§ 58. Derivative Nouns are formed—

i. From transitive verbs, by prefixing kai, to denote the agent, thus:

Hanga, make. Kaihanga, maker.

ii. From verbs generally, by adding as a suffix one of the terminations, -nga, -anga, -hanga, -kanga, -manga, -ranga, -tanga, -inga, as:—

• mahinga from mahi

• nohoanga from noho

• tirohanga from tiro

• tomokanga from tomo

• ngaromanga from ngaro

• turanga from tu

• puritanga from pupuri

• kāinga from kā

The termination suitable to any particular verb will, as in the case of the passive, have to be learned; but

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it will be noticed that in many cases it bears some relation to the passive termination (§ 51), thus:—

A few verbs preserve an ancient verbal suffix, hi or ki; and these form the verbal noun direct from the root; as, arahi, arahanga, rumaki, rumakanga.

The noun thus formed denotes the (a) circumstance, (b) time, (c) place, or (d) matter of the action expressed by the verb. In the case of a transitive verb the noun may be used in either the active or the passive sense. (§ 22 a, b).

Examples.

(a)	Mo taku patunga i tana tamaiti, on account of my striking his child.
(b)	I tona taenga atu, at the time of his arrival, or, when he arrived.
(c)	Ko te turanga tena o Horo, that is the place where Horo stood.
(d)	Tena etahi purapura hei whakatokanga mau, there is some seed for you to plant.