ministers, 88–9; self-criticism in, 89–90; efficiency tests in, 91
- Public Service Commissioner, responsibility to Parliament, 71; 1938 report quoted, 87–8; 1939 report quoted, 91; as co-ordinating authority, 97–9
- Public Works Fund, 111
- Puritans, in North America, 3
- Radicalism, growth of in the eighties, 17
- Railways, control of, 69–96; staffing of, 81; and Public Service Commissioner, 97 page 179
- Reeves, W. P., description of Continuous Ministry, 15–6
- Reform party, history of, 19–20; enters coalition, 27; in 1911 election, 154
- Reserve Bank, control of, 69; public account at, 112; establishment of, 154
- Responsible government, establishment of, 7
- Rights, and the State, 144; present conception of, 145
- Road Boards, in provincial period, 125; and county councils, 127; elimination of, 131
- Rolleston, William, on county government, 128
- Russell, Captain William, opposition leader, 18
- Russia, conception of State in, 139
- School Boards, 122
- Seddon, Richard John, becomes Prime Minister, 17–8; death of, 19
- Senate (United States), average of ages in, 48
- Siegfried, Andre, quoted, 19, 50, 156; on public service, 73
- Smith, Adam, quoted, 115
- Smith, Toulmin, 124
- Socialism, Labour party and, 30; a remote objective, 147
- Social Security Fund, 111
- State Advances Corporation, control of, 69, 95; and dairy industry, 100
- State, conception of in New Zealand, 138–48; and society, 140–1; and education, 141–2; and economic life, 142–4
- State Socialism, Liberalism and, 18
- State trading, 111, 115
- Statutory authorities, government by, 95–6; and problem of co-ordination, 96
- Stewart, W. Downie, and collective responsibility of Cabinet, 60
- Stores Control Board, as co-ordinating authority, 97
- Strickland, Sir Gerald, and life of Parliament, 38
- Tariff Protection, as a party issue, 17
- Towns, drift to, 10
- Trade unions, and Liberal-Labour Government, 19; use of funds for political purposes, 25–6; secretaries of in Parliament, 47; and compulsory arbitration, 143–4
- Transport, licensing of, 68–9
- Treasury, as co-ordinating authority, 96–7; regulations of, 98; and estimates, 108; control of expenditure by, 114, 116; replies to Auditor General, 117
- Trevelyan, Sir Charles, and civil service reform, 74
- Under-secretaries, provision for, 59
- Unemployment, finance of relief of, in; policy, 157–8
- United party, 20; enters coalition, 27
- Vogel, Sir Julius, public works policy of, 4; introduces Counties Bill, 126–7
- Wallas, Graham, on civil service reform, 74
- Ward, Sir Joseph, becomes Prime Minister, 20
- Waywardens, 124
- Webb, Sidney, quoted, 50
- Western Samoa, mandate over, 36; New Zealand's record in, 159–60
- Wynyard, Lieutenant-Colonel, acting governor, 7