War Economy
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Contents
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- CHAPTER 1 — Pre-war Economy
- CHAPTER 2 — Preparation for War
- The Need to Prepare
- Failure to Prepare
- Facilities for Pre-war Planning
- Pre-war Manpower Planning
- Proposals for a National Register
- Reserved Occupations and Essential Industries
- The Manpower Committee's Achievements
- Supply Uncertainties
- Stocks at the Outbreak of War
- The Need for New Industries
- Perishable Exports
- Cool Storage Inadequate
- Power Development Neglected
- Earthmoving Equipment
- Assessment of Pre-war Economic Planning
- CHAPTER 3 — From Peace to War
- CHAPTER 4 — The Demands of War
- CHAPTER 5 — Increasing Pressure on Manpower
- Manpower for the Armed Forces
- Reserved Occupations
- Civilian Labour Reserves Melt Away
- Women Replace Men in Industry
- Women's Organisations for War Work
- Labour Losses on Farms
- The Manpower Problem Extends to Secondary Industries
- Other Industries
- The Coming of Employment Controls
- Manpower Registers
- Direction of Labour
- Manpower Fully Extended
- CHAPTER 6 — Problems of Supply
- Early Supply Difficulties
- Terms of Trade
- The Need for Reserve Stocks
- Pre-war Clash of Supply and Overseas Exchange Policies
- Immediate Reserve Requirements specified in March 1939
- Pacific Defence Conference also deals with Reserve Supplies
- Most Reserves Inadequate at Outbreak of War
- The National Supply Committee's Contribution
- The First Rationed Item – Motor Spirits
- A Windfall – The Port Bowen
- Supplies from the United Kingdom fall Away
- Supplies from Australia
- The Critical Supply Years, 1941 and 1942
- Increasing Pressure on Local Industries
- Pricing for New Zealand Production
- Forward Estimates of Supply Requirements
- Lend-Lease
- Relief in 1943
- Effects of Import Selection
- Munitions and War Stores increase to Nearly Half of all Arrivals
- Eking out Available Supplies — The Powers of the Controllers
- Iron and Steel
- Non-Ferrous Metals
- Munitions
- Medical Supplies
- Rubber and Tyres
- Wheat and Flour
- Canadian Mutual Aid
- Reclamation of Waste
- The Vital Story of Supply
- CHAPTER 7 — Manufacturing under War Conditions
- Employment in Manufacturing
- New Demands for Manufactured Goods
- Difficulties in Non-Essential Industries
- Use of Substitute Materials
- Labour Shortages
- Munitions Making
- Military Clothing and Footwear
- The Radio Industry fully Engaged on War Work
- Shipbuilding and Repair
- Tobacco and Cigarette Making
- New Industries
- Production Achievements
- CHAPTER 8 — Wartime Farming
- New Zealand as a Food Producer
- Needs of the United Kingdom
- Wartime Controls
- Shipping and Storage Difficulties
- Mechanisation of Farming
- Falling Farm Labour Requirements
- Hand Stripping on the Way Out
- Armed Forces Recruitments have their Effect
- Special Manpower Assistance to Farmers
- Fertiliser Shortages
- Declining Dairy Cow Numbers
- Cheese Instead of Butter
- A Bad Season in 1943–44 and the Introduction of Rationing
- Meat Production at High Levels
- Wool Production exceeds Requirements
- Fruit Growing Declines
- A Special Wartime Undertaking – Linen Flax
- Other Wartime Changes
- Achievements
- CHAPTER 9 — Defence Construction
- Pre-war Activities
- Materials and Equipment Pre-war
- Pre-war Defence Construction
- War and Accelerated Construction of Defence Buildings
- Early Wartime Controls
- The Commissioner of Defence Construction
- The Fifty-four Hour Week
- Defence Construction Expenditure
- Details of Public Works Expenditure
- Defence Works by the Housing Construction Department
- Construction Work in the Pacific
- Special Measures in 1942–43
- Housing Construction Resources Switched to War Work
- Manpower
- Timber: The Sawmilling Industry Under Pressure
- Other Materials in Short Supply
- The Crisis Passes
- Review of Defence Construction Work
- CHAPTER 10 — The Financial Cost of War
- Up to Two-fifths of all Output Diverted to War Purposes
- War Expenses Account
- International Comparisons of War Costs
- Finding the Money
- Taxation
- Borrowing in New Zealand
- Sources of Internal Borrowing
- The Memorandum of Security
- Overseas Costs of War
- War Expenses Account Compared with other Revenue and Expenditure Items
- Diversion of Resources
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CHAPTER 11 — The Quest for Financial Stability
- Pre-war Price Control
- Initial Wartime Steps to Stabilise Prices
- The First General Wage Order, August 1940
- The Economic Stabilisation Conference, September 1940
- Government Action in August and September 1941
- The Economic Stabilisation Committee, September 1941
- The Second General Wage Order, April 1942
- A Comprehensive Stabilisation Scheme—December 1942
- Stabilised Wages
- The Wartime Prices Index
- Assessment of the Early Attempts at Stabilisation
- CHAPTER 12 — Economic Stabilisation
- The Economic Stabilisation Commission
- Holding Prices and Costs
- The Price Tribunal
- Stabilisation Subsidies
- The Role of Subsidies
- The Wartime Prices Index
- The Index Remains Stable
- Problems for the Statistician
- Other Price Changes
- Wage Stabilisation
- Dissatisfaction in 1944
- Wages Break Away in 1945
- Stabilised Prices and Wages
- Stabilising Farm Incomes
- The Dairy Industry
- Long-term Contracts and Lump Sum Payments
- The Meat Pool Account
- The Meat Stabilisation Account
- Evaluation of Farm Stabilisation Policy
- The Wartime Prices Index as a Measure of Price Change
- The Role of Fiscal Policy
- Stabilisation Achievements
- CHAPTER 13 — War Contracts
- Urgency Leads to New Types of Contract
- Cost-plus Contracts for Defence Construction
- Special Contracts for Shipbuilding and Repair
- Departmental Staff Difficulties
- The Controller and Auditor-General Expects an Improvement
- Increasing Urgency and Looser Contracts
- The Auditor is More Critical
- The Master Schedule
- More Criticism of Wartime Contracts
- Target Prices for Shipbuilding
- Weaknesses in Other Contracts
- Pressure of Work in the Radio Industry
- Tighter Arrangements for Ship Repair Work
- Attempts to Review War Contracts
- High Profits
- Incentives to Inefficiency
- Slackening of Pressure Gives More Time to Check Contracts
- What is to be Learned from Experience?
- CHAPTER 14 — Trade and the Balance of Payments
- Difficulties Before the War
- Bulk Purchases of Farm Products
- The Enemy Trading Emergency Regulations
- Export Volumes
- Restraint on Imports
- Imports of Defence Materials
- Shipping
- Volume of Trade
- Better Use of Shipping Space
- Quicker Turn-round of Ships
- Supplies to the United States Forces
- Pricing Problems
- Lump Sum Payments
- Overseas Assets rise by £53 million in 1944 and 1945
- Overseas Exchange Transactions
- Receipts
- Payments
- Improved External Reserves
- CHAPTER 15 — Transport Difficulties
- Co-ordination Attempts Before the War
- Waterfront Work
- Pressure for Co-operative Stevedoring
- The Waterfront Transport Control Board
- Early Wartime Troubles on the Waterfront
- The Waterfront Control Commission
- A New Waterfront Award
- Co-operative Contracting
- ‘Spelling’
- Extended Hours of Work
- United States Supplies
- Limited Success of Co-operative Contracting
- Coastal Shipping
- Shortages of Fish
- New Zealand Railways
- Railway Staff Shortages
- Coal for Locomotives
- Coal Mining
- Shortages of Hard Coal
- Transport of West Coast Coal
- State Ownership of Mines
- Open-cast Mining
- Railways Reactions
- Air Services
- Road Transport
- Petrol Rationing
- Zoning and Rationalisation of Road Transport
- Wartime Transport Arrangements
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CHAPTER 16 — Fuel, Power, and Services for Production
- New Sources of Power
- Coal for Industry
- Domestic Cooking and Heating
- Coal Supplies
- Electricity on the Upsurge
- Faulty Pre-war Power Estimates
- Early Restraints on the Use of Power
- Power Difficulties for Manufacturers
- Belated Hydro-Electric Development
- Government Administrative and Other Services
- Women in the Public Service
- Communications
- Local Authority Services
- Levels of Production
- CHAPTER 17 — Living and Working in a War Economy
- Population Changes
- Wartime Influences on Population Growth
- Education
- The Worker
- Attitudes to Conscription
- Conscription for Industry
- The Maori War Effort
- Accommodation for Directed Workers
- Hours of Work
- Paid Annual Holidays
- Minimum Wages
- Worker Effort
- The Consumer
- Marketing of Food
- Egg Marketing
- Shortages of Vegetables
- Criticism of the Internal Marketing Division
- Rationing
- Tea and Sugar
- Difficulties with Clothing
- Rationing of New Zealand-Grown Foods
- Rationing in the United Kingdom
- Consumer Subsidies and Price Control
- The Motorist
- The Black Market
- Racing
- The Impact of American Forces in New Zealand
- The People at War
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CHAPTER 18 — Easing the Strain
- Peak Mobilisation
- Tension Reduces in the Pacific
- The Strain on Civilian Manpower Worsens
- The Manpower Dilemma
- A Change in Manpower Priorities
- Food Crisis in Britain
- Pacific Division Becomes a Token Force
- Manpower Needs for Industry
- Farm Manpower Needs Overestimated
- Public Criticism of the Size of the Home Forces
- The End of the Pacific Division
- Labour Shortages in the Last Year of War
- CHAPTER 19 — From War to Peace
- General Demobilisation
- Gratuities
- Employment Opportunities
- Reinstatement of Employees
- Manpower Controls Revoked
- The Rehabilitation Board
- Trade Training
- University Education for Ex-servicemen
- Settlement on the Land
- Setting up in Business
- Assistance with Housing
- Successful Rehabilitation
- Termination of Reciprocal Aid
- Disposal of War Assets
- Bulk Purchases of Food Continue
- Disposal of Wool Stocks
- Gifts to Britain
- Economic Planning—Organisation for National Development
- CHAPTER 20 — Recovery and Development
- Economic Recovery
- Suppressed Inflation
- Rapid Currency Depreciation
- More Stable Prices from 1955
- Full Employment
- Depletion of the Labour Force
- Underworked Facilities for Employment Promotion
- New and Increased Social Security Benefits
- Bank Advance Controls
- Increased Imports
- An Attempt to Remove import Controls
- The 1958 Budget
- Import Controls Continue
- The Rising Cost of Invisibles
- Subsidised Agriculture and Dumped Surpluses
- The European Economic Community
- Direction of Trade
- New Zealand Farming Developments
- Farm Industry Reserves
- Backlogs of Construction Work
- Electricity Shortages Worsen
- Transport Developments
- Economic Policy Co-ordination
- Economic Development
- Noteworthy Events Since The War
- List of Tables and Charts
- Appendix I — STATISTICAL TABLES
- Appendix II — ITEMS IN THE WARTIME PRICES INDEX
- Bibliography
- Index
- Editorial Advisory Panel




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